[PATCH v2 0/5] libstdc++: chrono tzdb correctness fixes

Álvaro Begué alvaro.begue@gmail.com
Tue May 12 10:42:43 GMT 2026


Dear Tomasz,

I'm on vacation and won't be able to work on this until next week.

Apologies for the formatting issues. I will be more careful in the future.

--Álvaro.



On Tue, May 12, 2026, 11:14 Tomasz Kaminski <tkaminsk@redhat.com> wrote:

> Hi Álvaro,
>
> I will handle the requested changes and then merge patches 1/2 in the
> series,
> so you do not need to update them.
>
> I have already provided feedback for patch 3 requesting major changes,
> could
> you please take a look at that, and let me know if you have any questions
> and will
> be able to update it.
>
> For the patch 4, I think it is independent, and we could merge it before
> update patch 3,
> so I would suggest reverting the order, in the new series.
>
> I will let you know when first patches will be merged, and then you can
> create a new
> series with changes. Please take extra care that tabs are preserved.
>
> Regards,
> Tomasz
>
> On Mon, Apr 27, 2026 at 1:43 AM Álvaro Begué <alvaro.begue@gmail.com>
> wrote:
>
>> This is v2 of the chrono tzdb correctness fix series.  The actual fixes
>> are unchanged; v2 addresses Tomasz Kamiński's review comments, which
>> were all stylistic.
>>
>> Changes since v1 (per Tomasz's feedback):
>>
>>   * Trim verbose "Regression test:" / past-bug-history prose from the
>>     test files.  Test comments now describe the behavior under test
>>     rather than the historical bug.
>>   * Trim redundant cross-reference comments and shorten the surviving
>>     ones.  "// PR 116110" breadcrumbs in code comments are gone -- the
>>     PR number is captured in the commit message and the ChangeLog entry.
>>   * Patch 2: rename parse_on_day_body -> parse_day_spec; use C++20
>>     designated initializers and if-with-initializer for `on_day` and
>>     `abbrev_month`; restructure the optional DAY/TIME parse so TIME is
>>     only attempted when DAY parsing succeeds.
>>
>> Each commit now carries a Signed-off-by trailer.
>>
>> A range-diff of v1 vs v2 is included at the end of this cover letter.
>>
>> Test plan (rerun against current master HEAD):
>>
>>   * libstdc++ stage1 build of GCC 16.0.1 trunk (b99e67e8a) succeeds.
>>   * All 7 chrono tests pass (Wakely's existing 116110 + 124513 plus the
>>     5 new ones added by this series).
>>   * Brute-force comparison harness (628310 samples × 447 zones) reports
>>     zero mismatches against libc localtime_r.
>>   * Abbreviation-only sweep (188493 samples) reports zero offset and
>>     zero abbrev diffs.
>>
>> The series builds on Jonathan Wakely's recent PR116110 / PR124513
>> work (commits 663e5ade1, cddf4111c, fbc5d2b1a).  Patch 3 in particular
>> resolves the "FIXME: PR116110" left in operator>>(istream&, ZoneInfo&)
>> for the named-rule wall-UNTIL case.
>>
>>   1. Fix numeric save offset on Zone lines [PR124851].
>>
>>      ZoneInfo::m_offset had inconsistent semantics: the parser path
>>      stored stdoff alone, but the two sys_info-taking constructors
>>      stored the total (stdoff + save).  Normalize m_offset to stdoff
>>      alone everywhere; to() adds save back when reconstructing.
>>
>>   2. Support ON-format DAY in Zone UNTIL field [PR124852].
>>
>>      The UNTIL parser only accepted a plain integer as the DAY,
>>      silently misparsing tzdata.zi entries like Europe/Simferopol's
>>      "1997 Mar lastSu 1u".  Reuse the on_day machinery and the
>>      parse_day_spec helper.
>>
>>   3. Resolve named-rule UNTIL save adjustment [PR116110].
>>
>>      The remaining FIXME in operator>>(istream&, ZoneInfo&) for
>>      wall-time UNTILs on named-rule zone lines.  At parse time the
>>      active rule cannot be evaluated, so the parser leaves the SAVE
>>      adjustment pending and a fixup pass in reload_tzdb walks every
>>      pending ZoneInfo and applies the adjustment using a new
>>      find_pre_until_rule helper with iterative-boundary cascade
>>      semantics.  Removes the +11h workaround from test_apia in
>>      116110.cc.
>>
>>   4. Cascade wall-time saves in lazy expansion seeding [PR124853].
>>
>>      Replace the per-rule isolated active-rule lookup in
>>      _M_get_sys_info with a chronological cascade walker that
>>      maintains a running save and interprets each Wall-time rule's
>>      at_time relative to the cascaded state (matching zic.c's
>>      outzone()).
>>
>>   5. Implement zic writezone merge optimization [PR124854].
>>
>>      Two related fixes: (a) always seed info.offset/save from
>>      find_active_rule (not just when letters is empty), so partial-
>>      expansion re-entry sees the right state; (b) add the writezone
>>      merge for backward jumps at zone-line boundaries.
>>
>> Álvaro Begué (5):
>>   libstdc++: Fix numeric save offset on Zone lines [PR124851]
>>   libstdc++: Support ON-format DAY in Zone UNTIL field [PR124852]
>>   libstdc++: Resolve named-rule UNTIL save adjustment [PR116110]
>>   libstdc++: Cascade wall-time saves in lazy expansion seeding
>>     [PR124853]
>>   libstdc++: Implement zic writezone merge optimization [PR124854]
>>
>>  libstdc++-v3/src/c++20/tzdb.cc                | 378 ++++++++++++++----
>>  .../testsuite/std/time/time_zone/116110.cc    |   5 +-
>>  .../std/time/time_zone/numeric_save.cc        |  58 +++
>>  .../std/time/time_zone/pr116110_named.cc      |  74 ++++
>>  .../std/time/time_zone/until_day_on.cc        | 168 ++++++++
>>  .../std/time/time_zone/wall_cascade.cc        |  70 ++++
>>  .../std/time/time_zone/zone_merge.cc          |  84 ++++
>>  7 files changed, 748 insertions(+), 89 deletions(-)
>>  create mode 100644
>> libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/time/time_zone/numeric_save.cc
>>  create mode 100644
>> libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/time/time_zone/pr116110_named.cc
>>  create mode 100644
>> libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/time/time_zone/until_day_on.cc
>>  create mode 100644
>> libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/time/time_zone/wall_cascade.cc
>>  create mode 100644
>> libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/time/time_zone/zone_merge.cc
>>
>> Range-diff against v1:
>> 1:  7e77ac729 ! 1:  2136a9e20 libstdc++: Fix numeric save offset on Zone
>> lines [PR 124851]
>>     @@
>>       ## Metadata ##
>>     -Author: Alvaro Begue <alvaro.begue@gmail.com>
>>     +Author: Álvaro Begué <alvaro.begue@gmail.com>
>>
>>       ## Commit message ##
>>     -    libstdc++: Fix numeric save offset on Zone lines [PR 124851]
>>     +    libstdc++: Fix numeric save offset on Zone lines [PR124851]
>>
>>          When a Zone line specifies a numeric value as its RULES field
>> (the
>>          constant DST save value for that zone line, e.g.
>> Africa/Gaborone's
>>     @@ Commit message
>>                  populating sys_info::offset.
>>                  * testsuite/std/time/time_zone/numeric_save.cc: New test.
