[PATCH] libstdc++: implement constexpr std::format

Tomasz Kaminski tkaminsk@redhat.com
Thu Apr 16 10:33:45 GMT 2026


On Thu, Mar 5, 2026 at 11:27 PM Ivan Lazaric <ivan.lazaric1@gmail.com>
wrote:

> This patch implements constexpr formatting from P3391R2,
> and introduces the constexpr_format feature-test macro.
>
> This patch mostly adds `_GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR` to functions.
>
> Add `__format::__toupper_numeric` function that work in constexpr.
> It is not fully general, but `<format>` doesn't need all uppercasing.
>
> Avoid using `_Ptr_sink` in constexpr in `__do_vformat_to`,
> since it is a bit non-trivial to get it to work, and it is just an
> optimization.
>
> Mark `basic_format_string` consteval constructor noexcept,
> since exceptions are now constexpr, and the standard mandates
> failure to parse to be non-catchable ill-formed.
> https://eel.is/c++draft/format#fmt.string-3
> > Remarks: A call to this function is not a core constant expression
> > ([expr.const]) unless there exist args of types Args such that
> > str is a format string for args.
>
> Mark integer to_{,w}string functions constexpr.
> Introduce constexpr tests for them.
>
> Update some formatting tests to test constexpr as well,
> and introduce a dedicated smoke test for constexpr formatting.
>
> libstdc++-v3/include/ChangeLog:
>
>         * bits/basic_string.h:
>         Add _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR to std::to_{,w}string.
>         * bits/version.def: Add constexpr_format.
>         * bits/version.h: Regenerate.
>         * std/format:
>         Expose constexpr_format feature-test macro,
>         pepper in _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR, replace memcpy with ranges::copy.
>         (__format::__toupper_numeric): Define.
>         (__format::__do_vformat_to): Avoid using _Ptr_sink in constexpr.
>
> libstdc++-v3/testsuite/ChangeLog:
>
>         * std/format/arguments/args_neg.cc: Diagnostics change.
>         * std/format/constexpr.cc: New test.
>         * std/format/debug.cc: Constexpr testing.
>         * std/format/functions/format.cc: Constexpr testing.
>         * std/format/functions/format_to.cc: Constexpr testing.
>         * std/format/functions/size.cc: Constexpr testing.
>         * std/format/ranges/format_kind.cc: Constexpr testing.
>         * std/format/ranges/formatter.cc: Constexpr testing.
>         * std/format/ranges/sequence.cc: Constexpr testing.
>         * std/format/runtime_format.cc: Constexpr testing.
>         * std/format/string.cc: Constexpr testing.
>         * std/format/tuple.cc: Constexpr testing.
>         * std/time/format/data_not_present_neg.cc: Diagnostics change.
>         *
> 21_strings/basic_string/numeric_conversions/char/to_string_constexpr.cc:
>         New test.
>         *
> 21_strings/basic_string/numeric_conversions/wchar_t/to_wstring_constexpr.cc:
>         New test.
>
> Signed-off-by: Ivan Lazaric <ivan.lazaric1@gmail.com>
> ---
> Rebased, only non-merged prerequisites are:
> * libstdc++: Introduce __format::_Ptr_sink for contingous iterators.
> * libstdc+: Eliminate usage of alloca for non-localized formatting
>
> Added constexpr to std::to_{,w}string, added tests for them.
> The couple existing tests I looked at don't allow for easy constexpr
> testing,
> for example to_string_int.cc test depends on snprintf.
>
> In current shape it's rather complete, might make sense to drop no_stdname
> from the feature-test macro.
>
>
>  libstdc++-v3/include/bits/basic_string.h      |  24 +-
>  libstdc++-v3/include/bits/version.def         |  11 +
>  libstdc++-v3/include/bits/version.h           |   9 +
>  libstdc++-v3/include/std/format               | 387 +++++++++++-------
>  .../char/to_string_constexpr.cc               |  63 +++
>  .../wchar_t/to_wstring_constexpr.cc           |  63 +++
>  .../std/format/arguments/args_neg.cc          |   4 +-
>  .../testsuite/std/format/constexpr.cc         | 156 +++++++
>  libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/format/debug.cc    |  82 ++--
>  .../testsuite/std/format/functions/format.cc  | 281 +++++++------
>  .../std/format/functions/format_to.cc         |  58 ++-
>  .../testsuite/std/format/functions/size.cc    |  23 +-
>  .../std/format/ranges/format_kind.cc          |  15 +-
>  .../testsuite/std/format/ranges/formatter.cc  |  37 +-
>  .../testsuite/std/format/ranges/sequence.cc   |  64 ++-
>  .../testsuite/std/format/runtime_format.cc    |  17 +-
>  libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/format/string.cc   |  59 ++-
>  libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/format/tuple.cc    |  70 +++-
>  .../std/time/format/data_not_present_neg.cc   |   3 +-
>  19 files changed, 1026 insertions(+), 400 deletions(-)
>  create mode 100644
> libstdc++-v3/testsuite/21_strings/basic_string/numeric_conversions/char/to_string_constexpr.cc
>  create mode 100644
> libstdc++-v3/testsuite/21_strings/basic_string/numeric_conversions/wchar_t/to_wstring_constexpr.cc
>  create mode 100644 libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/format/constexpr.cc
>
> diff --git a/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/basic_string.h
> b/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/basic_string.h
> index 9bbe16507d0..1317b292335 100644
> --- a/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/basic_string.h
> +++ b/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/basic_string.h
> @@ -4582,7 +4582,7 @@ _GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_CXX11
>    // DR 1261. Insufficent overloads for to_string / to_wstring
>
>    _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD
> -  inline string
> +  inline _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR string
>    to_string(int __val)
>  #if _GLIBCXX_USE_CXX11_ABI && (__CHAR_BIT__ * __SIZEOF_INT__) <= 32
>    noexcept // any 32-bit value fits in the SSO buffer
> @@ -4601,7 +4601,7 @@ _GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_CXX11
>    }
>
>    _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD
> -  inline string
> +  inline _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR string
>    to_string(unsigned __val)
>  #if _GLIBCXX_USE_CXX11_ABI && (__CHAR_BIT__ * __SIZEOF_INT__) <= 32
>    noexcept // any 32-bit value fits in the SSO buffer
> @@ -4617,7 +4617,7 @@ _GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_CXX11
>    }
>
>    _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD
> -  inline string
> +  inline _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR string
>    to_string(long __val)
>  #if _GLIBCXX_USE_CXX11_ABI && (__CHAR_BIT__ * __SIZEOF_LONG__) <= 32
>    noexcept // any 32-bit value fits in the SSO buffer
> @@ -4636,7 +4636,7 @@ _GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_CXX11
>    }
>
>    _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD
> -  inline string
> +  inline _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR string
>    to_string(unsigned long __val)
>  #if _GLIBCXX_USE_CXX11_ABI && (__CHAR_BIT__ * __SIZEOF_LONG__) <= 32
>    noexcept // any 32-bit value fits in the SSO buffer
> @@ -4652,7 +4652,7 @@ _GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_CXX11
>    }
>
>    _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD
> -  inline string
> +  inline _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR string
>    to_string(long long __val)
>    {
>      const bool __neg = __val < 0;
> @@ -4669,7 +4669,7 @@ _GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_CXX11
>    }
>
>    _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD
> -  inline string
> +  inline _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR string
>    to_string(unsigned long long __val)
>    {
>      const auto __len = __detail::__to_chars_len(__val);
> @@ -4893,32 +4893,32 @@ _GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_CXX11
>  #pragma GCC diagnostic pop
>
>    _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD
> -  inline wstring
> +  inline _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR wstring
>    to_wstring(int __val)
>    { return std::__to_wstring_numeric(std::to_string(__val)); }
>
>    _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD
> -  inline wstring
> +  inline _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR wstring
>    to_wstring(unsigned __val)
>    { return std::__to_wstring_numeric(std::to_string(__val)); }
>
>    _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD
> -  inline wstring
> +  inline _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR wstring
>    to_wstring(long __val)
>    { return std::__to_wstring_numeric(std::to_string(__val)); }
>
>    _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD
> -  inline wstring
> +  inline _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR wstring
>    to_wstring(unsigned long __val)
>    { return std::__to_wstring_numeric(std::to_string(__val)); }
>
>    _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD
> -  inline wstring
> +  inline _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR wstring
>    to_wstring(long long __val)
>    { return std::__to_wstring_numeric(std::to_string(__val)); }
>
>    _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD
> -  inline wstring
> +  inline _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR wstring
>    to_wstring(unsigned long long __val)
>    { return std::__to_wstring_numeric(std::to_string(__val)); }
>
> diff --git a/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/version.def
> b/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/version.def
> index dbe95b8b79f..c754ee1c483 100644
> --- a/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/version.def
> +++ b/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/version.def
> @@ -1330,6 +1330,17 @@ ftms = {
>    };
>  };
>
> +ftms = {
> +  name = constexpr_format;
> +  // 202511 P3391R2 constexpr std::format
> +  no_stdname = true; // not fully implemented yet
> +  values = {
> +    v = 202511;
> +    cxxmin = 26;
> +    hosted = yes;
> +  };
> +};
> +
>  ftms = {
>    name = format_uchar;
>    values = {
> diff --git a/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/version.h
> b/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/version.h
> index eee99847490..13c0466c0dd 100644
> --- a/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/version.h
> +++ b/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/version.h
> @@ -1476,6 +1476,15 @@
>  #endif /* !defined(__cpp_lib_format) */
>  #undef __glibcxx_want_format
>
> +#if !defined(__cpp_lib_constexpr_format)
> +# if (__cplusplus >  202302L) && _GLIBCXX_HOSTED
> +#  define __glibcxx_constexpr_format 202511L
> +#  if defined(__glibcxx_want_all) ||
> defined(__glibcxx_want_constexpr_format)
> +#  endif
> +# endif
> +#endif /* !defined(__cpp_lib_constexpr_format) */
> +#undef __glibcxx_want_constexpr_format
> +
>  #if !defined(__cpp_lib_format_uchar)
>  # if (__cplusplus >= 202002L) && _GLIBCXX_HOSTED
>  #  define __glibcxx_format_uchar 202311L
> diff --git a/libstdc++-v3/include/std/format
> b/libstdc++-v3/include/std/format
> index c5173bfac80..f732dcbd281 100644
> --- a/libstdc++-v3/include/std/format
> +++ b/libstdc++-v3/include/std/format
> @@ -39,6 +39,7 @@
>  #define __glibcxx_want_format_ranges
>  #define __glibcxx_want_format_uchar
>  #define __glibcxx_want_constexpr_exceptions
> +#define __glibcxx_want_constexpr_format
>  #include <bits/version.h>
>
>  #ifdef __cpp_lib_format // C++ >= 20 && HOSTED
> @@ -128,6 +129,7 @@ namespace __format
>      struct _Runtime_format_string
>      {
>        [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR
>        _Runtime_format_string(basic_string_view<_CharT> __s) noexcept
>        : _M_str(__s) { }
>
> @@ -170,9 +172,10 @@ namespace __format
>        template<typename _Tp>
>         requires convertible_to<const _Tp&, basic_string_view<_CharT>>
>         consteval
> -       basic_format_string(const _Tp& __s);
> +       basic_format_string(const _Tp& __s) noexcept;
>
>        [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR
>        basic_format_string(__format::_Runtime_format_string<_CharT> __s)
> noexcept
>        : _M_str(__s._M_str)
>        { }
> @@ -197,13 +200,13 @@ namespace __format
>
>  #if __cpp_lib_format >= 202311L // >= C++26
>    [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
> -  inline __format::_Runtime_format_string<char>
> +  inline _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR __format::_Runtime_format_string<char>
>    runtime_format(string_view __fmt) noexcept
>    { return __fmt; }
>
>  #ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T
>    [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
> -  inline __format::_Runtime_format_string<wchar_t>
> +  inline _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR __format::_Runtime_format_string<wchar_t>
>    runtime_format(wstring_view __fmt) noexcept
>    { return __fmt; }
>  #endif
> @@ -238,7 +241,7 @@ namespace __format
>
>    /// @cond undocumented
>    [[noreturn]]
> -  inline void
> +  inline _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR void
>    __throw_format_error(const char* __what)
>    { _GLIBCXX_THROW_OR_ABORT(format_error(__what)); }
>
> @@ -249,27 +252,27 @@ namespace __format
>    // XXX use named functions for each constexpr error?
>
>    [[noreturn]]
> -  inline void
> +  inline _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR void
>    __unmatched_left_brace_in_format_string()
>    { __throw_format_error("format error: unmatched '{' in format string");
> }
>
>    [[noreturn]]
> -  inline void
> +  inline _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR void
>    __unmatched_right_brace_in_format_string()
>    { __throw_format_error("format error: unmatched '}' in format string");
> }
>
>    [[noreturn]]
> -  inline void
> +  inline _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR void
>    __conflicting_indexing_in_format_string()
>    { __throw_format_error("format error: conflicting indexing style in
> format string"); }
>
>    [[noreturn]]
> -  inline void
> +  inline _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR void
>    __invalid_arg_id_in_format_string()
>    { __throw_format_error("format error: invalid arg-id in format
> string"); }
>
>    [[noreturn]]
> -  inline void
> +  inline _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR void
>    __failed_to_parse_format_spec()
>    { __throw_format_error("format error: failed to parse format-spec"); }
>
> @@ -517,7 +520,7 @@ namespace __format
>    using enum _WidthPrec;
>
>    template<typename _Context>
> -    size_t
> +    _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR size_t
>      __int_from_arg(const basic_format_arg<_Context>& __arg);
>
>    constexpr bool __is_digit(char __c)
> @@ -750,7 +753,7 @@ namespace __format
>        }
>
>        template<typename _Context>
> -       size_t
> +       _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR size_t
>         _M_get_width(_Context& __ctx) const
>         {
>           size_t __width = 0;
> @@ -762,7 +765,7 @@ namespace __format
>         }
>
>        template<typename _Context>
> -       size_t
> +       _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR size_t
>         _M_get_precision(_Context& __ctx) const
>         {
>           size_t __prec = -1;
> @@ -775,7 +778,7 @@ namespace __format
>      };
>
>    template<typename _Int>
> -    inline char*
> +    inline _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR char*
>      __put_sign(_Int __i, _Sign __sign, char* __dest) noexcept
>      {
>        if (__i < 0)
> @@ -792,7 +795,7 @@ namespace __format
>    // Write STR to OUT (and do so efficiently if OUT is a _Sink_iter).
>    template<typename _Out, typename _CharT>
>      requires output_iterator<_Out, const _CharT&>
> -    inline _Out
> +    inline _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR _Out
>      __write(_Out __out, basic_string_view<_CharT> __str)
>      {
>        if constexpr (is_same_v<_Out, _Sink_iter<_CharT>>)
> @@ -809,7 +812,7 @@ namespace __format
>    // Write STR to OUT with NFILL copies of FILL_CHAR specified by ALIGN.