>>
>>     +    Signed-off-by: Álvaro Begué <alvaro.begue@gmail.com>
>>     +
>>       ## libstdc++-v3/src/c++20/tzdb.cc ##
>>      @@ libstdc++-v3/src/c++20/tzdb.cc: namespace std::chrono
>>
>>     @@ libstdc++-v3/src/c++20/tzdb.cc: namespace std::chrono
>>             }
>>
>>      -      // STDOFF: Seconds from UTC during standard time.
>>     -+      // STDOFF: Seconds from UTC during standard time.  Always the
>>     -+      // standard offset only; the saved value (if any) is in
>> m_save and
>>     -+      // is added back when reconstructing a sys_info via to().
>>     ++      // STDOFF: Seconds from UTC during standard time (without any
>> save).
>>             seconds
>>             offset() const noexcept { return m_offset; }
>>
>>     @@ libstdc++-v3/src/c++20/tzdb.cc: namespace std::chrono
>>
>>       info.end = until();
>>      - info.offset = offset();
>>     -+ // m_offset is the standard offset only; add the saved value to
>>     -+ // reconstruct the total offset.  See ZoneInfo's m_offset comment.
>>      + info.offset = offset() + seconds(m_save);
>>       info.save = minutes(m_save);
>>       info.abbrev = format();
>>     @@ libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/time/time_zone/numeric_save.cc (new)
>>      +// { dg-require-effective-target cxx11_abi }
>>      +// { dg-xfail-run-if "no weak override on AIX" { powerpc-ibm-aix* }
>> }
>>      +
>>     -+// Regression test: when a Zone line specifies a numeric value as
>> its
>>     -+// RULES field, that value is the constant DST save value for that
>> zone
>>     -+// line.  ZoneInfo::to() previously set sys_info::offset to the zone
>>     -+// line's STDOFF only, ignoring the parsed save.  Per
>> [time.zone.info.sys]
>>     -+// sys_info::offset is the *total* UTC offset (stdoff + save), so
>> any
>>     -+// zone line with a non-zero numeric save reported the wrong offset.
>>     -+//
>>     -+// Mirrors Africa/Gaborone's tzdata, which uses
>>     -+//   2 - CAT 1943 S 19 2
>>     -+//   2 1 CAST 1944 Mar 19 2     <-- numeric "1" RULES, save = +1h
>>     -+//   2 - CAT
>>     -+// The middle line is what triggers the bug.
>>     ++// When a Zone line specifies a numeric value as its RULES field,
>> that
>>     ++// value is the constant DST save value for that zone line.  Per
>>     ++// [time.zone.info.sys] sys_info::offset is the total UTC offset
>>     ++// (stdoff + save).
>>      +
>>      +#include <chrono>
>>      +#include <fstream>
>> 2:  57b11cf6e ! 2:  60c6f5eef libstdc++: Support ON-format DAY in Zone
>> UNTIL field [PR 124852]
>>     @@
>>       ## Metadata ##
>>     -Author: Alvaro Begue <alvaro.begue@gmail.com>
>>     +Author: Álvaro Begué <alvaro.begue@gmail.com>
>>
>>       ## Commit message ##
>>     -    libstdc++: Support ON-format DAY in Zone UNTIL field [PR 124852]
>>     +    libstdc++: Support ON-format DAY in Zone UNTIL field [PR124852]
>>
>>          The Zone-line UNTIL parser only accepted a plain day-of-month
>> integer
>>          for the DAY field, while the tzdata.zi grammar accepts the same
>> ON-style
>>     @@ Commit message
>>          left d == 1 when the day token wasn't a digit, then went on to
>> parse the
>>          remainder as the TIME field.
>>
>>     -    Fix by reusing the existing parse_on_day_body() helper that
>> already
>>     +    Factor out the day-component parser from operator>>(istream&,
>> on_day&)
>>     +    as parse_day_spec(), and reuse it for the UNTIL DAY field.
>>  parse_day_spec
>>          handles all three on_day forms (DayOfMonth, LastWeekday, LessEq /
>>     -    GreaterEq) for Rule lines. The MONTH-only and YEAR-only short
>> forms are
>>     -    still accepted because the DAY/TIME fields are optional and
>> default to
>>     -    day 1, time 00:00. The on_day struct's pin() method handles the
>>     -    year/month-relative resolution.
>>     +    GreaterEq).  The MONTH-only and YEAR-only short forms are still
>> accepted
>>     +    because the DAY/TIME fields are optional and default to day 1,
>> time 00:00.
>>     +    The on_day struct's pin() method handles the year/month-relative
>>     +    resolution.
>>
>>          The DAY field is unambiguously distinguishable from a TIME field
>> that
>>          could otherwise follow the MONTH directly: per zic's grammar,
>> MONTH
>>     -    must be followed by DAY before any TIME is allowed. So we always
>>     +    must be followed by DAY before any TIME is allowed.  So we always
>>          attempt to parse a DAY if any non-whitespace remains after the
>> MONTH.
>>
>>          libstdc++-v3/ChangeLog:
>>
>>                  PR libstdc++/124852
>>     -            * src/c++20/tzdb.cc (parse_on_day_body): Factor out the
>> day-
>>     -            component parser from operator>>(istream&, on_day&) so
>> it can
>>     -            be reused.
>>     -            (operator>>(istream&, on_day&)): Use the new helper.
>>     +            * src/c++20/tzdb.cc (parse_day_spec): New function,
>> factored
>>     +            out of operator>>(istream&, on_day&).
>>     +            (operator>>(istream&, on_day&)): Use parse_day_spec.
>>                  (operator>>(istream&, ZoneInfo&)): Replace the integer
>> DAY
>>     -            parser with parse_on_day_body for the UNTIL field.
>>     +            parser with parse_day_spec for the UNTIL field.
>>                  * testsuite/std/time/time_zone/until_day_on.cc: New test.
>>
>>     +    Signed-off-by: Álvaro Begué <alvaro.begue@gmail.com>
>>     +
>>       ## libstdc++-v3/src/c++20/tzdb.cc ##
>>      @@ libstdc++-v3/src/c++20/tzdb.cc: namespace std::chrono
>>             }
>>     @@ libstdc++-v3/src/c++20/tzdb.cc: namespace std::chrono
>>      +    // Read the day-component of an on_day expression (everything
>> after the
>>      +    // month).  Three forms are accepted: a plain day-of-month
>> number,
>>      +    // "lastXxx" where Xxx is a weekday name (LastWeekday), or
>> "Xxx<=N" or
>>     -+    // "Xxx>=N" (LessEq / GreaterEq).  The caller is responsible
>> for setting
>>     -+    // `on.month` before calling.  On failure the function sets
>> failbit and
>>     -+    // leaves `on` unchanged.
>>     ++    // "Xxx>=N" (LessEq / GreaterEq).  On failure the function sets
>> failbit
>>     ++    // and leaves `on` unchanged.
>>      +    istream&
>>     -+    parse_on_day_body(istream& in, on_day& on)
>>     ++    parse_day_spec(istream& in, on_day& on)
>>           {
>>      -      on_day on{};
>>      -      abbrev_month m{};
>>     @@ libstdc++-v3/src/c++20/tzdb.cc: namespace std::chrono
>>      +      abbrev_month m{};
>>      +      in >> m;
>>      +      on.month = static_cast<unsigned>(m.m);
>>     -+      if (parse_on_day_body(in, on))
>>     ++      if (parse_day_spec(in, on))
>>      + to = on;
>>      +      return in;
>>      +    }
>>     @@ libstdc++-v3/src/c++20/tzdb.cc: namespace std::chrono
>>           {
>>             int sign = 1;
>>      @@ libstdc++-v3/src/c++20/tzdb.cc: namespace std::chrono
>>     +       in.exceptions(ios::goodbit); // Don't throw ios::failure if
>> YEAR absent.