>    // pre: __align != _Align_default
>    template<typename _Out, typename _CharT>
> -    _Out
> +    _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR _Out
>      __write_padded(_Out __out, basic_string_view<_CharT> __str,
>                    _Align __align, size_t __nfill, char32_t __fill_char)
>      {
> @@ -883,7 +886,7 @@ namespace __format
>    // Write STR to OUT, with alignment and padding as determined by SPEC.
>    // pre: __spec._M_align != _Align_default || __align != _Align_default
>    template<typename _CharT, typename _Out>
> -    _Out
> +    _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR _Out
>      __write_padded_as_spec(basic_string_view<type_identity_t<_CharT>>
> __str,
>                            size_t __estimated_width,
>                            basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc,
> @@ -905,7 +908,7 @@ namespace __format
>      }
>
>     template<typename _CharT>
> -     size_t
> +     _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR size_t
>       __truncate(basic_string_view<_CharT>& __s, size_t __prec)
>       {
>         if constexpr (__unicode::__literal_encoding_is_unicode<_CharT>())
> @@ -1049,7 +1052,7 @@ namespace __format
>
>    using uint_least32_t = __UINT_LEAST32_TYPE__;
>    template<typename _Out, typename _CharT>
> -    _Out
> +    _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR _Out
>      __write_escape_seq(_Out __out, uint_least32_t __val,
>                        basic_string_view<_CharT> __prefix)
>      {
> @@ -1079,7 +1082,7 @@ namespace __format
>      }
>
>    template<typename _Out, typename _CharT>
> -    _Out
> +    _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR _Out
>      __write_escape_seqs(_Out __out, basic_string_view<_CharT> __units)
>      {
>        using _UChar = make_unsigned_t<_CharT>;
> @@ -1090,7 +1093,7 @@ namespace __format
>      }
>
>    template<typename _Out, typename _CharT>
> -    _Out
> +    _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR _Out
>      __write_escaped_char(_Out __out, _CharT __c)
>      {
>        using _UChar = make_unsigned_t<_CharT>;
> @@ -1116,7 +1119,7 @@ namespace __format
>      }
>
>    template<typename _CharT, typename _Out>
> -    _Out
> +    _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR _Out
>
We need to consider whether to make this function constexpr, because
currently
for all non-unicode encodings, we do not escape anything higher than >= 7F.
In future we may want to implement a better solution here that might not be
usable at compile time.
time (like transcode to unicode, based on text_encoding::literal).

We could simply make this function non-constexpr, or alternatively have if
cosnteval function,
that will check if __str contains only letters, digits, punctuators,
standard-escapes and 0,
and call __builing_constexpr_diag/non-cosntexpr function otherwise. This
will still accept
decent amount of text.


>      __write_escaped_ascii(_Out __out,
>                           basic_string_view<_CharT> __str,
>                           _Term_char __term)
> @@ -1146,7 +1149,7 @@ namespace __format
>      }
>
>    template<typename _CharT, typename _Out>
> -    _Out
> +    _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR _Out
>      __write_escaped_unicode_part(_Out __out, basic_string_view<_CharT>&
> __str,
>                                  bool& __prev_esc, _Term_char __term)
>      {
> @@ -1224,7 +1227,7 @@ namespace __format
>      }
>
>    template<typename _CharT, typename _Out>
> -    _Out
> +    _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR _Out
>      __write_escaped_unicode(_Out __out, basic_string_view<_CharT> __str,
>                             _Term_char __term)
>      {
> @@ -1236,7 +1239,7 @@ namespace __format
>      }
>
>    template<typename _CharT, typename _Out>
> -    _Out
> +    _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR _Out
>      __write_escaped(_Out __out,  basic_string_view<_CharT> __str,
> _Term_char __term)
>      {
>        __out = __format::__write(__out, _Escapes<_CharT>::_S_term(__term));
> @@ -1257,12 +1260,14 @@ namespace __format
>    struct _Optional_locale
>    {
>      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
> +    _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR
>      _Optional_locale() : _M_dummy(), _M_hasval(false) { }
>
>      _Optional_locale(const locale& __loc) noexcept
>      : _M_loc(__loc), _M_hasval(true)
>      { }
>
> +    _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR
>      _Optional_locale(const _Optional_locale& __l) noexcept
>      : _M_dummy(), _M_hasval(__l._M_hasval)
>      {
> @@ -1270,6 +1275,7 @@ namespace __format
>         std::construct_at(&_M_loc, __l._M_loc);
>      }
>
> +    _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR
>      _Optional_locale&
>      operator=(const _Optional_locale& __l) noexcept
>      {
> @@ -1291,6 +1297,7 @@ namespace __format
>        return *this;
>      }
>
> +    _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR
>      ~_Optional_locale() { if (_M_hasval) _M_loc.~locale(); }
>
>      _Optional_locale&
> @@ -1317,7 +1324,8 @@ namespace __format
>        return _M_loc;
>      }
>
> -    bool has_value() const noexcept { return _M_hasval; }
> +    _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR bool
> +    has_value() const noexcept { return _M_hasval; }
>
>      union {
>        char _M_dummy = '\0';
> @@ -1391,7 +1399,7 @@ namespace __format
>        }
>
>        template<typename _Out>
> -       _Out
> +       _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR _Out
>         format(basic_string_view<_CharT> __s,
>                basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc) const
>         {
> @@ -1408,7 +1416,7 @@ namespace __format
>         }
>
>        template<typename _Out>
> -       _Out
> +       _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR _Out
>         _M_format_escaped(basic_string_view<_CharT> __s,
>                           basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc) const
>         {
> @@ -1433,7 +1441,7 @@ namespace __format
>  #if __glibcxx_format_ranges // C++ >= 23 && HOSTED
>        template<ranges::input_range _Rg, typename _Out>
>         requires same_as<remove_cvref_t<ranges::range_reference_t<_Rg>>,
> _CharT>
> -       _Out
> +       _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR _Out
>         _M_format_range(_Rg&& __rg, basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>&
> __fc) const
>         {
>           using _Range = remove_reference_t<_Rg>;
> @@ -1482,6 +1490,28 @@ namespace __format
>        _Spec<_CharT> _M_spec{};
>      };
>
> +  // A partial implementation of std::toupper that is constexpr-enabled,
> +  // sufficient for formatting purposes.
> +  [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
> +  constexpr char
> +  __toupper_numeric(char __c)
> +  {
> +    switch (__c)
> +    {
> +      case 'a': return 'A';
> +      case 'b': return 'B';
> +      case 'c': return 'C';
> +      case 'd': return 'D';
> +      case 'e': return 'E';
> +      case 'f': return 'F';
> +      case 'i': return 'I';
> +      case 'n': return 'N';
> +      case 'p': return 'P';
> +      case 'x': return 'X';
> +      default: return __c;
> +    }
> +  }
> +
>    template<__char _CharT>
>      struct __formatter_int
>      {
> @@ -1641,6 +1671,7 @@ namespace __format
>         }
>
>        template<typename _Int, typename _Out>
> +       _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR
>         typename basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>::iterator
>         format(_Int __i, basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc) const
>         {
> @@ -1690,11 +1721,7 @@ namespace __format
>               __res = to_chars(__start, __end, __u, 16);
>               if (_M_spec._M_type == _Pres_X)
>                 for (auto __p = __start; __p != __res.ptr; ++__p)
> -#if __has_builtin(__builtin_toupper)
> -                 *__p = __builtin_toupper(*__p);
> -#else
> -                 *__p = std::toupper(*__p);
> -#endif
> +                 *__p = __format::__toupper_numeric(*__p);
>               break;
>             default:
>               __builtin_unreachable();
> @@ -1703,8 +1730,7 @@ namespace __format
>           if (_M_spec._M_alt && __base_prefix.size())
>             {
>               __start -= __base_prefix.size();
> -             __builtin_memcpy(__start, __base_prefix.data(),
> -                              __base_prefix.size());
> +             ranges::copy(__base_prefix, __start);
>             }
>           __start = __format::__put_sign(__i, _M_spec._M_sign, __start -
> 1);
>
> @@ -1726,6 +1752,7 @@ namespace __format
>         }
>
>        template<typename _Out>
> +       _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR
>         typename basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>::iterator
>         format(bool __i, basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc) const
>         {
> @@ -1756,6 +1783,7 @@ namespace __format
>         }
>
>        template<typename _Out>
> +       _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR
>         typename basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>::iterator
>         _M_format_character(_CharT __c,
>                             basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc) const
> @@ -1787,7 +1815,7 @@ namespace __format
>         }
>
>        template<typename _Int>
> -       static _CharT
> +       static _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR _CharT
>         _S_to_character(_Int __i)
>         {
>           using _Traits = __gnu_cxx::__int_traits<_CharT>;
> @@ -1808,6 +1836,7 @@ namespace __format
>         }
>
>        template<typename _Out>
> +       _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR
>         typename basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>::iterator
>         _M_format_int(basic_string_view<_CharT> __str, size_t __prefix_len,
>                       basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc) const
> @@ -2197,7 +2226,7 @@ namespace __format
>           if (__upper)
>             {
>               for (char* __p = __start; __p != __res.ptr; ++__p)
> -               *__p = std::toupper(*__p);
> +               *__p = __format::__toupper_numeric(*__p);
>             }
>
>           bool __have_sign = true;
> @@ -2508,10 +2537,13 @@ namespace __format
>        }
>
>        template<typename _Out>
> +       _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR
>         typename basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>::iterator
>         format(const void* __v, basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc)
> const
>         {
> -         auto __u = reinterpret_cast<__UINTPTR_TYPE__>(__v);
> +         auto __u = __v
> +           ? reinterpret_cast<__UINTPTR_TYPE__>(__v)
> +           : (__UINTPTR_TYPE__)0;
>           return __formatter_int<_CharT>(_M_spec).format(__u, __fc);
>         }
>
> @@ -2546,6 +2578,7 @@ namespace __format
>        }
>
>        template<typename _Out>
> +       _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR
>         typename basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>::iterator
>         format(_CharT __u, basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc) const
>         {
> @@ -2584,6 +2617,7 @@ namespace __format
>        }
>
>        template<typename _Out>
> +       _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR
>         typename basic_format_context<_Out, wchar_t>::iterator
>         format(char __u, basic_format_context<_Out, wchar_t>& __fc) const
>         {
> @@ -2619,6 +2653,7 @@ namespace __format
>
>        template<typename _Out>
>         [[__gnu__::__nonnull__]]
> +       _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR
>         typename basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>::iterator
>         format(_CharT* __u, basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc) const
>         { return _M_f.format(__u, __fc); }
> @@ -2648,6 +2683,7 @@ namespace __format
>
>        template<typename _Out>
>         [[__gnu__::__nonnull__]]
> +       _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR
>         typename basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>::iterator
>         format(const _CharT* __u,
>                basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc) const
> @@ -2678,6 +2714,7 @@ namespace __format
>        { return _M_f.parse(__pc); }
>
>        template<typename _Out>
> +       _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR
>         typename basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>::iterator
>         format(const _CharT (&__u)[_Nm],
>                basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc) const
> @@ -2707,6 +2744,7 @@ namespace __format
>        { return _M_f.parse(__pc); }
>
>        template<typename _Out>
> +       _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR
>         typename basic_format_context<_Out, char>::iterator
>         format(const basic_string<char, _Traits, _Alloc>& __u,
>                basic_format_context<_Out, char>& __fc) const
> @@ -2739,6 +2777,7 @@ namespace __format
>        { return _M_f.parse(__pc); }
>
>        template<typename _Out>
> +       _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR
>         typename basic_format_context<_Out, wchar_t>::iterator
>         format(const basic_string<wchar_t, _Traits, _Alloc>& __u,
>                basic_format_context<_Out, wchar_t>& __fc) const
> @@ -2772,6 +2811,7 @@ namespace __format
>        { return _M_f.parse(__pc); }
>
>        template<typename _Out>
> +       _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR
>         typename basic_format_context<_Out, char>::iterator
>         format(basic_string_view<char, _Traits> __u,
>                basic_format_context<_Out, char>& __fc) const
> @@ -2804,6 +2844,7 @@ namespace __format
>        { return _M_f.parse(__pc); }
>
>        template<typename _Out>
> +       _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR
>         typename basic_format_context<_Out, wchar_t>::iterator
>         format(basic_string_view<wchar_t, _Traits> __u,
>                basic_format_context<_Out, wchar_t>& __fc) const
> @@ -2867,6 +2908,7 @@ namespace __format
>        }
>
>        template<typename _Out>
> +       _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR
>         typename basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>::iterator
>         format(_Tp __u, basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc) const
>         { return _M_f.format(__u, __fc); }
> @@ -3078,6 +3120,7 @@ namespace __format
>        { return _M_f.parse(__pc); }
>
>        template<typename _Out>
> +       _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR
>         typename basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>::iterator
>         format(const void* __v, basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc)
> const
>         { return _M_f.format(__v, __fc); }
> @@ -3103,6 +3146,7 @@ namespace __format
>        { return _M_f.parse(__pc); }
>
>        template<typename _Out>
> +       _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR
>         typename basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>::iterator
>         format(void* __v, basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc) const
>         { return _M_f.format(__v, __fc); }
> @@ -3128,6 +3172,7 @@ namespace __format
>        { return _M_f.parse(__pc); }
>
>        template<typename _Out>
> +       _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR
>         typename basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>::iterator
>         format(nullptr_t, basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc) const
>         { return _M_f.format(nullptr, __fc); }
> @@ -3272,11 +3317,11 @@ namespace __format
>        constexpr _Sink_iter
>        operator++(int) { return *this; }
>
> -      auto
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR auto
>        _M_reserve(size_t __n) const
>        { return _M_sink->_M_reserve(__n); }
>
> -      bool
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR bool
>        _M_discarding() const
>        { return _M_sink->_M_discarding(); }
>      };
> @@ -3308,7 +3353,7 @@ namespace __format
>
>        // The portion of the span that has been written to.
>        [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
> -      span<_CharT>
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR span<_CharT>
>        _M_used() const noexcept
>        { return _M_span.first(_M_next - _M_span.begin()); }
>
> @@ -3325,7 +3370,7 @@ namespace __format
>        { _M_next = _M_span.begin(); }
>
>        // Replace the current output range.
> -      void
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR void
>        _M_reset(span<_CharT> __s, size_t __pos = 0) noexcept
>        {
>         _M_span = __s;
> @@ -3365,11 +3410,14 @@ namespace __format
>        struct _Reservation
>        {
>         // True if the reservation was successful, false otherwise.
> +       _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR
>         explicit operator bool() const noexcept { return _M_sink; }
>         // A pointer to write directly to the sink.
> -       _CharT* get() const noexcept { return
> _M_sink->_M_next.operator->(); }
> +       _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR _CharT*
> +       get() const noexcept { return _M_sink->_M_next.operator->(); }
>         // Add n to the _M_next iterator for the sink.
> -       void _M_bump(size_t __n) { _M_sink->_M_bump(__n); }
> +       _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR void
> +       _M_bump(size_t __n) { _M_sink->_M_bump(__n); }
>         _Sink* _M_sink;
>        };
>
> @@ -3377,7 +3425,7 @@ namespace __format
>        // If anything is written to the reservation then there must be a
> call
>        // to _M_bump(N2) before any call to another member function of
> *this,
>        // where N2 is the number of characters written.