>>             if (int y = int(year::max()); in >> y)
>>       {
>>     -  abbrev_month m{January};
>>     +-  abbrev_month m{January};
>>      -  int d = 1;
>>     -+  on_day on{};
>>     -+  on.kind = on_day::DayOfMonth;
>>     -+  on.month = 1;          // default January
>>     -+  on.day_of_month = 1;   // default day-of-month 1
>>     ++  on_day on{.kind = on_day::DayOfMonth, .month = 1, .day_of_month =
>> 1};
>>        at_time t{};
>>      -  // XXX DAY should support ON format, e.g. lastSun or Sun>=8
>>      -  in >> m >> d >> t;
>>      -  inf.m_until = sys_days(year(y)/m.m/day(d)) + seconds(t.time);
>>     -+  if (in >> m)
>>     ++  if (abbrev_month m{January}; in >> m)
>>      +    {
>>      +      on.month = static_cast<unsigned>(m.m);
>>     -+      // The DAY field is optional.  Per the tzdata.zi grammar,
>>     -+      // a MONTH followed by anything more is always followed by
>>     -+      // a DAY (possibly followed by a TIME); MONTH directly
>>     -+      // followed by TIME is not a valid form.  So if there's
>>     -+      // any non-whitespace before end of line, parse a DAY.
>>      +      if (!ws(in).eof())
>>     -+ parse_on_day_body(in, on);
>>     ++ if (parse_day_spec(in, on))
>>     ++  in >> t;
>>      +    }
>>     -+  in >> t;
>>      +  year_month_day ymd = on.pin(year(y));
>>      +  inf.m_until = sys_days(ymd) + seconds(t.time);
>>        if (t.indicator != at_time::Universal)
>>     @@ libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/time/time_zone/until_day_on.cc (new)
>>      +// { dg-require-effective-target cxx11_abi }
>>      +// { dg-xfail-run-if "no weak override on AIX" { powerpc-ibm-aix* }
>> }
>>      +
>>     -+// Regression test: the DAY portion of a Zone line's UNTIL field
>> accepts
>>     -+// not only a numeric day-of-month but also "lastXxx" (last weekday
>> in
>>     -+// the month) and "Xxx<=N" / "Xxx>=N" forms, just like the ON field
>> of
>>     -+// a Rule line.  Previously the UNTIL parser used `int d; in >> d;`
>> which
>>     -+// silently failed on the non-numeric forms and defaulted d to 1,
>> placing
>>     -+// any zone-line transition with such an UNTIL on the wrong
>> calendar day.
>>     ++// The DAY portion of a Zone line's UNTIL field accepts not only a
>>     ++// numeric day-of-month but also "lastXxx" (last weekday in the
>> month)
>>     ++// and "Xxx<=N" / "Xxx>=N" forms, just like the ON field of a Rule
>> line.
>>      +//
>>      +// Real-world example: Europe/Simferopol has
>>      +//   3 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSu 1u
>>     -+// which must place the boundary on 1997-03-30 (the last Sunday of
>> March),
>>     -+// not on 1997-03-01.
>>     ++// which places the boundary on 1997-03-30 (the last Sunday of
>> March).
>>      +
>>      +#include <chrono>
>>      +#include <fstream>
>>     @@ libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/time/time_zone/until_day_on.cc (new)
>>      +  auto at = tz->get_info(boundary);
>>      +  VERIFY( at.abbrev == "X" );
>>      +
>>     -+  // Critical regression check: a sample 15 days BEFORE the
>> boundary must
>>     -+  // still be in the MSK line.  The unfixed parser placed the
>> boundary on
>>     -+  // March 1 because "lastSu" defaulted to day 1, and a March-15
>> query
>>     -+  // landed in the X line instead.
>>     ++  // Check that the lastSu day is parsed correctly, and not
>> defaulted
>>     ++  // to the 1st: a March 15 query must still be in the MSK line.
>>      +  auto mid_march = tz->get_info(sys_days{1997y/March/15});
>>      +  VERIFY( mid_march.abbrev == "MSK" );
>>      +  VERIFY( mid_march.offset == 3h );
>>     @@ libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/time/time_zone/until_day_on.cc (new)
>>      +  auto at = tz->get_info(boundary);
>>      +  VERIFY( at.abbrev == "B" );
>>      +
>>     -+  // A June-1 query must still be in the A line (the unfixed parser
>>     -+  // placed the boundary on June 1).
>>     ++  // Check that Sun>=8 is parsed correctly, and not defaulted to
>> the 1st.
>>      +  auto early = tz->get_info(sys_days{1990y/June/1});
>>      +  VERIFY( early.abbrev == "A" );
>>      +}
>>     @@ libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/time/time_zone/until_day_on.cc (new)
>>      +{
>>      +  using namespace std::chrono;
>>      +
>>     -+  // Sanity check: a UNTIL with only a year (no MONTH, no DAY, no
>> TIME)
>>     -+  // must continue to default to January 1 00:00.
>>     ++  // MONTH, DAY and TIME default to January 1st 00:00 if not
>> specified.
>>      +  std::ofstream("tzdata.zi") << R"(# version test_year_only
>>      +Z Test/YearOnly 0 - A 1990
>>      +                0 - B
>>     @@ libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/time/time_zone/until_day_on.cc (new)
>>      +{
>>      +  using namespace std::chrono;
>>      +
>>     -+  // Sanity check: UNTIL with only YEAR and MONTH (no DAY, no TIME)
>>     -+  // must default DAY to 1 and TIME to 00:00.
>>     ++  // DAY and TIME default to the 1st 00:00 if not specified.
>>      +  std::ofstream("tzdata.zi") << R"(# version test_year_month_only
>>      +Z Test/YearMonth 0 - A 1990 Jul
>>      +                 0 - B
>> 3:  38e5ea518 ! 3:  5b20eac08 libstdc++: Resolve named-rule UNTIL save
>> adjustment [PR116110]
>>     @@
>>       ## Metadata ##
>>     -Author: Alvaro Begue <alvaro.begue@gmail.com>
>>     +Author: Álvaro Begué <alvaro.begue@gmail.com>
>>
>>       ## Commit message ##
>>          libstdc++: Resolve named-rule UNTIL save adjustment [PR116110]
>>     @@ Commit message
>>                  (operator>>(istream&, ZoneInfo&)): Set
>> m_until_save_pending
>>                  when the wall UNTIL on a named-rule line cannot have its
>> save
>>                  subtracted at parse time.  Replaces the FIXME.
>>     -            (time_zone::_Impl::_M_get_sys_info): Change the seeding
>> active-
>>     +            (time_zone::_M_get_sys_info): Change the seeding active-
>>                  rule lookup to use t = info.begin + 1s, so a rule firing
>> at
>>                  exactly info.begin is included.
>>                  (reload_tzdb): After sorting node->rules, run a fixup
>> pass over
>>     @@ Commit message
>>                  canonical +10h boundary is now produced.
>>                  * testsuite/std/time/time_zone/pr116110_named.cc: New
>> test.