> -      virtual _Reservation
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR virtual _Reservation
>        _M_reserve(size_t __n)
>        {
>         if (__n <= _M_unused().size())
> @@ -3394,12 +3442,12 @@ namespace __format
>
>        // Update the next output position after writing directly to the
> sink.
>        // pre: no calls to _M_write or _M_overflow since _M_reserve.
> -      virtual void
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR virtual void
>        _M_bump(size_t __n)
>        { _M_next += __n; }
>
>        // Returns true if the _Sink is discarding incoming characters.
> -      virtual bool
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR virtual bool
>        _M_discarding() const
>        { return false; }
>
> @@ -3417,7 +3465,7 @@ namespace __format
>    template<typename _CharT>
>      class _Fixedbuf_sink final : public _Sink<_CharT>
>      {
> -      void
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR void
>        _M_overflow() override
>        {
>         __glibcxx_assert(false);
> @@ -3465,7 +3513,7 @@ namespace __format
>        _Seq _M_seq;
>      protected:
>        // Transfer buffer contents to the sequence, so buffer can be
> refilled.
> -      void
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR void
>        _M_overflow() override
>        {
>         auto __s = this->_M_used();
> @@ -3484,7 +3532,7 @@ namespace __format
>         this->_M_rewind();
>        }
>
> -      typename _Sink<_CharT>::_Reservation
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR typename _Sink<_CharT>::_Reservation
>        _M_reserve(size_t __n) override
>        {
>         // We might already have n characters available in
> this->_M_unused(),
> @@ -3520,7 +3568,7 @@ namespace __format
>           return _Sink<_CharT>::_M_reserve(__n);
>        }
>
> -      void
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR void
>        _M_bump(size_t __n) override
>        {
>         if constexpr (__is_specialization_of<_Seq, basic_string>
> @@ -3535,7 +3583,8 @@ namespace __format
>           }
>        }
>
> -      void _M_trim(span<const _CharT> __s)
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR void
> +      _M_trim(span<const _CharT> __s)
>         requires __is_specialization_of<_Seq, basic_string>
>        {
>         _GLIBCXX_DEBUG_ASSERT(__s.data() == this->_M_buf
> @@ -3551,16 +3600,18 @@ namespace __format
>        // to _M_buf if it overflows? Or even do that for all unused
> capacity?
>
>        [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR
>        _Seq_sink() noexcept(is_nothrow_default_constructible_v<_Seq>)
>        { }
>
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR
>        _Seq_sink(_Seq&& __s)
> noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Seq>)
>        : _M_seq(std::move(__s))
>        { }
>
>        using _Sink<_CharT>::out;
>
> -      _Seq
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR _Seq
>        get() &&
>        {
>         if (this->_M_used().size() != 0)
> @@ -3570,7 +3621,7 @@ namespace __format
>
>        // A writable span that views everything written to the sink.
>        // Will be either a view over _M_seq or the used part of _M_buf.
> -      span<_CharT>
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR span<_CharT>
>        _M_span()
>        {
>         auto __s = this->_M_used();
> @@ -3583,7 +3634,7 @@ namespace __format
>         return __s;
>        }
>
> -      basic_string_view<_CharT>
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR basic_string_view<_CharT>
>        view()
>        {
>         auto __span = _M_span();
> @@ -3608,7 +3659,7 @@ namespace __format
>      protected:
>        size_t _M_count = 0;
>
> -      void
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR void
>        _M_overflow() override
>        {
>         auto __s = this->_M_used();
> @@ -3628,7 +3679,7 @@ namespace __format
>         _M_count += __s.size();
>        }
>
> -      bool
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR bool
>        _M_discarding() const override
>        {
>         // format_to_n return total number of characters, that would be
> written,
> @@ -3638,14 +3689,14 @@ namespace __format
>
>      public:
>        [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
> -      explicit
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR explicit
>        _Iter_sink(_OutIter __out, iter_difference_t<_OutIter> __max = -1)
>        : _M_out(std::move(__out)), _M_max(__max)
>        { }
>
>        using _Sink<_CharT>::out;
>
> -      format_to_n_result<_OutIter>
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR format_to_n_result<_OutIter>
>        _M_finish() &&
>        {
>         if (this->_M_used().size() != 0)
> @@ -3674,7 +3725,7 @@ namespace __format
>        _CharT _M_buf[64]; // Write here after outputting _M_max characters.
>
>      protected:
> -      void
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR void
>        _M_overflow() override
>        {
>         if (this->_M_unused().size() != 0)
> @@ -3698,7 +3749,7 @@ namespace __format
>           }
>        }
>
> -      bool
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR bool
>        _M_discarding() const override
>        {
>         // format_to_n return total number of characters, that would be
> written,
> @@ -3706,7 +3757,7 @@ namespace __format
>         return false;
>        }
>
> -      typename _Sink<_CharT>::_Reservation
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR typename _Sink<_CharT>::_Reservation
>        _M_reserve(size_t __n) final
>        {
>         auto __avail = this->_M_unused();
> @@ -3723,7 +3774,7 @@ namespace __format
>
>      private:
>        template<typename _IterDifference>
> -       static size_t
> +       static _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR size_t
>         _S_trim_max(_IterDifference __max)
>         {
>           if (__max < 0)
> @@ -3736,7 +3787,7 @@ namespace __format
>         }
>
>        [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
> -      void
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR void
>        _M_rebuf(_CharT* __ptr, size_t __total, size_t __inuse = 0)
>        {
>         std::span<_CharT> __span(__ptr, __total);
> @@ -3744,7 +3795,7 @@ namespace __format
>        }
>
>      public:
> -      explicit
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR explicit
>        _Ptr_sink(_CharT* __ptr, size_t __n = _S_no_limit) noexcept
>        : _Sink<_CharT>(_M_buf), _M_max(__n)
>        {
> @@ -3769,13 +3820,13 @@ namespace __format
>        }
>
>        template<contiguous_iterator _OutIter>
> -       explicit
> +       _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR explicit
>         _Ptr_sink(_OutIter __out, iter_difference_t<_OutIter> __n = -1)
>         : _Ptr_sink(std::to_address(__out), _S_trim_max(__n))
>         { }
>
>        template<contiguous_iterator _OutIter>
> -       format_to_n_result<_OutIter>
> +       _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR format_to_n_result<_OutIter>
>         _M_finish(_OutIter __first) const
>         {
>           auto __s = this->_M_used();
> @@ -3817,12 +3868,12 @@ namespace __format
>        size_t _M_printwidth;
>
>        [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
> -      bool
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR bool
>        _M_ignoring() const
>        { return _M_printwidth >= _M_maxwidth; }
>
>        [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
> -      bool
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR bool
>        _M_buffering() const
>        {
>         if (_M_printwidth < _M_padwidth)
> @@ -3832,7 +3883,7 @@ namespace __format
>         return false;
>        }
>
> -      void
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR void
>        _M_sync_discarding()
>        {
>         if constexpr (is_same_v<_Out, _Sink_iter<_CharT>>)
> @@ -3840,7 +3891,7 @@ namespace __format
>             _M_maxwidth = _M_printwidth;
>        }
>
> -      void
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR void
>        _M_flush()
>        {
>         span<_CharT> __new = this->_M_used();
> @@ -3850,7 +3901,7 @@ namespace __format
>         this->_M_rewind();
>        }
>
> -      bool
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR bool
>        _M_force_update()
>        {
>         auto __str = this->view();
> @@ -3878,7 +3929,7 @@ namespace __format
>         return false;
>        }
>
> -      bool
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR bool
>        _M_update(size_t __new)
>        {
>         _M_printwidth += __new;
> @@ -3888,7 +3939,7 @@ namespace __format
>         return true;
>        }
>
> -      void
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR void
>        _M_overflow() override
>        {
>         // Ignore characters in buffer, and override it.
> @@ -3903,11 +3954,11 @@ namespace __format
>           _Str_sink<_CharT>::_M_overflow();
>        }
>
> -      bool
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR bool
>        _M_discarding() const override
>        { return _M_ignoring(); }
>
> -      typename _Sink<_CharT>::_Reservation
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR typename _Sink<_CharT>::_Reservation
>        _M_reserve(size_t __n) override
>        {
>         // Ignore characters in buffer, if any.
> @@ -3926,7 +3977,7 @@ namespace __format
>         return _Sink<_CharT>::_M_reserve(__n);
>        }
>
> -      void
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR void
>        _M_bump(size_t __n) override
>        {
>         // Ignore the written characters.
> @@ -3941,19 +3992,19 @@ namespace __format
>
>      public:
>        [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
> -      explicit
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR explicit
>        _Padding_sink(_Out __out, size_t __padwidth, size_t __maxwidth)
>        : _M_padwidth(__padwidth), _M_maxwidth(__maxwidth),
>         _M_out(std::move(__out)), _M_printwidth(0)
>        { _M_sync_discarding(); }
>
>        [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
> -      explicit
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR explicit
>        _Padding_sink(_Out __out, size_t __padwidth)
>        : _Padding_sink(std::move(__out), __padwidth, (size_t)-1)
>        { }
>
> -      _Out
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR _Out
>        _M_finish(_Align __align, char32_t __fill_char)
>        {
>         // Handle any characters in the buffer.
> @@ -3992,14 +4043,14 @@ namespace __format
>        unsigned _M_prev_escape : 1;
>        unsigned _M_out_discards : 1;
>
> -      void
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR void
>        _M_sync_discarding()
>        {
>         if constexpr (is_same_v<_Out, _Sink_iter<_CharT>>)
>           _M_out_discards = _M_out._M_discarding();
>        }
>
> -      void
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR void
>        _M_write()
>        {
>         span<_CharT> __bytes = this->_M_used();
> @@ -4025,7 +4076,7 @@ namespace __format
>         _M_sync_discarding();
>        }
>
> -      void
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR void
>        _M_overflow() override
>        {
>         if (_M_out_discards)
> @@ -4034,13 +4085,13 @@ namespace __format
>           _M_write();
>        }
>
> -      bool
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR bool
>        _M_discarding() const override
>        { return _M_out_discards; }
>
>      public:
>        [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
> -      explicit
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR explicit
>        _Escaping_sink(_Out __out, _Term_char __term)
>        : _M_out(std::move(__out)), _M_term(__term),
>         _M_prev_escape(true), _M_out_discards(false)
> @@ -4049,7 +4100,7 @@ namespace __format
>         _M_sync_discarding();
>        }
>
> -      _Out
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR _Out
>        _M_finish()
>        {
>         if (_M_out_discards)
> @@ -4101,7 +4152,7 @@ namespace __format
>                               const _Tp, _Tp>;
>
>         template<typename _Tq>
> -         static void
> +         static _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR void
>           _S_format(basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>& __parse_ctx,
>                     _Context& __format_ctx, const void* __ptr)
>           {
> @@ -4114,7 +4165,7 @@ namespace __format
>
>         template<typename _Tp>
>           requires (!is_same_v<remove_cv_t<_Tp>, handle>)
> -         explicit
> +         explicit _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR
>           handle(_Tp& __val) noexcept
>           : _M_ptr(__builtin_addressof(__val))
>           , _M_func(&_S_format<__maybe_const_t<_Tp>>)
> @@ -4127,7 +4178,7 @@ namespace __format
>         handle& operator=(const handle&) = default;
>
>         [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
> -       void
> +       void _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR
>         format(basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>& __pc, _Context& __fc)
> const
>         { _M_func(__pc, __fc, this->_M_ptr); }
>
> @@ -4179,10 +4230,12 @@ namespace __format
>        };
>
>        [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR
>        _Arg_value() : _M_none() { }
>
>  #if 0
>        template<typename _Tp>
> +       _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR
>         _Arg_value(in_place_type_t<_Tp>, _Tp __val)
>         { _S_get<_Tp>() = __val; }
>  #endif
> @@ -4191,7 +4244,7 @@ namespace __format
>        // Value of second argument (if provided), is assigned to that
> member.
>        template<typename _Tp, typename _Self, typename... _Value>
>         [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
> -       static auto&
> +       static _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR auto&
>         _S_access(_Self& __u, _Value... __value) noexcept
>         {
>           static_assert(sizeof...(_Value) <= 1);
> @@ -4255,23 +4308,24 @@ namespace __format
>           else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, handle>)
>             return __u._M_handle;
>           // Otherwise, ill-formed.
> +         __builtin_unreachable();
>         }
>
>        template<typename _Tp>
>         [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
> -       auto&
> +       _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR auto&
>         _M_get() noexcept
>         { return _S_access<_Tp>(*this); }
>
>        template<typename _Tp>
>         [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
> -       const auto&
> +       _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR const auto&
>         _M_get() const noexcept
>         { return _S_access<_Tp>(*this); }
>
>        template<typename _Tp>
>         [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
> -       void
> +       _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR void
>         _M_set(_Tp __v) noexcept
>         {
>           // Explicitly construct types without trivial default
> constructor.
> @@ -4291,7 +4345,8 @@ namespace __format
>      class _Arg_store;
>
>    template<typename _Visitor, typename _Ctx>
> -    decltype(auto) __visit_format_arg(_Visitor&&, basic_format_arg<_Ctx>);
> +    _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR decltype(auto)
> +    __visit_format_arg(_Visitor&&, basic_format_arg<_Ctx>);
>
>    template<typename _Ch, typename _Tp>
>      consteval _Arg_t
> @@ -4308,20 +4363,21 @@ namespace __format
>        using handle = __format::_Arg_value<_Context>::handle;
>
>        [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR
>        basic_format_arg() noexcept : _M_type(__format::_Arg_none) { }
>
>        [[nodiscard,__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
> -      explicit operator bool() const noexcept
> +      explicit _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR operator bool() const noexcept
>        { return _M_type != __format::_Arg_none; }
>
>  #if __cpp_lib_format >= 202306L // >= C++26
>        template<typename _Visitor>
> -       decltype(auto)
> +       _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR decltype(auto)
>         visit(this basic_format_arg __arg, _Visitor&& __vis)
>         { return __arg._M_visit_user(std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis),
> __arg._M_type); }
>
>        template<typename _Res, typename _Visitor>
> -       _Res
> +       _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR _Res
>         visit(this basic_format_arg __arg, _Visitor&& __vis)
>         { return __arg._M_visit_user(std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis),
> __arg._M_type); }
>  #endif
> @@ -4498,7 +4554,7 @@ namespace __format
>         }
>
>        template<typename _Tp>
> -       void
> +       _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR void
>         _M_set(_Tp __v) noexcept
>         {
>           _M_type = _S_to_enum<_Tp>();
> @@ -4507,7 +4563,7 @@ namespace __format
>
>        template<typename _Tp>
>         requires __format::__formattable_with<_Tp, _Context>
> -       explicit
> +       _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR explicit
>         basic_format_arg(_Tp& __v) noexcept
>         {
>           using _Td = _Normalize<_Tp>;
> @@ -4521,15 +4577,15 @@ namespace __format
>         }
>
>        template<typename _Ctx, typename... _Argz>
> -       friend auto
> +       friend _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR auto
>         make_format_args(_Argz&...) noexcept;
>
>        template<typename _Visitor, typename _Ctx>
> -       friend decltype(auto)
> +       friend _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR decltype(auto)
>         visit_format_arg(_Visitor&& __vis, basic_format_arg<_Ctx>);
>
>        template<typename _Visitor, typename _Ctx>
> -       friend decltype(auto)
> +       friend _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR decltype(auto)
>         __format::__visit_format_arg(_Visitor&&, basic_format_arg<_Ctx>);
>
>        template<typename _Ch, typename _Tp>
> @@ -4537,7 +4593,7 @@ namespace __format
>         __format::__to_arg_t_enum() noexcept;
>
>        template<typename _Visitor>
> -       decltype(auto)
> +       _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR decltype(auto)
>         _M_visit(_Visitor&& __vis, __format::_Arg_t __type)
>         {
>           using namespace __format;
> @@ -4612,7 +4668,7 @@ namespace __format
>         }
>
>        template<typename _Visitor>
> -       decltype(auto)
> +       _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR decltype(auto)
>         _M_visit_user(_Visitor&& __vis, __format::_Arg_t __type)
>         {
>           return _M_visit([&__vis]<typename _Tp>(_Tp& __val) ->
> decltype(auto)
> @@ -4636,7 +4692,7 @@ namespace __format
>
>    template<typename _Visitor, typename _Context>
>      _GLIBCXX26_DEPRECATED_SUGGEST("std::basic_format_arg::visit")
> -    inline decltype(auto)
> +    inline _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR decltype(auto)
>      visit_format_arg(_Visitor&& __vis, basic_format_arg<_Context> __arg)
>      {
>        return __arg._M_visit_user(std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis),
> __arg._M_type);
> @@ -4646,7 +4702,7 @@ namespace __format
>  namespace __format
>  {
>    template<typename _Visitor, typename _Ctx>
> -    inline decltype(auto)
> +    inline _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR decltype(auto)
>      __visit_format_arg(_Visitor&& __vis, basic_format_arg<_Ctx> __arg)
>      {
>        return __arg._M_visit(std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis), __arg._M_type);
> @@ -4655,7 +4711,7 @@ namespace __format
>    struct _WidthPrecVisitor
>    {
>      template<typename _Tp>
> -      size_t
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR size_t
>        operator()(_Tp& __arg) const
>        {
>         if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, monostate>)
> @@ -4681,7 +4737,7 @@ namespace __format
>  #pragma GCC diagnostic push
>  #pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wdeprecated-declarations"
>    template<typename _Context>
> -    inline size_t
> +    inline _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR size_t
>      __int_from_arg(const basic_format_arg<_Context>& __arg)
>      { return __format::__visit_format_arg(_WidthPrecVisitor(), __arg); }
>
> @@ -4729,11 +4785,11 @@ namespace __format
>         const _Format_arg* _M_args;       // Active when _M_packed_size ==
> 0
>        };
>
> -      size_t
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR size_t
>        _M_size() const noexcept
>        { return _M_packed_size ? _M_packed_size : _M_unpacked_size; }
>
> -      typename __format::_Arg_t
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR typename __format::_Arg_t
>        _M_type(size_t __i) const noexcept
>        {
>         uint64_t __t = _M_unpacked_size >> (__i * _S_packed_type_bits);
> @@ -4741,7 +4797,7 @@ namespace __format
>        }
>
>        template<typename _Ctx, typename... _Args>
> -       friend auto
> +       friend _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR auto
>         make_format_args(_Args&...) noexcept;
>
>        // An array of _Arg_t enums corresponding to _Args...
> @@ -4752,10 +4808,11 @@ namespace __format
>
>      public:
>        template<typename... _Args>
> +       _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR
>         basic_format_args(const _Store<_Args...>& __store) noexcept;
>
>        [[nodiscard,__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
> -      basic_format_arg<_Context>
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR basic_format_arg<_Context>
>        get(size_t __i) const noexcept
>        {
>         basic_format_arg<_Context> __arg;
> @@ -4777,7 +4834,7 @@ namespace __format
>        -> basic_format_args<_Context>;
>
>    template<typename _Context, typename... _Args>
> -    auto
> +    _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR auto
>      make_format_args(_Args&... __fmt_args) noexcept;
>
>    // An array of type-erased formatting arguments.
> @@ -4787,7 +4844,7 @@ namespace __format
>        friend std::basic_format_args<_Context>;
>
>        template<typename _Ctx, typename... _Argz>
> -       friend auto std::
> +       friend _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR auto std::
>  #if _GLIBCXX_INLINE_VERSION
>         __8:: // Needed for PR c++/59256
>  #endif
> @@ -4806,7 +4863,7 @@ namespace __format
>        _Element_t _M_args[sizeof...(_Args)];
>
>        template<typename _Tp>
> -       static _Element_t
> +       static _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR _Element_t
>         _S_make_elt(_Tp& __v)
>         {
>           using _Tq = remove_const_t<_Tp>;
> @@ -4832,6 +4889,7 @@ namespace __format
>        template<typename... _Tp>
>         requires (sizeof...(_Tp) == sizeof...(_Args))
>         [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
> +       _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR
>         _Arg_store(_Tp&... __a) noexcept
>         : _M_args{_S_make_elt(__a)...}
>         { }
> @@ -4843,7 +4901,7 @@ namespace __format
>
>    template<typename _Context>
>      template<typename... _Args>
> -      inline
> +      inline _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR
>        basic_format_args<_Context>::
>        basic_format_args(const _Store<_Args...>& __store) noexcept
>        {
> @@ -4877,7 +4935,7 @@ namespace __format
>    /// Capture formatting arguments for use by `std::vformat`.
>    template<typename _Context = format_context, typename... _Args>
>      [[nodiscard,__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
> -    inline auto
> +    inline _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR auto
>      make_format_args(_Args&... __fmt_args) noexcept
>      {
>        using _Fmt_arg = basic_format_arg<_Context>;
> @@ -4890,7 +4948,7 @@ namespace __format
>    /// Capture formatting arguments for use by `std::vformat` (for wide
> output).
>    template<typename... _Args>
>      [[nodiscard,__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
> -    inline auto
> +    inline _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR auto
>      make_wformat_args(_Args&... __args) noexcept
>      { return std::make_format_args<wformat_context>(__args...); }
>  #endif
> @@ -4899,13 +4957,13 @@ namespace __format
>  namespace __format
>  {
>    template<typename _Out, typename _CharT, typename _Context>
> -    _Out
> +    _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR _Out
>      __do_vformat_to(_Out, basic_string_view<_CharT>,
>                     const basic_format_args<_Context>&,
>                     const locale* = nullptr);
>
>    template<typename _Out, typename _CharT>
> -    format_to_n_result<_Out>
> +    _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR format_to_n_result<_Out>
>      __do_vformat_to_n(_Out, iter_difference_t<_Out>,
>                       basic_string_view<_CharT>,
>                       const type_identity_t<
> @@ -4939,11 +4997,13 @@ namespace __format
>        _Out _M_out;
>        __format::_Optional_locale _M_loc;
>
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR
>        basic_format_context(basic_format_args<basic_format_context> __args,
>                            _Out __out)
>        : _M_args(__args), _M_out(std::move(__out))
>        { }
>
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR
>        basic_format_context(basic_format_args<basic_format_context> __args,
>                            _Out __out, const std::locale& __loc)
>        : _M_args(__args), _M_out(std::move(__out)), _M_loc(__loc)
> @@ -4956,7 +5016,7 @@ namespace __format
>        basic_format_context& operator=(const basic_format_context&) =
> delete;
>
>        template<typename _Out2, typename _CharT2, typename _Context2>
> -       friend _Out2
> +       friend _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR _Out2
>         __format::__do_vformat_to(_Out2, basic_string_view<_CharT2>,
>                                   const basic_format_args<_Context2>&,
>                                   const locale*);
> @@ -4972,7 +5032,7 @@ namespace __format
>         using formatter_type = formatter<_Tp, _CharT>;
>
>        [[nodiscard]]
> -      basic_format_arg<basic_format_context>
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR basic_format_arg<basic_format_context>
>        arg(size_t __id) const noexcept
>        { return _M_args.get(__id); }
>
> @@ -4980,9 +5040,11 @@ namespace __format
>        std::locale locale() { return _M_loc.value(); }
>
>        [[nodiscard]]
> -      iterator out() { return std::move(_M_out); }
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR iterator
> +      out() { return std::move(_M_out); }
>
> -      void advance_to(iterator __it) { _M_out = std::move(__it); }
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR void
> +      advance_to(iterator __it) { _M_out = std::move(__it); }
>      };
>
>
> @@ -5121,6 +5183,7 @@ namespace __format
>      class _Formatting_scanner : public _Scanner<_CharT>
>      {
>      public:
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR
>        _Formatting_scanner(basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc,
>                           basic_string_view<_CharT> __str)
>        : _Scanner<_CharT>(__str), _M_fc(__fc)
> @@ -5228,7 +5291,7 @@ namespace __format
>      };
>
>    template<typename _Out, typename _CharT, typename _Context>
> -    inline _Out
> +    inline _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR _Out
>      __do_vformat_to(_Out __out, basic_string_view<_CharT> __fmt,
>                     const basic_format_args<_Context>& __args,
>                     const locale* __loc)
> @@ -5248,7 +5311,7 @@ namespace __format
>                       const char* __chars[] = { "false", "true" };
>                       if (auto __res = __out._M_reserve(__len))
>                         {
> -                         __builtin_memcpy(__res.get(), __chars[__arg],
> __len);
> +                         ranges::copy_n(__chars[__arg], __len,
> __res.get());
>                           __res._M_bump(__len);
>                           __done = true;
>                         }
> @@ -5286,7 +5349,7 @@ namespace __format
>                       string_view __sv = __arg;
>                       if (auto __res = __out._M_reserve(__sv.size()))
>                         {
> -                         __builtin_memcpy(__res.get(), __sv.data(),
> __sv.size());
> +                         ranges::copy(__sv, __res.get());
>                           __res._M_bump(__sv.size());
>                           __done = true;
>                         }
> @@ -5304,14 +5367,16 @@ namespace __format
>           __scanner._M_scan();
>           return __out;
>         }
> -      else if constexpr (__contiguous_char_iter<_CharT, _Out>)
> -       {
> -         _Ptr_sink<_CharT> __sink(__out);
> -         __format::__do_vformat_to(__sink.out(), __fmt, __args, __loc);
> -         return std::move(__sink)._M_finish(__out).out;
> -       }
>        else
>         {
> +         if constexpr (__contiguous_char_iter<_CharT, _Out>)
> +           if (!std::is_constant_evaluated())
> +             {
> +               _Ptr_sink<_CharT> __sink(__out);
> +               __format::__do_vformat_to(__sink.out(), __fmt, __args,
> __loc);
> +               return std::move(__sink)._M_finish(__out).out;
> +             }
> +
>           _Iter_sink<_CharT, _Out> __sink(std::move(__out));
>           __format::__do_vformat_to(__sink.out(), __fmt, __args, __loc);
>           return std::move(__sink)._M_finish().out;
> @@ -5319,7 +5384,7 @@ namespace __format
>      }
>
>    template<typename _Out, typename _CharT>
> -    format_to_n_result<_Out>
> +    _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR format_to_n_result<_Out>
>      __do_vformat_to_n(_Out __out, iter_difference_t<_Out> __n,
>                       basic_string_view<_CharT> __fmt,
>                       const type_identity_t<
> @@ -5359,7 +5424,11 @@ namespace __format
>         if constexpr (sizeof...(_Ts) != 0)
>           {
>             using _Parse_ctx = __format::_Scanner<_CharT>::_Parse_context;
> -           auto __arg = static_cast<_Parse_ctx*>(this)->_M_types[__id];
> +           auto* __args = static_cast<_Parse_ctx*>(this)->_M_types;
> +           // formatting scanner
> +           if (!__args)
> +             return;
> +           auto __arg = __args[__id];
>             __format::_Arg_t __types[] = {
>               __format::__to_arg_t_enum<_CharT, _Ts>()...
>             };
> @@ -5377,7 +5446,7 @@ namespace __format
>        requires convertible_to<const _Tp&, basic_string_view<_CharT>>
>        consteval
>        basic_format_string<_CharT, _Args...>::
> -      basic_format_string(const _Tp& __s)
> +      basic_format_string(const _Tp& __s) noexcept
>        : _M_str(__s)
>        {
>         __format::_Checking_scanner<_CharT, remove_cvref_t<_Args>...>
> @@ -5389,14 +5458,14 @@ namespace __format
>
>    template<typename _Out> requires output_iterator<_Out, const char&>
>      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
> -    inline _Out
> +    inline _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR _Out
>      vformat_to(_Out __out, string_view __fmt, format_args __args)
>      { return __format::__do_vformat_to(std::move(__out), __fmt, __args); }
>
>  #ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T
>    template<typename _Out> requires output_iterator<_Out, const wchar_t&>
>      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
> -    inline _Out
> +    inline _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR _Out
>      vformat_to(_Out __out, wstring_view __fmt, wformat_args __args)
>      { return __format::__do_vformat_to(std::move(__out), __fmt, __args); }
>  #endif
> @@ -5422,7 +5491,7 @@ namespace __format
>  #endif
>
>    [[nodiscard]]
> -  inline string
> +  inline _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR string
>    vformat(string_view __fmt, format_args __args)
>    {
>      __format::_Str_sink<char> __buf;
> @@ -5432,7 +5501,7 @@ namespace __format
>
>  #ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T
>    [[nodiscard]]
> -  inline wstring
> +  inline _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR wstring
>    vformat(wstring_view __fmt, wformat_args __args)
>    {
>      __format::_Str_sink<wchar_t> __buf;
> @@ -5463,14 +5532,14 @@ namespace __format
>
>    template<typename... _Args>
>      [[nodiscard]]
> -    inline string
> +    inline _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR string
>      format(format_string<_Args...> __fmt, _Args&&... __args)
>      { return std::vformat(__fmt.get(), std::make_format_args(__args...));
> }
>
>  #ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T
>    template<typename... _Args>
>      [[nodiscard]]
> -    inline wstring
> +    inline _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR wstring
>      format(wformat_string<_Args...> __fmt, _Args&&... __args)
>      { return std::vformat(__fmt.get(),
> std::make_wformat_args(__args...)); }
>  #endif
> @@ -5499,7 +5568,7 @@ namespace __format
>
>    template<typename _Out, typename... _Args>
>      requires output_iterator<_Out, const char&>
> -    inline _Out
> +    inline _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR _Out
>      format_to(_Out __out, format_string<_Args...> __fmt, _Args&&...
> __args)
>      {
>        return std::vformat_to(std::move(__out), __fmt.get(),
> @@ -5509,7 +5578,7 @@ namespace __format
>  #ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T
>    template<typename _Out, typename... _Args>
>      requires output_iterator<_Out, const wchar_t&>
> -    inline _Out
> +    inline _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR _Out
>      format_to(_Out __out, wformat_string<_Args...> __fmt, _Args&&...