>>
>>     +    Signed-off-by: Álvaro Begué <alvaro.begue@gmail.com>
>>     +
>>       ## libstdc++-v3/src/c++20/tzdb.cc ##
>>      @@ libstdc++-v3/src/c++20/tzdb.cc: namespace std::chrono
>>             sys_seconds
>>             until() const noexcept { return m_until; }
>>
>>     -+      // PR 116110: When the parser sees a wall-time UNTIL on a
>> named-Rule
>>     -+      // line, the SAVE component of the conversion can't be
>> applied yet
>>     -+      // because the active Rule depends on the cumulative state of
>> the
>>     -+      // (not-yet-loaded) rule set.  The parser leaves m_until in
>> the
>>     -+      // "STDOFF subtracted but SAVE not yet subtracted"
>> intermediate
>>     -+      // state and sets this bit; reload_tzdb runs a fixup pass
>> after all
>>     -+      // Rule records are loaded to subtract the SAVE.
>>     ++      // True if this is a named-rule zone line whose wall-time
>> UNTIL still
>>     ++      // needs its SAVE adjustment applied.  See reload_tzdb for
>> the fixup.
>>      +      bool
>>      +      until_save_pending() const noexcept { return
>> m_until_save_pending; }
>>      +
>>     @@ libstdc++-v3/src/c++20/tzdb.cc: namespace std::chrono
>>      +      void
>>      +      clear_until_save_pending() noexcept { m_until_save_pending =
>> 0; }
>>      +
>>     -+      // Subtract `s` from m_until.  Used by the PR 116110 fixup
>> pass.
>>      +      void
>>      +      adjust_until(seconds s) noexcept { m_until -= s; }
>>      +
>>     @@ libstdc++-v3/src/c++20/tzdb.cc: namespace std::chrono
>>      -      uint_least16_t m_pos : 15 = 0; // offset of format() in m_buf
>>      +      uint_least16_t m_pos : 14 = 0; // offset of format() in m_buf
>>             uint_least16_t m_expanded : 1 = 0;
>>     -+      uint_least16_t m_until_save_pending : 1 = 0; // PR 116110,
>> see above
>>     ++      uint_least16_t m_until_save_pending : 1 = 0;
>>             duration<int_least16_t, ratio<60>> m_save{};
>>             sec32_t m_offset{};
>>             sys_seconds m_until{};
>>     @@ libstdc++-v3/src/c++20/tzdb.cc: namespace std::chrono
>>      +
>>      +    // Find the Rule whose save value is in force at the wall-time
>> UNTIL
>>      +    // of a Zone line, given that `wall_minus_stdoff` is the line's
>> UNTIL
>>     -+    // expressed in the "save=0" frame (i.e. the parsed wall UNTIL
>> with
>>     -+    // the line's STDOFF subtracted) and `stdoff` is the line's
>> standard
>>     -+    // offset.
>>     -+    //
>>     -+    // The function walks all (rule, year) pairs in chronological
>> order,
>>     -+    // maintaining a running save value.  Wall-time rules have
>> their TIME
>>     -+    // field interpreted relative to the running save (since "wall"
>> means
>>     -+    // local civil time = stdoff + save), so a rule's effective UT
>> firing
>>     -+    // time depends on which prior rule was last in force.  This
>> matches
>>     -+    // zic.c's outzone() logic and is required for zone lines whose
>>     -+    // rule set has rules whose at_time depends on cascading saves.
>>     ++    // with STDOFF subtracted and `stdoff` is the line's standard
>> offset.
>>      +    //
>>     -+    // The comparison `fire < boundary` shrinks `boundary` as the
>> running
>>     -+    // save cascades up: a rule that fires AT the boundary (with the
>>     -+    // cascaded save applied) is treated as belonging to the next
>> zone
>>     -+    // line, and its save is excluded from the running total.
>>     ++    // Walks (rule, year) pairs chronologically, maintaining a
>> running
>>     ++    // save value used to interpret subsequent Wall-indicator rules.
>>     ++    // The boundary `wall_minus_stdoff - running_save` shrinks as
>> save
>>     ++    // accumulates, so a rule firing AT the boundary is treated as
>>     ++    // belonging to the next zone line.
>>      +    //
>>     -+    // Canonical case: Africa/Algiers 1977-10-21.  The "Algeria 1977
>>     -+    // Oct 21" rule (save=0) fires at the same instant as the wall
>> UNTIL
>>     -+    // of line 6 ("0 d WE%sT 1977 O 21").  The pre-rule save (1h,
>> from
>>     -+    // the May 6 rule) is what determines the boundary's UT
>> placement,
>>     -+    // not the Oct 21 rule's save=0.
>>     -+    //
>>     -+    // The calendar window is extended by one year on each side, to
>>     -+    // catch rules whose wall-time at_time falls in early January or
>>     -+    // late December but whose UT firing crosses a year boundary due
>>     -+    // to a large stdoff or save.
>>     ++    // The calendar window extends by one year on each side to catch
>>     ++    // rules whose wall at_time crosses a year boundary in UT due
>> to a
>>     ++    // large stdoff or save.
>>      +    template<typename _RuleRange>
>>      +      const Rule*
>>      +      find_pre_until_rule(const _RuleRange& rules,
>>     @@ libstdc++-v3/src/c++20/tzdb.cc: namespace std::chrono
>>           if (letters.empty())
>>             {
>>      - sys_seconds t = info.begin - seconds(1);
>>     -+ // We want the rule whose effect is in force at info.begin --
>>     -+ // including a rule that fires at exactly info.begin (its effect
>>     -+ // has just begun and is active for the first sys_info we are
>>     -+ // about to generate).  The search below uses a strict
>>     -+ // `rule_start < t` comparison, so pass info.begin + 1s to make
>>     -+ // the half-open lookup (..., info.begin] inclusive of the
>>     -+ // boundary instant.  This is what makes named-rule zone lines
>>     -+ // like Africa/Algiers (PR 116110) seed with the correct save:
>>     -+ // the Oct-21 rule fires at Oct 20 23:00 UTC in the new line's
>>     -+ // frame, which is exactly the new line's begin.
>>     ++ // info.begin + 1s makes the strict `rule_start < t` search
>>     ++ // inclusive of a rule that fires at exactly info.begin.
>>      + sys_seconds t = info.begin + seconds(1);
>>       const year_month_day date(chrono::floor<days>(t));
>>
>>     @@ libstdc++-v3/src/c++20/tzdb.cc: namespace std::chrono
>>           ranges::sort(node->db.links, {}, &time_zone_link::name);
>>           ranges::stable_sort(node->rules, {}, &Rule::name);
>>
>>     -+    // PR 116110 fixup pass.  For every Zone line whose UNTIL was a
>> wall-
>>     -+    // time expression on a named-rule line, the parser deferred
>> the SAVE
>>     -+    // adjustment because the active rule wasn't yet identifiable.
>> Now
>>     -+    // that all Rule records are loaded and indexed, walk every
>> pending
>>     -+    // ZoneInfo, find the rule whose effect was in force just
>> before the
>>     -+    // wall UNTIL, and subtract that rule's save from m_until.
>>     -+    //
>>     -+    // "Just before the wall UNTIL" matches zic.c's interpretation:
>> the
>>     -+    // wall time of UNTIL is read in the frame in effect immediately
>>     -+    // prior to the boundary, so the SAVE used is the value that the
>>     -+    // most recent rule strictly before the UNTIL set.  A rule
>> firing at
>>     -+    // exactly the UNTIL is not yet in force at the moment the wall
>>     -+    // time is being interpreted -- its effect belongs to the next
>> zone
>>     -+    // line, not this one.  find_pre_until_rule's iterative-boundary
>>     -+    // walker implements this semantics.
>>     ++    // For every Zone line whose UNTIL was a wall-time expression
>> on a
>>     ++    // named-rule line, the parser deferred the SAVE adjustment
>> because
>>     ++    // the active rule was not yet identifiable.  Now that all Rule
>>     ++    // records are loaded and indexed, find the rule active just
>> before
>>     ++    // the wall UNTIL and subtract its save from m_until.
>>      +    for (const auto& tz : node->db.zones)
>>      +      {
>>      + auto& infos = tz._M_impl->infos;
>>     @@ libstdc++-v3/src/c++20/tzdb.cc: namespace std::chrono
>>          inf.m_until -= inf.m_save;
>>      -  // else Named Rule, SAVE is unknown. FIXME: PR 116110
>>      +  else
>>     -+    // Named Rule: SAVE depends on which rule of the set
>>     -+    // was active at this instant, which can only be
>>     -+    // determined once all Rule records are loaded.  Mark
>>     -+    // the ZoneInfo so that the fixup pass in reload_tzdb
>>     -+    // applies the deferred adjustment.  PR 116110.
>>     ++    // Named Rule: defer SAVE adjustment until reload_tzdb
>>     ++    // has loaded all Rule records.
>>      +    inf.set_until_save_pending();
>>       }
>>          }
>>     @@ libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/time/time_zone/116110.cc: test_apia()
>>
>>      -  // FIXME: this should be + 10h but we do not account for DST yet,
>> so + 11h.
>>      -  sys_seconds ut(t.time_since_epoch() + 11h );
>>     -+  // The wall UNTIL "2011 Dec 29 24" is interpreted in the prior
>> offset
>>     -+  // (-11h + save 1h = -10h), so the boundary is at local_days +24h
>> +10h
>>     -+  // (the FIXME for the +11h compensation has been resolved by the
>>     -+  // fix for the named-rule UNTIL case in PR 116110).
>>     ++  // The wall UNTIL is interpreted in the prior offset (-11h + save
>> 1h
>>     ++  // = -10h), so the boundary is at local_days + 24h + 10h.
>>      +  sys_seconds ut(t.time_since_epoch() + 10h );
>>         sys_info info;
>>         info = tz->get_info(ut - 1s);
>>     @@ libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/time/time_zone/pr116110_named.cc (new)
>>      +// { dg-require-effective-target cxx11_abi }
>>      +// { dg-xfail-run-if "no weak override on AIX" { powerpc-ibm-aix* }
>> }
>>      +
>>     -+// Regression test for PR 116110, named-rule case.
>>     ++// Africa/Algiers 1977-10-21: a Zone line whose RULES references a
>>     ++// named Rule and whose UNTIL is a wall-time expression.  The wall
>>     ++// UNTIL is interpreted using the SAVE value in force just before
>> the
>>     ++// boundary (the May-6 rule's save=1, not the Oct-21 rule's save=0
>>     ++// even though the Oct-21 rule fires at the same wall instant).
>>      +//
>>     -+// A Zone line whose RULES references a named Rule and whose UNTIL
>> is a
>>     -+// wall-time expression cannot have its UNTIL converted to a true
>> UTC
>>     -+// instant at parse time, because the SAVE value at the UNTIL
>> depends on
>>     -+// which rule of the named set was last in force just before that
>> wall
>>     -+// time -- and that's not known until all Rule records have been
>> loaded
>>     -+// and indexed.  The "Partial fix for interpretation of non-UTC
>> UNTIL
>>     -+// times" commit handled the simpler cases (UNTIL with `s`
>> indicator,
>>     -+// `u` indicator, or wall + non-named RULES) but explicitly left a
>>     -+// FIXME for the named-rule case.  This test exercises that case via
>>     -+// the canonical Africa/Algiers boundary at 1977-10-21.
>>     -+//
>>     -+// In this synthetic data:
>>      +//   Rule d 1977 May  6 0:00 wall  save=1
>>      +//   Rule d 1977 Oct 21 0:00 wall  save=0
>>      +//   Z A    0 d WE%sT 1977 O 21
>>      +//          1 d CE%sT
>>     -+//
>>     -+// The first Zone line has STDOFF=0 and uses rule set d.  The May
>> rule
>>     -+// sets save=1 (WEST, total +1).  zic.c interprets the wall UNTIL
>>     -+// "1977 O 21" using the SAVE value in force just before the
>> boundary
>>     -+// (i.e. May's save=1, since the Oct-21 rule in this line's frame
>> fires
>>     -+// at exactly the boundary, after the wall time has been read).  So:
>>     -+//   wall(0:00) - stdoff(0) - save_just_before(1)  =  Oct 20 23:00
>> UTC
>>     -+// is the correct UTC instant of the line's end.
>>     -+//
>>     -+// The second Zone line has STDOFF=1 and uses the same rule set d.
>> In
>>     -+// its own frame, the Oct-21 rule fires at exactly its starting
>> instant
>>     -+// (Oct 20 23:00 UTC = wall(0:00) - stdoff(1)), setting save=0.  So
>> at
>>     -+// Oct 20 23:00 UTC the new line begins with stdoff=1, save=0,
>> abbrev
>>     -+// "CET", total offset +1.  Both sides of the boundary have total
>> +1;
>>     -+// only the (stdoff, save) split changes.  This is the merge that
>>     -+// zdump shows for real Africa/Algiers in October 1977.
>>      +
>>      +#include <chrono>
>>      +#include <fstream>
>>     @@ libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/time/time_zone/pr116110_named.cc (new)
>>      +  VERIFY( pre.save == 1h );
>>      +  VERIFY( pre.abbrev == "WEST" );
>>      +
>>     -+  // The "active rule just before the wall UNTIL" is May-6 (save=1),
>>     -+  // so the wall UNTIL "1977 O 21" gets adjusted by
>> stdoff(0)+save(1).
>>     -+  // Without the fix, master leaves the line's m_until 1 hour too
>> late
>>     -+  // and the query just before Oct 21 00:00 UTC is in the wrong
>> frame.
>>     -+  // With the fix, queries strictly before the boundary stay in the
>>     -+  // first line (WEST) and queries at/after the boundary are in the
>>     -+  // second line (CET).
>>     ++  // The boundary is Oct 20 23:00 UTC (= wall 00:00 - stdoff(0) -
>> save(1)).
>>     ++  // At and after the boundary we are in the second line (CET).
>>      +  auto at = tz->get_info(sys_days{1977y/October/20} + 23h);
>>      +  VERIFY( at.offset == 1h );    // stdoff 1 + save 0 (CET, second
>> line)
>>      +  VERIFY( at.save == 0min );
>>     @@ libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/time/time_zone/pr116110_named.cc (new)
>>      +  VERIFY( after.save == 0min );
>>      +  VERIFY( after.abbrev == "CET" );
>>      +
>>     -+  // And a regression check that the boundary really moved: a query
>> at
>>     -+  // 1977-10-20 23:30 UTC must be in the SECOND line.  Without the
>>     -+  // fix, master's m_until for the first line is 1977-10-21 00:00
>> UTC,
>>     -+  // and this query lands in the WET stretch produced by the first
>>     -+  // line's expansion of the Oct-21 rule.
>>     ++  // A query inside the [Oct 20 23:00, Oct 21 00:00] UTC window
>> must be
>>     ++  // in the second line, not in a leftover stretch from the first
>> line.