> __args)
>      {
>        return std::vformat_to(std::move(__out), __fmt.get(),
> @@ -5541,7 +5610,7 @@ namespace __format
>
>    template<typename _Out, typename... _Args>
>      requires output_iterator<_Out, const char&>
> -    inline format_to_n_result<_Out>
> +    inline _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR format_to_n_result<_Out>
>      format_to_n(_Out __out, iter_difference_t<_Out> __n,
>                 format_string<_Args...> __fmt, _Args&&... __args)
>      {
> @@ -5553,7 +5622,7 @@ namespace __format
>  #ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T
>    template<typename _Out, typename... _Args>
>      requires output_iterator<_Out, const wchar_t&>
> -    inline format_to_n_result<_Out>
> +    inline _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR format_to_n_result<_Out>
>      format_to_n(_Out __out, iter_difference_t<_Out> __n,
>                 wformat_string<_Args...> __fmt, _Args&&... __args)
>      {
> @@ -5595,10 +5664,11 @@ namespace __format
>      class _Counting_sink final : public _Ptr_sink<_CharT>
>      {
>      public:
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR
>        _Counting_sink() : _Ptr_sink<_CharT>(nullptr, 0) { }
>
>        [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
> -      size_t
> +      _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR size_t
>        count() const
>        { return this->_M_count + this->_M_used().size(); }
>      };
> @@ -5633,7 +5703,7 @@ namespace __format
>
>    template<typename... _Args>
>      [[nodiscard]]
> -    inline size_t
> +    inline _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR size_t
>      formatted_size(format_string<_Args...> __fmt, _Args&&... __args)
>      {
>        __format::_Counting_sink<char> __buf;
> @@ -5645,7 +5715,7 @@ namespace __format
>  #ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T
>    template<typename... _Args>
>      [[nodiscard]]
> -    inline size_t
> +    inline _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR size_t
>      formatted_size(wformat_string<_Args...> __fmt, _Args&&... __args)
>      {
>        __format::_Counting_sink<wchar_t> __buf;
> @@ -5716,6 +5786,7 @@ namespace __format
>  namespace __format
>  {
>    template<typename _CharT, typename _Out, typename _Callback>
> +    _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR
>      typename basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>::iterator
>      __format_padded(basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc,
>                     const _Spec<_CharT>& __spec,
> @@ -5735,14 +5806,16 @@ namespace __format
>
>           struct _Restore_out
>           {
> +          _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR
>            _Restore_out(basic_format_context<_Sink_iter<_CharT>, _CharT>&
> __fc)
>            : _M_ctx(std::addressof(__fc)), _M_out(__fc.out())
>           { }
>
> -         void
> +         _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR void
>           _M_disarm()
>           { _M_ctx = nullptr; }
>
> +         _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR
>           ~_Restore_out()
>           {
>             if (_M_ctx)
> @@ -5776,7 +5849,7 @@ namespace __format
>        }
>
>        template<typename _Out>
> -       void
> +       _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR void
>         _M_format(__maybe_const<_Tp, _CharT>& __elem,
>                   basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc,
>                   basic_string_view<_CharT> __sep) const
> @@ -5874,12 +5947,14 @@ namespace __format
>
>      protected:
>        template<typename _Tuple, typename _Out, size_t... _Ids>
> +       _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR
>         typename basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>::iterator
>         _M_format(_Tuple& __tuple, index_sequence<_Ids...>,
>                   basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc) const
>         { return _M_format_elems(std::get<_Ids>(__tuple)..., __fc); }
>
>        template<typename _Out>
> +       _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR
>         typename basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>::iterator
>         _M_format_elems(__maybe_const<_Tps, _CharT>&... __elems,
>                         basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc) const
> @@ -5909,7 +5984,7 @@ namespace __format
>           }
>
>           template<typename _Out>
> -           void
> +           _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR void
>             _M_format(__maybe_const<_Tps, _CharT>&... __elems,
>                       basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc,
>                       _String_view __sep) const
> @@ -5925,7 +6000,7 @@ namespace __format
>         };
>
>        template<size_t... _Ids>
> -       static auto
> +       static _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR auto
>         _S_create_storage(index_sequence<_Ids...>)
>           -> __formatters_storage<_Ids...>;
>        using _Formatters
> @@ -5961,6 +6036,7 @@ namespace __format
>        // We deviate from standard, that declares this as template
> accepting
>        // unconstrained FormatContext type, which seems unimplementable.
>        template<typename _Out>
> +       _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR
>         typename basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>::iterator
>         format(__maybe_const_pair& __p,
>                basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc) const
> @@ -5988,6 +6064,7 @@ namespace __format
>        // We deviate from standard, that declares this as template
> accepting
>        // unconstrained FormatContext type, which seems unimplementable.
>        template<typename _Out>
> +       _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR
>         typename basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>::iterator
>         format(__maybe_const_tuple& __t,
>                basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc) const
> @@ -6151,6 +6228,7 @@ namespace __format
>        template<ranges::input_range _Rg, typename _Out>
>         requires formattable<ranges::range_reference_t<_Rg>, _CharT> &&
>                  same_as<remove_cvref_t<ranges::range_reference_t<_Rg>>,
> _Tp>
> +       _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR
>         typename basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>::iterator
>         format(_Rg&& __rg, basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc) const
>         {
> @@ -6163,6 +6241,7 @@ namespace __format
>
>      private:
>        template<ranges::input_range _Rg, typename _Out>
> +       _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR
>         typename basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>::iterator
>         _M_format(_Rg& __rg, basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc)
> const
>         {
> @@ -6180,6 +6259,7 @@ namespace __format
>
>
>        template<ranges::input_range _Rg, typename _Out>
> +       _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR
>         typename basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>::iterator
>         _M_format_elems(_Rg& __rg,
>                         basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc) const
> @@ -6279,6 +6359,7 @@ namespace __format
>        // We deviate from standard, that declares this as template
> accepting
>        // unconstrained FormatContext type, which seems unimplementable.
>        template<typename _Out>
> +       _GLIBCXX26_CONSTEXPR
>         typename basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>::iterator
>         format(__format::__maybe_const_range<_Rg, _CharT>& __rg,
>                basic_format_context<_Out, _CharT>& __fc) const
> diff --git
> a/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/21_strings/basic_string/numeric_conversions/char/to_string_constexpr.cc
> b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/21_strings/basic_string/numeric_conversions/char/to_string_constexpr.cc
> new file mode 100644
> index 00000000000..b789e87e6a1
> --- /dev/null
> +++
> b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/21_strings/basic_string/numeric_conversions/char/to_string_constexpr.cc
> @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
> +// { dg-do compile { target c++26 } }
> +
> +#include <string>
> +#include <type_traits>
> +#include <testsuite_hooks.h>
> +
> +template<typename T>
> +constexpr void
> +test()
> +{
> +  using namespace std;
> +  string res;
> +  T value;
> +
> +  value = 0;
> +  res = to_string(value);
> +  VERIFY( res == "0" );
> +
> +  value = 1;
> +  res = to_string(value);
> +  VERIFY( res == "1" );
> +
> +  value = 10;
> +  res = to_string(value);
> +  VERIFY( res == "10" );
> +
> +  value = 3000;
> +  res = to_string(value);
> +  VERIFY( res == "3000" );
> +
> +  value = 32767;
> +  res = to_string(value);
> +  VERIFY( res == "32767" );
> +
> +  if (is_unsigned_v<T>)
> +    return;
> +
> +  value = -1;
> +  res = to_string(value);
> +  VERIFY( res == "-1" );
> +
> +  value = -40;
> +  res = to_string(value);
> +  VERIFY( res == "-40" );
> +
> +  value = -32768;
> +  res = to_string(value);
> +  VERIFY( res == "-32768" );
> +}
> +
> +constexpr bool
> +test_all()
> +{
> +  test<int>();
> +  test<unsigned int>();
> +  test<long>();
> +  test<unsigned long>();
> +  test<long long>();
> +  test<unsigned long long>();
> +  return true;
> +}
> +
> +static_assert(test_all());
> diff --git
> a/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/21_strings/basic_string/numeric_conversions/wchar_t/to_wstring_constexpr.cc
> b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/21_strings/basic_string/numeric_conversions/wchar_t/to_wstring_constexpr.cc
> new file mode 100644
> index 00000000000..faf54be7d22
> --- /dev/null
> +++
> b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/21_strings/basic_string/numeric_conversions/wchar_t/to_wstring_constexpr.cc
> @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
> +// { dg-do compile { target c++26 } }
> +
> +#include <string>
> +#include <type_traits>
> +#include <testsuite_hooks.h>
> +
> +template<typename T>
> +constexpr void
> +test()
> +{
> +  using namespace std;
> +  wstring res;
> +  T value;
> +
> +  value = 0;
> +  res = to_wstring(value);
> +  VERIFY( res == L"0" );
> +
> +  value = 1;
> +  res = to_wstring(value);
> +  VERIFY( res == L"1" );
> +
> +  value = 10;
> +  res = to_wstring(value);
> +  VERIFY( res == L"10" );
> +
> +  value = 3000;
> +  res = to_wstring(value);
> +  VERIFY( res == L"3000" );
> +
> +  value = 32767;
> +  res = to_wstring(value);
> +  VERIFY( res == L"32767" );
> +
> +  if (is_unsigned_v<T>)
> +    return;
> +
> +  value = -1;
> +  res = to_wstring(value);
> +  VERIFY( res == L"-1" );
> +
> +  value = -40;
> +  res = to_wstring(value);
> +  VERIFY( res == L"-40" );
> +
> +  value = -32768;
> +  res = to_wstring(value);
> +  VERIFY( res == L"-32768" );
> +}
> +
> +constexpr bool
> +test_all()
> +{
> +  test<int>();
> +  test<unsigned int>();
> +  test<long>();
> +  test<unsigned long>();
> +  test<long long>();
> +  test<unsigned long long>();
> +  return true;
> +}
> +
> +static_assert(test_all());
> diff --git a/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/format/arguments/args_neg.cc
> b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/format/arguments/args_neg.cc
> index 83c7b22d081..6894d6c4fc3 100644
> --- a/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/format/arguments/args_neg.cc
> +++ b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/format/arguments/args_neg.cc
> @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ void test_missing_specialization()
>  {
>    struct X { };
>    X x;
> -  (void)std::make_format_args(x); // { dg-error "here" }
> +  (void)std::make_format_args(x); // { dg-error "(here|in 'constexpr'
> expansion of)" }
>  // { dg-error "std::formatter must be specialized" "" { target *-*-* } 0 }
>  }
>
> @@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ void test(std::formatter<Y>& f,
> std::format_parse_context& pc) {
>  void test_const_arg()
>  {
>    const Y y;
> -  (void)std::make_format_args(y); // { dg-error "here" }
> +  (void)std::make_format_args(y); // { dg-error "(here|in 'constexpr'
> expansion of)" }
>  // { dg-error "format arg must be non-const" "" { target *-*-* } 0 }
>  }
>
> diff --git a/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/format/constexpr.cc
> b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/format/constexpr.cc
> new file mode 100644
> index 00000000000..943a57cc5f8
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/format/constexpr.cc
> @@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
> +// { dg-do compile { target c++26 } }
> +
> +#include <format>
> +#include <string>
> +#include <string_view>
> +#include <tuple>
> +#include <vector>
> +#include <testsuite_hooks.h>
> +
> +// Slightly more general from __format::_Widen, works with character
> literals.