>>      +  auto window = tz->get_info(sys_days{1977y/October/20} + 23h +
>> 30min);
>>      +  VERIFY( window.offset == 1h );
>>      +  VERIFY( window.abbrev == "CET" );
>> 4:  d94019806 ! 4:  9a01b2555 libstdc++: Cascade wall-time saves in lazy
>> expansion seeding [PR 124853]
>>     @@
>>       ## Metadata ##
>>     -Author: Alvaro Begue <alvaro.begue@gmail.com>
>>     +Author: Álvaro Begué <alvaro.begue@gmail.com>
>>
>>       ## Commit message ##
>>     -    libstdc++: Cascade wall-time saves in lazy expansion seeding [PR
>> 124853]
>>     +    libstdc++: Cascade wall-time saves in lazy expansion seeding
>> [PR124853]
>>
>>          When _M_get_sys_info seeds a Zone line by looking up the active
>> rule
>>          just before info.begin, the previous code interpreted each rule
>> in
>>     @@ Commit message
>>          libstdc++-v3/ChangeLog:
>>
>>                  PR libstdc++/124853
>>     -            * src/c++20/tzdb.cc (time_zone::_Impl::_M_get_sys_info):
>>     +            * src/c++20/tzdb.cc (time_zone::_M_get_sys_info):
>>                  Replace the per-rule isolated active-rule search with a
>>                  chronological cascade walker that maintains a running
>> save
>>                  and interprets Wall-time rules' at_time relative to it.
>>     @@ Commit message
>>                  "earliest STD rule" fallback to its own branch.
>>                  * testsuite/std/time/time_zone/wall_cascade.cc: New test.
>>
>>     +    Signed-off-by: Álvaro Begué <alvaro.begue@gmail.com>
>>     +
>>       ## libstdc++-v3/src/c++20/tzdb.cc ##
>>      @@ libstdc++-v3/src/c++20/tzdb.cc: namespace std::chrono
>>       #endif
>>     @@ libstdc++-v3/src/c++20/tzdb.cc: namespace std::chrono
>>
>>      -    // Find the Rule whose save value is in force at the wall-time
>> UNTIL
>>      -    // of a Zone line, given that `wall_minus_stdoff` is the line's
>> UNTIL
>>     --    // expressed in the "save=0" frame (i.e. the parsed wall UNTIL
>> with
>>     --    // the line's STDOFF subtracted) and `stdoff` is the line's
>> standard
>>     --    // offset.
>>     -+    // Find the Rule in `rules` whose effect was last in force at
>> time
>>     -+    // `t`, given that `stdoff` is the standard offset of the
>> enclosing
>>     -+    // zone line.  Returns nullptr if no rule fired strictly before
>> t.
>>     +-    // with STDOFF subtracted and `stdoff` is the line's standard
>> offset.
>>     ++    // Find the Rule whose effect was last in force at time `t`,
>> given
>>     ++    // that `stdoff` is the standard offset of the enclosing zone
>> line.
>>     ++    // Returns nullptr if no rule fired strictly before t.
>>           //
>>     -     // The function walks all (rule, year) pairs in chronological
>> order,
>>     -     // maintaining a running save value.  Wall-time rules have
>> their TIME
>>     -@@ libstdc++-v3/src/c++20/tzdb.cc: namespace std::chrono
>>     -     // zic.c's outzone() logic and is required for zone lines whose
>>     -     // rule set has rules whose at_time depends on cascading saves.
>>     +     // Walks (rule, year) pairs chronologically, maintaining a
>> running
>>     +     // save value used to interpret subsequent Wall-indicator rules.
>>     +-    // The boundary `wall_minus_stdoff - running_save` shrinks as
>> save
>>     +-    // accumulates, so a rule firing AT the boundary is treated as
>>     +-    // belonging to the next zone line.
>>           //
>>     -+    // Canonical case: Europe/Paris around 1945, where the France
>> rules
>>     -+    //   1945 Apr 2  02:00 wall  save=2  M
>>     -+    //   1945 Sep 16 03:00 wall  save=0  -
>>     -+    // chain together: in the (stdoff=1, save=2) frame the September
>>     -+    // rule fires at Sep 16 00:00 UT, not Sep 16 02:00 UT.
>>     -+    //
>>     -+    // The calendar window is extended by one year on each side, to
>>     -+    // catch rules whose wall-time at_time falls in early January or
>>     -+    // late December but whose UT firing crosses a year boundary due
>>     -+    // to a large stdoff or save (Pacific/Auckland's "1946 Ja 1"
>> rule
>>     -+    // in stdoff=12h fires at 1945-12-31 11:30 UT).
>>     +     // The calendar window extends by one year on each side to catch
>>     +     // rules whose wall at_time crosses a year boundary in UT due
>> to a
>>     +     // large stdoff or save.
>>      +    template<typename _RuleRange>
>>      +      const Rule*
>>      +      find_active_rule(const _RuleRange& rules, sys_seconds t,
>> seconds stdoff)
>>     @@ libstdc++-v3/src/c++20/tzdb.cc: namespace std::chrono
>>      +
>>      +    // Find the Rule whose save value is in force at the wall-time
>> UNTIL
>>      +    // of a Zone line, given that `wall_minus_stdoff` is the line's
>> UNTIL
>>     -+    // expressed in the "save=0" frame (i.e. the parsed wall UNTIL
>> with
>>     -+    // the line's STDOFF subtracted) and `stdoff` is the line's
>> standard
>>     -+    // offset.
>>     ++    // with STDOFF subtracted and `stdoff` is the line's standard
>> offset.
>>      +    //
>>     -+    // Like find_active_rule, walks (rule, year) pairs
>> chronologically
>>     -+    // with a running save value, but interprets `t` differently.
>>     -+    //
>>     -     // The comparison `fire < boundary` shrinks `boundary` as the
>> running
>>     -     // save cascades up: a rule that fires AT the boundary (with the
>>     -     // cascaded save applied) is treated as belonging to the next
>> zone
>>     -@@ libstdc++-v3/src/c++20/tzdb.cc: namespace std::chrono
>>     -     // of line 6 ("0 d WE%sT 1977 O 21").  The pre-rule save (1h,
>> from
>>     -     // the May 6 rule) is what determines the boundary's UT
>> placement,
>>     -     // not the Oct 21 rule's save=0.
>>     --    //
>>     --    // The calendar window is extended by one year on each side, to
>>     --    // catch rules whose wall-time at_time falls in early January or
>>     --    // late December but whose UT firing crosses a year boundary due
>>     --    // to a large stdoff or save.
>>     ++    // Like find_active_rule but `wall_minus_stdoff - running_save`
>>     ++    // shrinks as save accumulates, so a rule firing AT the
>> boundary is
>>     ++    // treated as belonging to the next zone line.
>>           template<typename _RuleRange>
>>             const Rule*
>>             find_pre_until_rule(const _RuleRange& rules,
>>      @@ libstdc++-v3/src/c++20/tzdb.cc: namespace std::chrono
>>     - // the Oct-21 rule fires at Oct 20 23:00 UTC in the new line's
>>     - // frame, which is exactly the new line's begin.
>>     + // info.begin + 1s makes the strict `rule_start < t` search
>>     + // inclusive of a rule that fires at exactly info.begin.