> +template<typename CharT>
> +consteval auto widen(auto narrow, auto wide)
> +{
> +  if constexpr (std::is_same_v<CharT, wchar_t>)
> +    return wide;
> +  else
> +    return narrow;
> +}
> +
> +#define WIDEN_(C, S) widen<C>(S, L##S)
> +#define WIDEN(S) WIDEN_(CharT, S)
> +
> +template<typename CharT>
> +constexpr void
> +test_format()
> +{
> +  using namespace std;
> +
> +  basic_string<CharT> res;
> +
> +  res = format(WIDEN("{}"), WIDEN('c'));
> +  VERIFY( res == WIDEN("c") );
> +  res = format(WIDEN("{1} {0} {0}"), WIDEN('a'), WIDEN('b'));
> +  VERIFY( res == WIDEN("b a a") );
> +  res = format(WIDEN("{:?}"), WIDEN('\n'));
> +  VERIFY( res == WIDEN("'\\n'") );
> +  res = format(WIDEN("{:.^10}"), WIDEN("hello"));
> +  VERIFY( res == WIDEN("..hello...") );
> +  res = format(WIDEN("{:.>{}}"), WIDEN("world"), 8);
> +  VERIFY( res == WIDEN("...world") );
> +  res = format(WIDEN("{:+#06X}"), 0xa);
> +  VERIFY( res == WIDEN("+0X00A") );
> +  res = format(WIDEN("{:p}"), nullptr);
> +  VERIFY( res == WIDEN("0x0") );
> +  res = format(WIDEN("{:07P}"), nullptr);
> +  VERIFY( res == WIDEN("0X00000") );
> +  res = format(WIDEN("{} {}"), true, false);
> +  VERIFY( res == WIDEN("true false") );
> +  res = format(WIDEN("{:+#06b}"), true);
> +  VERIFY( res == WIDEN("+0b001") );
> +  res = format(WIDEN("{} {} {}"), WIDEN("abc"),
> basic_string_view<CharT>(WIDEN("def")), basic_string<CharT>(WIDEN("ghi")));
> +  VERIFY( res == WIDEN("abc def ghi") );
> +  res = format(WIDEN("{:?}"), WIDEN("hello\nworld"));
> +  VERIFY( res == WIDEN("\"hello\\nworld\"") );
> +  res = format(WIDEN("{}"), tuple(1, true));
> +  VERIFY( res == WIDEN("(1, true)") );
> +  res = format(WIDEN("{:t<12m}"), tuple(WIDEN('a'), WIDEN("bc")));
> +  VERIFY( res == WIDEN("'a': \"bc\"ttt") );
> +  res = format(WIDEN("{:n}"), tuple(nullptr, -1, 1));
> +  VERIFY( res == WIDEN("0x0, -1, 1") );
> +  res = format(WIDEN("{}"), vector{1, 2, 3, 4});
> +  VERIFY( res == WIDEN("[1, 2, 3, 4]") );
> +  res = format(WIDEN("{:?s}"), vector{WIDEN('a'), WIDEN('\n'),
> WIDEN('b')});
> +  VERIFY( res == WIDEN("\"a\\nb\"") );
> +  res = format(WIDEN("{:n:+}"), vector{1, 2, 3});
> +  VERIFY( res == WIDEN("+1, +2, +3") );
> +}
> +
> +template<typename CharT>
> +constexpr void
> +test_format_to()
> +{
> +  using namespace std;
> +
> +  CharT buf[100];
> +  CharT* out;
> +
> +  out = format_to(buf, WIDEN("{:.^5}"), WIDEN("foo"));
> +  VERIFY( basic_string_view<CharT>(buf, out) == WIDEN(".foo.") );
> +  out = format_to(buf, WIDEN("{} {}"), nullptr, true);
> +  VERIFY( basic_string_view<CharT>(buf, out) == WIDEN("0x0 true") );
> +}
> +
> +template<typename CharT>
> +constexpr void
> +test_vformat()
> +{
> +  using namespace std;
> +  using context = __format::__format_context<CharT>;
> +
> +  basic_string<CharT> res;
> +
> +  int arg1 = 1;
> +  CharT arg2 = WIDEN('a');
> +  bool arg3 = true;
> +  res = vformat(WIDEN("{} {:?} {}"), make_format_args<context>(arg1,
> arg2, arg3));
> +  VERIFY( res == WIDEN("1 'a' true") );
> +}
> +
> +template<typename CharT>
> +constexpr void
> +test_vformat_to()
> +{
> +  using namespace std;
> +  using context = __format::__format_context<CharT>;
> +
> +  CharT buf[100];
> +  CharT* out;
> +
> +  nullptr_t arg1 = nullptr;
> +  basic_string<CharT> arg2 = WIDEN("foo");
> +  tuple<int, int> arg3{-3, 5};
> +  out = vformat_to(buf, WIDEN("{} {:?} {}"),
> make_format_args<context>(arg1, arg2, arg3));
> +  VERIFY( basic_string_view<CharT>(buf, out) == WIDEN("0x0 \"foo\" (-3,
> 5)") );
> +}
> +
> +template<typename CharT>
> +constexpr void
> +test_format_to_n()
> +{
> +  using namespace std;
> +
> +  CharT buf[100];
> +  format_to_n_result<CharT*> out;
> +  int n;
> +
> +  n = 100;
> +  out = format_to_n(buf, n, WIDEN("{:+} {:?} {}"), 1, WIDEN("\n\n"),
> vector{1, 2, 3});
> +  VERIFY( out.size <= n );
> +  VERIFY( out.out - buf == out.size );
> +  VERIFY( basic_string_view<CharT>(buf, out.size) == WIDEN("+1 \"\\n\\n\"
> [1, 2, 3]") );
> +  n = 12;
> +  out = format_to_n(buf, n, WIDEN("{} {} {}"), true, nullptr, WIDEN("long
> string"));
> +  VERIFY( out.size > n );
> +  VERIFY( out.out - buf == n );
> +  VERIFY( basic_string_view<CharT>(buf, out.out) == WIDEN("true 0x0 lon")
> );
> +}
> +
> +constexpr bool
> +all_tests()
> +{
> +  test_format<char>();
> +  test_format<wchar_t>();
> +  test_format_to<char>();
> +  test_format_to<wchar_t>();
> +  test_vformat<char>();
> +  test_vformat<wchar_t>();
> +  test_vformat_to<char>();
> +  test_vformat_to<wchar_t>();
> +  test_format_to_n<char>();
> +  test_format_to_n<wchar_t>();
> +
> +  return true;
> +}
> +
> +static_assert(all_tests());
> diff --git a/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/format/debug.cc
> b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/format/debug.cc
> index 43e930c579e..1e17ff17ef5 100644
> --- a/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/format/debug.cc
> +++ b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/format/debug.cc
> @@ -1,26 +1,32 @@
> -// { dg-options "-fexec-charset=UTF-8 -fwide-exec-charset=UTF-32LE
> -DUNICODE_ENC" { target le } }
> -// { dg-options "-fexec-charset=UTF-8 -fwide-exec-charset=UTF-32BE
> -DUNICODE_ENC" { target be } }
> +// { dg-options "-fexec-charset=UTF-8 -fwide-exec-charset=UTF-32LE
> -DUNICODE_ENC -fconstexpr-ops-limit=500000000" { target le } }
> +// { dg-options "-fexec-charset=UTF-8 -fwide-exec-charset=UTF-32BE
> -DUNICODE_ENC -fconstexpr-ops-limit=500000000" { target be } }
>  // { dg-do run { target c++23 } }
>  // { dg-require-effective-target 4byte_wchar_t }
>  // { dg-add-options no_pch }
>  // { dg-timeout-factor 2 }
>
> +#if __cplusplus >= 202400L
> +# define constexpr26 constexpr
> +#else
> +# define constexpr26
> +#endif
> +
>  #include <format>
>  #include <testsuite_hooks.h>
>
> -std::string
> +constexpr26 std::string
>  fdebug(char t)
>  { return std::format("{:?}", t); }
>
> -std::wstring
> +constexpr26 std::wstring
>  fdebug(wchar_t t)
>  { return std::format(L"{:?}", t); }
>
> -std::string
> +constexpr26 std::string
>  fdebug(std::string_view t)
>  { return std::format("{:?}", t); }
>
> -std::wstring
> +constexpr26 std::wstring
>  fdebug(std::wstring_view t)
>  { return std::format(L"{:?}", t); }
>
> @@ -29,7 +35,7 @@ fdebug(std::wstring_view t)
>  #define WIDEN(S) WIDEN_(CharT, S)
>
>  template<typename CharT>
> -void
> +constexpr26 void
>  test_basic_escapes()
>  {
>    std::basic_string<CharT> res;
> @@ -72,7 +78,7 @@ test_basic_escapes()
>  }
>
>  template<typename CharT>
> -void
> +constexpr26 void
>  test_ascii_escapes()
>  {
>    std::basic_string<CharT> res;
> @@ -89,7 +95,7 @@ test_ascii_escapes()
>  }
>
>  template<typename CharT>
> -void
> +constexpr26 void
>  test_extended_ascii()
>  {
>    std::basic_string<CharT> res;
> @@ -117,7 +123,7 @@ test_extended_ascii()
>  }
>
>  template<typename CharT>
> -void
> +constexpr26 void
>  test_unicode_escapes()
>  {
>  #if UNICODE_ENC
> @@ -166,7 +172,7 @@ test_unicode_escapes()
>  }
>
>  template<typename CharT>
> -void
> +constexpr26 void
>  test_grapheme_extend()
>  {
>  #if UNICODE_ENC
> @@ -192,7 +198,7 @@ test_grapheme_extend()
>  }
>
>  template<typename CharT>
> -void
> +constexpr26 void
>  test_replacement_char()
>  {
>  #if UNICODE_ENC
> @@ -206,7 +212,7 @@ test_replacement_char()
>  #endif // UNICODE_ENC
>  }
>
> -void
> +constexpr26 void
>  test_ill_formed_utf8_seq()
>  {
>  #if UNICODE_ENC
> @@ -244,7 +250,7 @@ test_ill_formed_utf8_seq()
>  #endif // UNICODE_ENC
>  }
>
> -void
> +constexpr26 void
>  test_ill_formed_utf32()
>  {
>  #if UNICODE_ENC
> @@ -269,7 +275,7 @@ test_ill_formed_utf32()
>  }
>
>  template<typename CharT>
> -void
> +constexpr26 void
>  test_fill()
>  {
>    std::basic_string<CharT> res;
> @@ -315,7 +321,7 @@ test_fill()
>  }
>
>  template<typename CharT>
> -void
> +constexpr26 void
>  test_prec()
>  {
>    std::basic_string<CharT> res;
> @@ -341,7 +347,8 @@ test_prec()
>  #endif // UNICODE_ENC
>  }
>
> -bool strip_quote(std::string_view& v)
> +constexpr26 bool
> +strip_quote(std::string_view& v)
>  {
>    if (!v.starts_with('"'))
>      return false;
> @@ -349,7 +356,8 @@ bool strip_quote(std::string_view& v)
>    return true;
>  }
>
> -bool strip_quotes(std::string_view& v)
> +constexpr26 bool
> +strip_quotes(std::string_view& v)
>  {
>    if (!v.starts_with('"') || !v.ends_with('"'))
>      return false;
> @@ -358,7 +366,8 @@ bool strip_quotes(std::string_view& v)
>    return true;
>  }
>
> -bool strip_prefix(std::string_view& v, size_t n, char c)
> +constexpr26 bool
> +strip_prefix(std::string_view& v, size_t n, char c)
>  {
>    size_t pos = v.find_first_not_of(c);
>    if (pos == std::string_view::npos)
> @@ -369,7 +378,8 @@ bool strip_prefix(std::string_view& v, size_t n, char
> c)
>    return true;
>  }
>
> -void test_padding()
> +constexpr26 void
> +test_padding()
>  {
>    std::string res;
>    std::string_view resv;
> @@ -719,7 +729,8 @@ void test_padding()
>  #endif // UNICODE_ENC
>  }
>
> -void test_char_as_wchar()
> +constexpr26 void
> +test_char_as_wchar()
>  {
>    std::wstring res;
>
> @@ -751,8 +762,9 @@ struct std::formatter<DebugWrapper<T>, CharT>
>    }
>
>    template<typename Out>
> -  Out format(DebugWrapper<T> const& t,
> -            std::basic_format_context<Out, CharT>& fc) const
> +  constexpr26 Out
> +  format(DebugWrapper<T> const& t,
> +        std::basic_format_context<Out, CharT>& fc) const
>    { return under.format(t.val, fc); }
>
>  private:
> @@ -760,7 +772,7 @@ private:
>  };
>
>  template<typename CharT, typename StrT>
> -void
> +constexpr26 void
>  test_formatter_str()
>  {
>    CharT buf[]{ 'a', 'b', 'c', 0 };
> @@ -770,7 +782,7 @@ test_formatter_str()
>  }
>
>  template<typename CharT>
> -void
> +constexpr26 void
>  test_formatter_arr()
>  {
>    std::basic_string<CharT> res;
> @@ -786,7 +798,7 @@ test_formatter_arr()
>  }
>
>  template<typename CharT, typename SrcT>
> -void
> +constexpr26 void
>  test_formatter_char()
>  {
>    DebugWrapper<SrcT> in{ 'a' };
> @@ -795,7 +807,7 @@ test_formatter_char()
>  }
>
>  template<typename CharT>
> -void
> +constexpr26 void
>  test_formatters()
>  {
>    test_formatter_char<CharT, CharT>();
> @@ -806,7 +818,7 @@ test_formatters()
>    test_formatter_arr<CharT>();
>  }
>
> -void
> +constexpr26 void
>  test_formatters_c()
>  {
>    test_formatters<char>();
> @@ -814,7 +826,8 @@ test_formatters_c()
>    test_formatter_char<wchar_t, char>();
>  }
>
> -int main()
> +constexpr26 bool
> +test_all()
>  {
>    test_basic_escapes<char>();
>    test_basic_escapes<wchar_t>();
> @@ -840,4 +853,15 @@ int main()
>    test_padding();
>
>    test_formatters_c();
> +
> +  return true;
> +}
> +
> +#if __cplusplus >= 202400L
> +static_assert(test_all());
> +#endif
> +
> +int main()
> +{
> +  test_all();
>  }
> diff --git a/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/format/functions/format.cc
> b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/format/functions/format.cc
> index d342114083e..12253242833 100644
> --- a/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/format/functions/format.cc
> +++ b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/format/functions/format.cc
> @@ -3,6 +3,12 @@
>  // { dg-add-options no_pch }
>  // { dg-additional-options "-DUNICODE" { target 4byte_wchar_t } }
>
> +#if __cplusplus >= 202400L
> +# define constexpr26 constexpr
> +#else
> +# define constexpr26
> +#endif
> +
>  #include <format>
>
>  #ifndef __cpp_lib_format
> @@ -41,7 +47,7 @@
>  #include <cstdio>
>  #include <testsuite_hooks.h>
>
> -void
> +constexpr26 void
>  test_no_args()
>  {
>    std::string s;
> @@ -55,7 +61,7 @@ test_no_args()
>    VERIFY( s == "128bpm }" );
>  }
>
> -void
> +constexpr26 void
>  test_unescaped()
>  {
>  #ifdef __cpp_exceptions
> @@ -78,7 +84,7 @@ struct brit_punc : std::numpunct<char>
>    std::string do_falsename() const override { return "nah bruv"; }
>  };
>
> -void
> +constexpr26 void
>  test_std_examples()
>  {
>    using namespace std;
> @@ -125,10 +131,13 @@ test_std_examples()
>      VERIFY(s0 == "1,+1,1, 1");
>      string s1 = format("{0:},{0:+},{0:-},{0: }", -1);
>      VERIFY(s1 == "-1,-1,-1,-1");
> -    string s2 = format("{0:},{0:+},{0:-},{0: }", inf);
> -    VERIFY(s2 == "inf,+inf,inf, inf");
> -    string s3 = format("{0:},{0:+},{0:-},{0: }", nan);
> -    VERIFY(s3 == "nan,+nan,nan, nan");
> +    if (!std::is_constant_evaluated())
> +      {
> +       string s2 = format("{0:},{0:+},{0:-},{0: }", inf);
> +       VERIFY(s2 == "inf,+inf,inf, inf");
> +       string s3 = format("{0:},{0:+},{0:-},{0: }", nan);
> +       VERIFY(s3 == "nan,+nan,nan, nan");
> +      }
>    }
>
>    // alternate form and zero fill
> @@ -143,34 +152,35 @@ test_std_examples()
>    }
>
>    // integer presentation types
> -  {
> -    // Change global locale so "{:L}" adds digit separators.
> -    std::locale::global(std::locale({}, new brit_punc));
> -
> -    string s0 = format("{}", 42);
> -    VERIFY(s0 == "42");
> -    string s1 = format("{0:b} {0:d} {0:o} {0:x}", 42);
> -    VERIFY(s1 == "101010 42 52 2a");
> -    string s2 = format("{0:#x} {0:#X}", 42);
> -    VERIFY(s2 == "0x2a 0X2A");
> -    string s3 = format("{:L}", 1234);
> -    VERIFY(s3 == "1,234");
> -
> -    // Test locale's "byte-and-a-half" grouping (Imperial word? tribble?).
> -    string s4 = format("{:#Lx}", 0xfffff);
> -    VERIFY(s4 == "0xff,fff");
> -
> -    // Restore
> -    std::locale::global(std::locale::classic());
> -
> -    string s5 = format("{}", -100); // PR libstdc++/114325
> -    VERIFY(s5 == "-100");
> -    string s6 = format("{:d} {:d}", -123, 999);
> -    VERIFY(s6 == "-123 999");
> -  }
> +  if (!std::is_constant_evaluated())
> +    {
> +      // Change global locale so "{:L}" adds digit separators.
> +      std::locale::global(std::locale({}, new brit_punc));
> +
> +      string s0 = format("{}", 42);
> +      VERIFY(s0 == "42");
> +      string s1 = format("{0:b} {0:d} {0:o} {0:x}", 42);
> +      VERIFY(s1 == "101010 42 52 2a");
> +      string s2 = format("{0:#x} {0:#X}", 42);
> +      VERIFY(s2 == "0x2a 0X2A");
> +      string s3 = format("{:L}", 1234);
> +      VERIFY(s3 == "1,234");
> +
> +      // Test locale's "byte-and-a-half" grouping (Imperial word?
> tribble?).