>>       sys_seconds t = info.begin + seconds(1);
>>      - const year_month_day date(chrono::floor<days>(t));
>>
>>     @@ libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/time/time_zone/wall_cascade.cc (new)
>>      +// { dg-require-effective-target cxx11_abi }
>>      +// { dg-xfail-run-if "no weak override on AIX" { powerpc-ibm-aix* }
>> }
>>      +
>>     -+// Regression test: when lazy expansion seeds a Zone line whose
>> rule set
>>     -+// has wall-time rules whose effective firing time depends on a
>> prior
>>     -+// rule's save (cascading wall-time interpretation), the seeding
>> code
>>     -+// must walk the rules chronologically with a running save value,
>> not
>>     -+// look at each rule in isolation against a fixed `save=0` frame.
>>     -+//
>>     -+// Mirrors the Europe/Paris 1945 case.  France's rules
>>     ++// Wall-time rules in the same rule set whose effective firing time
>>     ++// depends on a prior rule's save (Europe/Paris 1945):
>>      +//   1945 Apr 2  02:00 wall  save=2  M
>>      +//   1945 Sep 16 03:00 wall  save=0  -
>>     -+// chain together: in the (stdoff=1, save=2) frame the September
>> rule
>>     -+// fires at Sep 16 00:00 UT, not Sep 16 02:00 UT.
>>     -+//
>>     -+// Construct a synthetic two-line zone whose second line begins
>> between
>>     -+// those two interpretations of the September rule, so the seeding
>> has
>>     -+// to choose: with the cascade, the September rule has already
>> fired at
>>     -+// info.begin and the new line seeds with save=0; without the
>> cascade,
>>     -+// the September rule appears not to have fired yet and the new line
>>     -+// would (incorrectly) seed with save=2 from the April rule.
>>     ++// In the (stdoff=1, save=2) frame the September rule fires at
>>     ++// Sep 16 00:00 UT, not Sep 16 02:00 UT.
>>      +
>>      +#include <chrono>
>>      +#include <fstream>
>>     @@ libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/time/time_zone/wall_cascade.cc (new)
>>      +  // Line 1 ends at "1945 Sep 16 1u" (Universal time, no save
>> shenanigans),
>>      +  // so info.begin for line 2 is exactly 1945-09-16 01:00 UT.
>>      +  //
>>     -+  // Cascade seeding: in line 2's frame (stdoff=1):
>>     -+  //   * Apr 2 fires at Apr 2 01:00 UT (running save 0 → 2)
>>     -+  //   * Sep 16 fires at Sep 16 00:00 UT (running save 2 → 0)
>>     -+  // Both fire before info.begin (Sep 16 01:00 UT), so the active
>> rule
>>     -+  // at info.begin is the Sep 16 one, save=0 → CET, total offset 1h.
>>     -+  //
>>     -+  // Without cascade: Sep 16 is computed as 03:00 - stdoff(1) =
>> 02:00 UT,
>>     -+  // which is *after* info.begin, so the seeding falls back to the
>> April
>>     -+  // rule's save=2 → CEMT, total offset 3h.  That is the bug.
>>     ++  // Two-line zone whose second line begins at 1945 Sep 16 01:00 UT,
>>     ++  // between the cascaded firing time (Sep 16 00:00 UT) and the
>>     ++  // non-cascaded firing time (Sep 16 02:00 UT) of the September
>> rule.
>>     ++  // The seeding must pick the September rule (save=0, CET) at
>> info.begin.
>>      +  std::ofstream("tzdata.zi") << R"(# version test_wall_cascade
>>      +R Fr 1945 o - Apr 2  2 2 M
>>      +R Fr 1945 o - Sep 16 3 0 -
>> 5:  ab7938201 ! 5:  1c717d45a libstdc++: Implement zic writezone merge
>> optimization [PR 124854]
>>     @@
>>       ## Metadata ##
>>     -Author: Alvaro Begue <alvaro.begue@gmail.com>
>>     +Author: Álvaro Begué <alvaro.begue@gmail.com>
>>
>>       ## Commit message ##
>>     -    libstdc++: Implement zic writezone merge optimization [PR 124854]
>>     +    libstdc++: Implement zic writezone merge optimization [PR124854]
>>
>>          Two distinct correctness fixes that together let lazy expansion
>> match
>>          zic.c's writezone output for zones with rule firings near
>> zone-line
>>     @@ Commit message
>>          libstdc++-v3/ChangeLog:
>>
>>                  PR libstdc++/124854
>>     -            * src/c++20/tzdb.cc (time_zone::_Impl::_M_get_sys_info):
>>     +            * src/c++20/tzdb.cc (time_zone::_M_get_sys_info):
>>                  Always run find_active_rule to seed info.offset and
>> info.save,
>>                  regardless of whether letters was already populated from
>>                  i[-1].next_letters().  Add a writezone merge optimization
>>     @@ Commit message
>>                  re-entry.
>>                  * testsuite/std/time/time_zone/zone_merge.cc: New test.
>>
>>     +    Signed-off-by: Álvaro Begué <alvaro.begue@gmail.com>
>>     +
>>       ## libstdc++-v3/src/c++20/tzdb.cc ##
>>      @@ libstdc++-v3/src/c++20/tzdb.cc: namespace std::chrono
>>           if (i != infos.begin() && i[-1].expanded())
>>     @@ libstdc++-v3/src/c++20/tzdb.cc: namespace std::chrono
>>
>>      -    if (letters.empty())
>>      -      {
>>     -- // We want the rule whose effect is in force at info.begin --
>>     -- // including a rule that fires at exactly info.begin (its effect
>>     -- // has just begun and is active for the first sys_info we are
>>     -- // about to generate).  The search below uses a strict
>>     -- // `rule_start < t` comparison, so pass info.begin + 1s to make
>>     -- // the half-open lookup (..., info.begin] inclusive of the
>>     -- // boundary instant.  This is what makes named-rule zone lines
>>     -- // like Africa/Algiers (PR 116110) seed with the correct save:
>>     -- // the Oct-21 rule fires at Oct 20 23:00 UTC in the new line's
>>     -- // frame, which is exactly the new line's begin.
>>     +- // info.begin + 1s makes the strict `rule_start < t` search
>>     +- // inclusive of a rule that fires at exactly info.begin.
>>      - sys_seconds t = info.begin + seconds(1);
>>      -
>>      - // Try to find a Rule active before this time, to get initial
>>     @@ libstdc++-v3/src/c++20/tzdb.cc: namespace std::chrono
>>      -  {
>>      -    info.offset = ri.offset() + active_rule->save;
>>      -    info.save = chrono::duration_cast<minutes>(active_rule->save);
>>     -+    // Seed info.offset and info.save from the rule whose effect is
>> in
>>     -+    // force at info.begin.  This must run even when `letters` was
>>     -+    // already populated from i[-1].next_letters() (which happens
>>     -+    // during a re-entry of partial lazy expansion: the previous
>> batch
>>     -+    // left an expanded ZoneInfo whose next_letters() field is the
>>     -+    // letters for the first sys_info of this batch), because
>>     -+    // info.offset/save are still at their stdoff/0 init values and
>>     -+    // would otherwise carry through into the first emitted sys_info
>>     -+    // with the wrong total offset.
>>     ++    // Seed info.offset and info.save from the rule active at
>>     ++    // info.begin.  Always run this (even when `letters` was
>> populated
>>     ++    // from i[-1].next_letters() during partial-expansion re-entry),
>>     ++    // because info.offset/save are still at their stdoff/0 init
>> values
>>     ++    // and would otherwise produce the wrong total offset.
>>      +    //
>>     -+    // The search uses a strict `rule_start < t` comparison, so pass
>>     -+    // info.begin + 1s to make the half-open lookup (...,
>> info.begin]
>>     -+    // inclusive of the boundary instant.  This is what makes named-
>>     -+    // rule zone lines like Africa/Algiers (PR 116110) seed with the
>>     -+    // correct save: the Oct-21 rule fires at Oct 20 23:00 UTC in
>> the
>>     -+    // new line's frame, which is exactly the new line's begin.