> +      string s4 = format("{:#Lx}", 0xfffff);
> +      VERIFY(s4 == "0xff,fff");
> +
> +      // Restore
> +      std::locale::global(std::locale::classic());
> +
> +      string s5 = format("{}", -100); // PR libstdc++/114325
> +      VERIFY(s5 == "-100");
> +      string s6 = format("{:d} {:d}", -123, 999);
> +      VERIFY(s6 == "-123 999");
> +    }
>  }
>
> -void
> +constexpr26 void
>  test_alternate_forms()
>  {
>    std::string s;
> @@ -180,23 +190,26 @@ test_alternate_forms()
>    s = std::format("{0:#b} {0:+#B} {0:#o} {0:#x} {0:+#X} {0: #d}", 0);
>    VERIFY( s == "0b0 +0B0 0 0x0 +0X0  0" );
>
> -  s = std::format("{0:+#012g} {0:+#014g} {0:+#014g}", 1234.0);
> -  VERIFY( s == "+00001234.00 +0000001234.00 +0000001234.00" );
> -  s = std::format("{0:+#0{1}g} {0:+#0{2}g} {0:+#0{2}g}", 1234.5, 12, 14);
> -  VERIFY( s == "+00001234.50 +0000001234.50 +0000001234.50" );
> -
> -  s = std::format("{:#.2g}", -0.0);
> -  VERIFY( s == "-0.0" );
> -
> -  // PR libstdc++/108046
> -  s = std::format("{0:#.0} {0:#.1} {0:#.0g}", 10.0);
> -  VERIFY( s == "1.e+01 1.e+01 1.e+01" );
> -
> -  // PR libstdc++/113512
> -  s = std::format("{:#.3g}", 0.025);
> -  VERIFY( s == "0.0250" );
> -  s = std::format("{:#07.3g}", 0.02);
> -  VERIFY( s == "00.0200" );
> +  if (!std::is_constant_evaluated())
> +    {
> +      s = std::format("{0:+#012g} {0:+#014g} {0:+#014g}", 1234.0);
> +      VERIFY( s == "+00001234.00 +0000001234.00 +0000001234.00" );
> +      s = std::format("{0:+#0{1}g} {0:+#0{2}g} {0:+#0{2}g}", 1234.5, 12,
> 14);
> +      VERIFY( s == "+00001234.50 +0000001234.50 +0000001234.50" );
> +
> +      s = std::format("{:#.2g}", -0.0);
> +      VERIFY( s == "-0.0" );
> +
> +      // PR libstdc++/108046
> +      s = std::format("{0:#.0} {0:#.1} {0:#.0g}", 10.0);
> +      VERIFY( s == "1.e+01 1.e+01 1.e+01" );
> +
> +      // PR libstdc++/113512
> +      s = std::format("{:#.3g}", 0.025);
> +      VERIFY( s == "0.0250" );
> +      s = std::format("{:#07.3g}", 0.02);
> +      VERIFY( s == "00.0200" );
> +    }
>  }
>
>  void
> @@ -275,7 +288,7 @@ test_locale()
>    std::locale::global(cloc);
>  }
>
> -void
> +constexpr26 void
>  test_width()
>  {
>    std::string s;
> @@ -317,7 +330,7 @@ test_width()
>    }
>  }
>
> -void
> +constexpr26 void
>  test_char()
>  {
>    std::string s;
> @@ -347,7 +360,7 @@ test_char()
>    VERIFY( s == "11110000 11110000 240 360 f0 F0" );
>  }
>
> -void
> +constexpr26 void
>  test_wchar()
>  {
>    using namespace std::literals;
> @@ -356,24 +369,27 @@ test_wchar()
>    s = std::format(L"{}", L'a');
>    VERIFY( s == L"a" );
>
> -  s = std::format(L"{} {} {} {} {} {}", L'0', 1, 2LL, 3.4, L"five",
> L"six"s);
> -  VERIFY( s == L"0 1 2 3.4 five six" );
> -
> -  std::locale loc;
> -  s = std::format(loc, L"{:L} {:.3s}{:Lc}", true, L"data"sv, '.');
> -  VERIFY( s == L"true dat." );
> -
> -  s = std::format(L"{}", 0.0625);
> -  VERIFY( s == L"0.0625" );
> -  s = std::format(L"{}", 0.25);
> -  VERIFY( s == L"0.25" );
> -  s = std::format(L"{:+a} {:A}", 0x1.23p45, -0x1.abcdefp-15);
> -  VERIFY( s == L"+1.23p+45 -1.ABCDEFP-15" );
> -
> -  double inf = std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity();
> -  double nan = std::numeric_limits<double>::quiet_NaN();
> -  s = std::format(L"{0} {0:F} {1} {1:E}", -inf, -nan);
> -  VERIFY( s == L"-inf -INF -nan -NAN" );
> +  if (!std::is_constant_evaluated())
> +    {
> +      s = std::format(L"{} {} {} {} {} {}", L'0', 1, 2LL, 3.4, L"five",
> L"six"s);
> +      VERIFY( s == L"0 1 2 3.4 five six" );
> +
> +      std::locale loc;
> +      s = std::format(loc, L"{:L} {:.3s}{:Lc}", true, L"data"sv, '.');
> +      VERIFY( s == L"true dat." );
> +
> +      s = std::format(L"{}", 0.0625);
> +      VERIFY( s == L"0.0625" );
> +      s = std::format(L"{}", 0.25);
> +      VERIFY( s == L"0.25" );
> +      s = std::format(L"{:+a} {:A}", 0x1.23p45, -0x1.abcdefp-15);
> +      VERIFY( s == L"+1.23p+45 -1.ABCDEFP-15" );
> +
> +      double inf = std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity();
> +      double nan = std::numeric_limits<double>::quiet_NaN();
> +      s = std::format(L"{0} {0:F} {1} {1:E}", -inf, -nan);
> +      VERIFY( s == L"-inf -INF -nan -NAN" );
> +    }
>
>    s = std::format(L"{0:#b} {0:#B} {0:#x} {0:#X}", 99);
>    VERIFY( s == L"0b1100011 0B1100011 0x63 0X63" );
> @@ -382,20 +398,23 @@ test_wchar()
>    s = std::format(L"{:d} {:d}", wchar_t(-1), char(-1));
>    VERIFY( s.find('-') == std::wstring::npos );
>
> -  auto ws = std::format(L"{:L}", 0.5);
> -  VERIFY( ws == L"0.5" );
> -  // The default C locale.
> -  std::locale cloc = std::locale::classic();
> -  // PR libstdc++/119671 use-after-free formatting floating-point to
> wstring
> -  ws = std::format(cloc, L"{:L}", 0.5);
> -  VERIFY( ws == L"0.5" );
> -  // A locale with no name, but with the same facets as the C locale.
> -  std::locale locx(cloc, &std::use_facet<std::ctype<char>>(cloc));
> -  ws = std::format(locx, L"{:L}", 0.5);
> -  VERIFY( ws == L"0.5" );
> +  if (!std::is_constant_evaluated())
> +    {
> +      auto ws = std::format(L"{:L}", 0.5);
> +      VERIFY( ws == L"0.5" );
> +      // The default C locale.
> +      std::locale cloc = std::locale::classic();
> +      // PR libstdc++/119671 use-after-free formatting floating-point to
> wstring
> +      ws = std::format(cloc, L"{:L}", 0.5);
> +      VERIFY( ws == L"0.5" );
> +      // A locale with no name, but with the same facets as the C locale.
> +      std::locale locx(cloc, &std::use_facet<std::ctype<char>>(cloc));
> +      ws = std::format(locx, L"{:L}", 0.5);
> +      VERIFY( ws == L"0.5" );
> +    }
>  }
>
> -void
> +constexpr26 void
>  test_minmax()
>  {
>    auto check = []<typename T, typename U = std::make_unsigned_t<T>>(T, U
> = 0) {
> @@ -422,7 +441,7 @@ test_minmax()
>  #endif
>  }
>
> -void
> +constexpr26 void
>  test_p1652r1() // printf corner cases in std::format
>  {
>    std::string s;
> @@ -436,27 +455,33 @@ test_p1652r1() // printf corner cases in std::format
>    s = std::format("{:c}", c);
>    VERIFY( s == "A" );
>
> -  // Problem 3: "-000nan" is not a floating point value
> -  double nan = std::numeric_limits<double>::quiet_NaN();
> -  try {
> -    s = std::vformat("{:0=6}", std::make_format_args(nan));
> -    VERIFY( false );
> -  } catch (const std::format_error&) {
> -  }
> -
> -  s = std::format("{:06}", nan);
> -  VERIFY( s == "   nan" );
> +  if (!std::is_constant_evaluated())
> +    {
> +      // Problem 3: "-000nan" is not a floating point value
> +      double nan = std::numeric_limits<double>::quiet_NaN();
> +      try {
> +       s = std::vformat("{:0=6}", std::make_format_args(nan));
> +       VERIFY( false );
> +      } catch (const std::format_error&) {
> +      }
> +
> +      s = std::format("{:06}", nan);
> +      VERIFY( s == "   nan" );
> +    }
>
>    // Problem 4: bool needs a type format specifier
>    s = std::format("{:s}", true);
>    VERIFY( s == "true" );
>
> -  // Problem 5: double does not roundtrip float
> -  s = std::format("{}", 3.31f);
> -  VERIFY( s == "3.31" );
> +  if (!std::is_constant_evaluated())
> +    {
> +      // Problem 5: double does not roundtrip float
> +      s = std::format("{}", 3.31f);
> +      VERIFY( s == "3.31" );
> +    }
>  }
>
> -void
> +constexpr26 void
>  test_pointer()
>  {
>    void* p = nullptr;
> @@ -477,28 +502,31 @@ test_pointer()
>    s = std::format("{:o<4},{:o>5},{:o^7}", p, pc, nullptr); //
> fill+align+width
>    VERIFY( s == "0x0o,oo0x0,oo0x0oo" );
>
> -  pc = p = &s;
> -  str_int = std::format("{:#x}", reinterpret_cast<std::uintptr_t>(p));
> -  s = std::format("{} {} {}", p, pc, nullptr);
> -  VERIFY( s == (str_int + ' ' + str_int + " 0x0") );
> -  str_int = std::format("{:#20x}", reinterpret_cast<std::uintptr_t>(p));
> -  s = std::format("{:20} {:20p}", p, pc);
> -  VERIFY( s == (str_int + ' ' + str_int) );
> +  if (!std::is_constant_evaluated())
> +    {
> +      pc = p = &s;
> +      str_int = std::format("{:#x}", reinterpret_cast<std::uintptr_t>(p));
> +      s = std::format("{} {} {}", p, pc, nullptr);
> +      VERIFY( s == (str_int + ' ' + str_int + " 0x0") );
> +      str_int = std::format("{:#20x}",
> reinterpret_cast<std::uintptr_t>(p));
> +      s = std::format("{:20} {:20p}", p, pc);
> +      VERIFY( s == (str_int + ' ' + str_int) );
>
>  #if __cpp_lib_format >= 202304L
> -  // P2510R3 Formatting pointers
> -  s = std::format("{:06} {:07P} {:08p}", (void*)0, (const void*)0,
> nullptr);
> -  VERIFY( s == "0x0000 0X00000 0x000000" );
> -  str_int = std::format("{:#016x}", reinterpret_cast<std::uintptr_t>(p));
> -  s = std::format("{:016} {:016}", p, pc);
> -  VERIFY( s == (str_int + ' ' + str_int) );
> -  str_int = std::format("{:#016X}", reinterpret_cast<std::uintptr_t>(p));
> -  s = std::format("{:016P} {:016P}", p, pc);
> -  VERIFY( s == (str_int + ' ' + str_int) );
> +      // P2510R3 Formatting pointers
> +      s = std::format("{:06} {:07P} {:08p}", (void*)0, (const void*)0,
> nullptr);
> +      VERIFY( s == "0x0000 0X00000 0x000000" );
> +      str_int = std::format("{:#016x}",
> reinterpret_cast<std::uintptr_t>(p));
> +      s = std::format("{:016} {:016}", p, pc);
> +      VERIFY( s == (str_int + ' ' + str_int) );
> +      str_int = std::format("{:#016X}",
> reinterpret_cast<std::uintptr_t>(p));
> +      s = std::format("{:016P} {:016P}", p, pc);
> +      VERIFY( s == (str_int + ' ' + str_int) );
>  #endif
> +    }
>  }
>
> -void
> +constexpr26 void
>  test_bool()
>  {
>    std::string s;
> @@ -519,7 +547,7 @@ test_bool()
>    VERIFY( s == "0 0x1 0X0" );
>  }
>
> -void
> +constexpr26 void
>  test_unicode()
>  {
>  #ifdef UNICODE
> @@ -579,13 +607,13 @@ test_unicode()
>  #endif
>  }
>
> -int main()
> +constexpr26 bool
> +test_all()
>  {
>    test_no_args();
>    test_unescaped();
>    test_std_examples();
>    test_alternate_forms();
> -  test_locale();
>    test_width();
>    test_char();
>    test_wchar();
> @@ -594,4 +622,21 @@ int main()
>    test_pointer();
>    test_bool();
>    test_unicode();
> +
> +  if (!std::is_constant_evaluated())
> +    {
> +      test_infnan();
> +      test_locale();
> +    }
> +
> +  return true;
> +}
> +
> +#if __cplusplus >= 202400L
> +static_assert(test_all());
> +#endif
> +
> +int main()
> +{
> +  test_all();
>  }
> diff --git a/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/format/functions/format_to.cc
> b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/format/functions/format_to.cc
> index 94e6262bc66..5ad64ae4061 100644
> --- a/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/format/functions/format_to.cc
> +++ b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/format/functions/format_to.cc
> @@ -1,5 +1,11 @@
>  // { dg-do run { target c++20 } }
>
> +#if __cplusplus >= 202400L
> +# define constexpr26 constexpr
> +#else
> +# define constexpr26
> +#endif
> +
>  #include <format>
>  #include <locale>
>  #include <vector>
> @@ -11,17 +17,20 @@ struct punct : std::numpunct<char>
>    std::string do_grouping() const override { return "\2"; }
>  };
>
> -void
> +constexpr26 void
>  test()
>  {
>    char buf[32] = { };
>    auto out = std::format_to(buf, "test");
>    VERIFY( out == buf+4 );
>
> -  std::locale loc({}, new punct);
> -  auto out2 = std::format_to(buf, loc, "{:Ld}", 12345);
> -  VERIFY( out2 == buf+7 );
> -  VERIFY( std::string_view(buf, out2 - buf) == "1,23,45" );
> +  if (!std::is_constant_evaluated())
> +    {
> +      std::locale loc({}, new punct);
> +      auto out2 = std::format_to(buf, loc, "{:Ld}", 12345);
> +      VERIFY( out2 == buf+7 );
> +      VERIFY( std::string_view(buf, out2 - buf) == "1,23,45" );
> +    }
>  }
>
>  struct wpunct : std::numpunct<wchar_t>
> @@ -29,17 +38,20 @@ struct wpunct : std::numpunct<wchar_t>
>    std::string do_grouping() const override { return "\2"; }
>  };
>
> -void
> +constexpr26 void
>  test_wchar()
>  {
>    wchar_t buf[32] = { };
>    auto out = std::format_to(buf, L"123 + 456 = {}", 579);
>    VERIFY( out == buf+15 );
>
> -  std::locale loc({}, new wpunct);
> -  auto out2 = std::format_to(buf, loc, L"{:Ld}", 12345);
> -  VERIFY( out2 == buf+7 );
> -  VERIFY( std::wstring_view(buf, out2 - buf) == L"1,23,45" );
> +  if (!std::is_constant_evaluated())
> +    {
> +      std::locale loc({}, new wpunct);
> +      auto out2 = std::format_to(buf, loc, L"{:Ld}", 12345);
> +      VERIFY( out2 == buf+7 );
> +      VERIFY( std::wstring_view(buf, out2 - buf) == L"1,23,45" );
> +    }
>  }
>
>  template<typename I>
> @@ -50,20 +62,20 @@ struct move_only_iterator
>    using difference_type = iterator::difference_type;
>    using iterator_category = std::output_iterator_tag;
>