>>     ++    // info.begin + 1s makes the strict `rule_start < t` search
>>     ++    // inclusive of a rule that fires at exactly info.begin.
>>      +    {
>>      +      sys_seconds t = info.begin + seconds(1);
>>      +      const Rule* active_rule = find_active_rule(rules, t,
>> ri.offset());
>>     @@ libstdc++-v3/src/c++20/tzdb.cc: namespace std::chrono
>>      + }
>>      +    }
>>      +
>>     -+    // zic.c writezone merge optimization.  When the previous zone
>>     -+    // line's end total offset differs from this line's seeded total
>>     -+    // and the local time would jump backward at the boundary, look
>>     -+    // for a rule in this line's set that fires within the resulting
>>     -+    // gap window and would compensate the jump.  zic folds such a
>>     -+    // rule into the boundary transition; we mirror that here by
>>     -+    // pulling the rule's save back to info.begin.
>>     -+    //
>>     -+    // Only runs at the first sys_info of a zone line (not on
>> re-entry
>>     -+    // mid-line during partial lazy expansion), which is detected by
>>     -+    // an empty next_letters() on the prior expanded ZoneInfo: a
>> mid-
>>     -+    // line re-entry's prior ZoneInfo always has a non-empty
>>     -+    // next_letters() (the letters of the rule that fires at the new
>>     -+    // batch's start), whereas a zone-line transition's prior
>> ZoneInfo
>>     -+    // ends with empty next_letters() because the line's last
>>     -+    // iteration emits with letters cleared.
>>     ++    // zic.c writezone merge optimization.  When the local time
>> jumps
>>     ++    // backward at a zone-line boundary and a rule in the new
>> line's set
>>     ++    // fires within that gap window, fold the rule's save into the
>>     ++    // boundary so the new line begins with the post-rule save.
>>      +    //
>>     -+    // Canonical examples:
>>     -+    //   * America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires 1999-10-03: lines
>>     -+    //       -3 A -03/-02 1999 O 3
>>     -+    //       -4 A -04/-03 2000 Mar 3
>>     -+    //     have new_total = -4, prev_total = -3 (jump = -1h).  The
>>     -+    //     1999 Oct Argentina rule fires at Oct 3 04:00 UTC in the
>>     -+    //     new -4 frame, which is exactly info.begin + 1h, inside
>>     -+    //     the 1h window.
>>     -+    //   * Europe/Berlin 1945-05-24: lines
>>     -+    //       1 c CE%sT 1945 May 24 2
>>     -+    //       1 So CE%sT 1946
>>     -+    //     have new_total = 1, prev_total = 2 (jump = -1h).  The So
>>     -+    //     1945-May-24 rule (save = 2h, "CEMT") fires at 01:00 UTC
>>     -+    //     in the new frame, inside the 1h window.
>>     ++    // Only runs at the first sys_info of a zone line (not on
>> partial-
>>     ++    // expansion re-entry mid-line): a mid-line re-entry's prior
>>     ++    // ZoneInfo has a non-empty next_letters(), while a zone-line
>>     ++    // transition's prior ZoneInfo ends with empty next_letters().
>>      +    if (i != infos.begin() && i[-1].expanded()
>>      +  && i[-1].next_letters().empty())
>>      +      {
>>     @@ libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/time/time_zone/zone_merge.cc (new)
>>      +// { dg-require-effective-target cxx11_abi }
>>      +// { dg-xfail-run-if "no weak override on AIX" { powerpc-ibm-aix* }
>> }
>>      +
>>     -+// Regression test: zic.c's writezone merges a zone-line transition
>> with
>>     -+// a rule firing that would otherwise create a brief
>> observably-wrong
>>     -+// stretch of local time.  When two adjacent Zone lines have
>> different
>>     -+// total offsets and the new line's rule set has a rule firing
>> within
>>     -+// |jump| of the boundary (where jump = new_total - old_total < 0,
>> i.e.
>>     -+// local time goes backward at the boundary), zic folds that rule
>> into
>>     -+// the boundary itself: the single transition emitted has the rule's
>>     -+// save value already applied, so the new line begins with the
>> post-rule
>>     -+// save rather than briefly using the pre-rule save and then
>> transitioning
>>     -+// again moments later.
>>     -+//
>>     -+// Two canonical real-world cases:
>>     -+//   * America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires 1999-10-03 (lines change
>> stdoff
>>     -+//     -3 → -4 with an Argentina DST rule firing on the same day).
>>     -+//   * Europe/Berlin 1945-05-24 (lines split a rule set, with the So
>>     -+//     1945-May-24 rule firing inside the boundary's window).
>>     ++// When two adjacent Zone lines differ in total offset and the new
>> line's
>>     ++// rule set has a rule firing within |jump| of the boundary (where
>> jump
>>     ++// is a backward local-time jump), zic.c's writezone folds that rule
>>     ++// into the boundary, so the new line begins with the post-rule
>> save.
>>      +//
>>     -+// Mirror the Buenos Aires shape with a synthetic zone.
>>     ++// Mirrors America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires around 1999-10-03.
>>      +
>>      +#include <chrono>
>>      +#include <fstream>
>>     @@ libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/time/time_zone/zone_merge.cc (new)
>>      +{
>>      +  using namespace std::chrono;
>>      +
>>     -+  // Argentina-style: stdoff jumps from -3 to -4 at the same instant
>>     -+  // a save=1 ("S") rule fires.  In the new (-4) frame, the rule's
>>     -+  // wall at_time of 00:00 is at UT 04:00, which is 1 hour after the
>>     -+  // boundary at UT 03:00.  Without the merge optimization the new
>>     -+  // line would seed with save=0 (offset -4, abbrev -04) for that 1
>>     -+  // hour and then transition to save=1 (offset -3, abbrev -03);
>>     -+  // with the merge, the boundary itself is at offset=-3, save=1.
>>     ++  // stdoff jumps from -3 to -4 at the same instant a save=1 rule
>> fires.
>>     ++  // In the new (-4) frame the rule fires 1 hour after the boundary
>> at
>>     ++  // UT 03:00, so the merge folds the rule into the boundary and the
>>     ++  // new line begins at offset=-3, save=1 (abbrev "-03").
>>      +  std::ofstream("tzdata.zi") << R"(# version test_zone_merge
>>      +R T 1999 o - O 3 0 1 -
>>      +R T 2000 o - Mar 3 0 0 -
>>     @@ libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/time/time_zone/zone_merge.cc (new)
>>      +  VERIFY( before.save == 0min );
>>      +  VERIFY( before.abbrev == "-03" );
>>      +
>>     -+  // At the boundary the merge optimization kicks in: the second
>> zone
>>     -+  // line's first sys_info should already have save=1 from the Oct 3
>>     -+  // rule, total offset -3h, abbrev "-03".  Without the fix, chrono
>>     -+  // would emit a 1-hour stretch of save=0 ("-04") here.
>>     ++  // The new line's first sys_info already has save=1 from the
>> merge,
>>     ++  // total offset -3h, abbrev "-03".
>>      +  auto at_boundary = tz->get_info(boundary);
>>      +  VERIFY( at_boundary.offset == -3h );
>>      +  VERIFY( at_boundary.save == 60min );
>>
>> --
>> 2.34.1
>>
>>
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