> -  move_only_iterator(iterator b) : base_(b) { }
> +  constexpr move_only_iterator(iterator b) : base_(b) { }
>    move_only_iterator(move_only_iterator&&) = default;
>    move_only_iterator& operator=(move_only_iterator&&) = default;
>
> -  move_only_iterator& operator++() { ++base_; return *this; }
> -  move_only_iterator operator++(int) { auto tmp = *this; ++base_; return
> tmp; }
> +  constexpr move_only_iterator& operator++() { ++base_; return *this; }
> +  constexpr move_only_iterator operator++(int) { auto tmp = *this;
> ++base_; return tmp; }
>
> -  decltype(auto) operator*() { return *base_; }
> +  constexpr decltype(auto) operator*() { return *base_; }
>
>  private:
>    iterator base_;
>  };
>
> -void
> +constexpr26 void
>  test_move_only()
>  {
>    std::string str;
> @@ -79,7 +91,7 @@ test_move_only()
>    VERIFY( std::wstring_view(vec.data(), vec.size()) == L"format hat!" );
>  }
>
> -void
> +constexpr26 void
>  test_pr110917()
>  {
>    // PR libstdc++/110917
> @@ -90,10 +102,22 @@ test_pr110917()
>    VERIFY( ! std::memcmp(buf, "abc 123", 7) );
>  }
>
> -int main()
> +constexpr26 bool
> +test_all()
>  {
>    test();
>    test_wchar();
>    test_move_only();
>    test_pr110917();
> +
> +  return true;
> +}
> +
> +#if __cplusplus >= 202400L
> +static_assert(test_all());
> +#endif
> +
> +int main()
> +{
> +  test_all();
>  }
> diff --git a/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/format/functions/size.cc
> b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/format/functions/size.cc
> index 1ece4108d85..78c5ccc778a 100644
> --- a/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/format/functions/size.cc
> +++ b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/format/functions/size.cc
> @@ -1,10 +1,16 @@
>  // { dg-do run { target c++20 } }
>
> +#if __cplusplus >= 202400L
> +# define constexpr26 constexpr
> +#else
> +# define constexpr26
> +#endif
> +
>  #include <format>
>  #include <string>
>  #include <testsuite_hooks.h>
>
> -void
> +constexpr26 void
>  test()
>  {
>    auto n = std::formatted_size("");
> @@ -24,7 +30,7 @@ test()
>    VERIFY( n == 5 );
>  }
>
> -void
> +constexpr26 void
>  test_wchar()
>  {
>    auto n = std::formatted_size(L"");
> @@ -44,8 +50,19 @@ test_wchar()
>    VERIFY( n == 5 );
>  }
>
> -int main()
> +constexpr26 bool
> +test_all()
>  {
>    test();
>    test_wchar();
> +  return true;
> +}
> +
> +#if __cplusplus >= 202400L
> +static_assert(test_all());
> +#endif
> +
> +int main()
> +{
> +  test_all();
>  }
> diff --git a/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/format/ranges/format_kind.cc
> b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/format/ranges/format_kind.cc
> index 1450fbaebc5..48795440d13 100644
> --- a/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/format/ranges/format_kind.cc
> +++ b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/format/ranges/format_kind.cc
> @@ -1,5 +1,11 @@
>  // { dg-do run { target c++23 } }
>
> +#if __cplusplus >= 202400L
> +# define constexpr26 constexpr
> +#else
> +# define constexpr26
> +#endif
> +
>  #include <deque>
>  #include <flat_map>
>  #include <flat_set>
> @@ -64,7 +70,8 @@ struct CustFormat : std::vector<T>
>  template<typename T, std::range_format rf>
>  constexpr auto std::format_kind<CustFormat<T, rf>> = rf;
>
> -void test_override()
> +constexpr26 bool
> +test_override()
>  {
>    CustFormat<int, std::range_format::disabled> disabledf;
>    static_assert( !std::formattable<decltype(disabledf), char> );
> @@ -88,8 +95,14 @@ void test_override()
>    VERIFY( std::format("{}", debugf) == R"("abcd")" );
>    // Support precision as string do
>    VERIFY( std::format("{:.3}", debugf) == R"("ab)" );
> +
> +  return true;
>  }
>
> +#if __cplusplus >= 202400L
> +static_assert(test_override());
> +#endif
> +
>  int main()
>  {
>    test_override();
> diff --git a/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/format/ranges/formatter.cc
> b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/format/ranges/formatter.cc
> index a50c5b1033f..d732cdf66ad 100644
> --- a/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/format/ranges/formatter.cc
> +++ b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/format/ranges/formatter.cc
> @@ -1,5 +1,11 @@
>  // { dg-do run { target c++23 } }
>
> +#if __cplusplus >= 202400L
> +# define constexpr26 constexpr
> +#else
> +# define constexpr26
> +#endif
> +
>  #include <flat_map>
>  #include <format>
>  #include <testsuite_hooks.h>
> @@ -32,7 +38,7 @@ struct std::formatter<MyVector<T, Formatter>, CharT>
>    { return _formatter.parse(pc);  }
>
>    template<typename Out>
> -  typename std::basic_format_context<Out, CharT>::iterator
> +  constexpr26 std::basic_format_context<Out, CharT>::iterator
>    format(const MyVector<T, Formatter>& mv,
>          std::basic_format_context<Out, CharT>& fc) const
>    { return _formatter.format(mv, fc); }
> @@ -42,7 +48,7 @@ private:
>  };
>
>  template<typename CharT, template<typename, typename> class Formatter>
> -void
> +constexpr26 void
>  test_default()
>  {
>    MyVector<int, Formatter> vec{1, 2, 3};
> @@ -94,7 +100,7 @@ test_default()
>  }
>
>  template<typename CharT, template<typename, typename> class Formatter>
> -void
> +constexpr26 void
>  test_override()
>  {
>    MyVector<CharT, Formatter> vc{'a', 'b', 'c', 'd'};
> @@ -115,7 +121,8 @@ test_override()
>  }
>
>  template<template<typename, typename> class Formatter>
> -void test_outputs()
> +constexpr26 void
> +test_outputs()
>  {
>    test_default<char, Formatter>();
>    test_default<wchar_t, Formatter>();
> @@ -123,7 +130,7 @@ void test_outputs()
>    test_override<wchar_t, Formatter>();
>  }
>
> -void
> +constexpr26 void
>  test_nested()
>  {
>    MyVector<MyVector<int>> v
> @@ -152,7 +159,8 @@ struct std::formatter<MyFlatMap, CharT>
>    : std::range_formatter<MyFlatMap::reference>
>  {};
>
> -void test_const_ref_type_mismatch()
> +constexpr26 void
> +test_const_ref_type_mismatch()
>  {
>    MyFlatMap m{{1, 11}, {2, 22}};
>    std::string res = std::format("{:m}", m);
> @@ -163,13 +171,15 @@ template<typename T, typename CharT>
>  using VectorFormatter = std::formatter<std::vector<T>, CharT>;
>
>  template<template<typename> typename Range>
> -void test_nonblocking()
> +constexpr26 void
> +test_nonblocking()
>  {
>    static_assert(!std::enable_nonlocking_formatter_optimization<
>                   Range<int>>);
>  }
>
> -int main()
> +constexpr26 bool
> +test_all()
>  {
>    test_outputs<std::range_formatter>();
>    test_outputs<VectorFormatter>();
> @@ -179,4 +189,15 @@ int main()
>    test_nonblocking<std::span>();
>    test_nonblocking<std::vector>();
>    test_nonblocking<MyVector>();
> +
> +  return true;
> +}
> +
> +#if __cplusplus >= 202400L
> +static_assert(test_all());
> +#endif
> +
> +int main()
> +{
> +  test_all();
>  }
> diff --git a/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/format/ranges/sequence.cc
> b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/format/ranges/sequence.cc
> index 7fb65f9c551..a3fd3df5099 100644
> --- a/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/format/ranges/sequence.cc
> +++ b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/format/ranges/sequence.cc
> @@ -1,7 +1,13 @@
>  // { dg-do run { target c++23 } }
> -// { dg-options "-fexec-charset=UTF-8" }
> +// { dg-options "-fexec-charset=UTF-8 -fconstexpr-ops-limit=5000000000" }
>  // { dg-timeout-factor 2 }
>
> +#if __cplusplus >= 202400L
> +# define constexpr26 constexpr
> +#else
> +# define constexpr26
> +#endif
> +
>  #include <array>
>  #include <format>
>  #include <list>
> @@ -19,7 +25,7 @@
> static_assert(!std::formattable<std::vector<NotFormattable>, char>);
>  static_assert(!std::formattable<std::span<NotFormattable>, wchar_t>);
>
>  template<typename... Args>
> -bool
> +constexpr26 bool
>  is_format_string_for(const char* str, Args&&... args)
>  {
>    try {
> @@ -31,7 +37,7 @@ is_format_string_for(const char* str, Args&&... args)
>  }
>
>  template<typename... Args>
> -bool
> +constexpr26 bool
>  is_format_string_for(const wchar_t* str, Args&&... args)
>  {
>    try {
> @@ -43,7 +49,8 @@ is_format_string_for(const wchar_t* str, Args&&... args)
>  }
>
>  template<typename Rg, typename CharT>
> -bool is_range_formatter_spec_for(CharT const* spec, Rg&& rg)
> +constexpr26 bool
> +is_range_formatter_spec_for(CharT const* spec, Rg&& rg)
>  {
>    using V = std::remove_cvref_t<std::ranges::range_reference_t<Rg>>;
>    std::range_formatter<V, CharT> fmt;
> @@ -56,7 +63,7 @@ bool is_range_formatter_spec_for(CharT const* spec, Rg&&
> rg)
>    }
>  }
>
> -void
> +constexpr26 void
>  test_format_string()
>  {
>    // invalid format spec 'p'
> @@ -79,7 +86,8 @@ test_format_string()
>  #define WIDEN(S) WIDEN_(CharT, S)
>
>  template<typename CharT, typename Range, typename Storage>
> -void test_output()
> +constexpr26 void
> +test_output()
>  {
>    using Sv = std::basic_string_view<CharT>;
>    using T = std::ranges::range_value_t<Range>;
> @@ -153,25 +161,30 @@ void test_output()
>  }
>
>  template<typename Cont>
> -void test_output_cont()
> +constexpr26 void
> +test_output_cont()
>  {
>    test_output<char, Cont&, Cont>();
>    test_output<wchar_t, Cont const&, Cont>();
>  }
>
>  template<typename View>
> -void test_output_view()
> +constexpr26 void
> +test_output_view()
>  {
>    test_output<char, View, int[3]>();
>    test_output<wchar_t, View, int[3]>();
>  }
>
> -void
> +constexpr26 void
>  test_outputs()
>  {
>    using namespace __gnu_test;
>    test_output_cont<std::vector<int>>();
> -  test_output_cont<std::list<int>>();
> +
> +  if (!std::is_constant_evaluated())
> +    test_output_cont<std::list<int>>();
> +
>    test_output_cont<std::array<int, 3>>();
>
>    test_output_view<std::span<int>>();
> @@ -185,7 +198,7 @@ test_outputs()
>    test_output_view<test_forward_range<const int>>();
>  }
>
> -void
> +constexpr26 void
>  test_nested()
>  {
>    std::vector<std::vector<int>> v
> @@ -201,7 +214,8 @@ test_nested()
>    VERIFY( res == "+[01, 02, 11, 12]+" );
>  }
>
> -bool strip_quote(std::string_view& v)
> +constexpr26 bool
> +strip_quote(std::string_view& v)
>  {
>    if (!v.starts_with('"'))
>      return false;
> @@ -209,7 +223,8 @@ bool strip_quote(std::string_view& v)
>    return true;
>  }
>
> -bool strip_prefix(std::string_view& v, std::string_view expected, bool
> quoted = false)
> +constexpr26 bool
> +strip_prefix(std::string_view& v, std::string_view expected, bool quoted
> = false)
>  {
>    if (quoted && !strip_quote(v))
>      return false;
> @@ -221,7 +236,8 @@ bool strip_prefix(std::string_view& v,
> std::string_view expected, bool quoted =
>    return true;
>  }
>
> -bool strip_squares(std::string_view& v)
> +constexpr26 bool
> +strip_squares(std::string_view& v)
>  {
>    if (!v.starts_with('[') || !v.ends_with(']'))
>      return false;
> @@ -230,7 +246,8 @@ bool strip_squares(std::string_view& v)
>    return true;
>  }
>
> -bool strip_prefix(std::string_view& v, size_t n, char c)
> +constexpr26 bool
> +strip_prefix(std::string_view& v, size_t n, char c)
>  {
>    size_t pos = v.find_first_not_of(c);
>    if (pos == std::string_view::npos)
> @@ -241,7 +258,8 @@ bool strip_prefix(std::string_view& v, size_t n, char
> c)
>    return true;
>  }
>
> -void test_padding()
> +constexpr26 void
> +test_padding()
>  {
>    std::string res;
>    std::string_view resv;
> @@ -323,10 +341,22 @@ void test_padding()
>    VERIFY( check_elems(resv, false) );
>  }
>
> -int main()
> +constexpr26 bool
> +test_all()
>  {
>    test_format_string();
>    test_outputs();
>    test_nested();
>    test_padding();
> +
> +  return true;
> +}
> +
> +#if __cplusplus >= 202400L
> +static_assert(test_all());
> +#endif
> +
> +int main()
> +{
> +  test_all();
>  }
> diff --git a/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/format/runtime_format.cc
> b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/format/runtime_format.cc
> index f2bfa5b434d..cb1c7a09bc8 100644
> --- a/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/format/runtime_format.cc
> +++ b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/format/runtime_format.cc
> @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
>  #include <format>
>  #include <testsuite_hooks.h>
>
> -void
> +constexpr void
>  test_char()
>  {
>    std::string fmt = "{}";
> @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ test_char()
>    VERIFY( s == "123" );
>  }
>
> -void
> +constexpr void
>  test_wchar()
>  {
>    std::wstring fmt = L"{:#o}";
> @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ test_wchar()
>    VERIFY( s == L"0710" );
>  }
>
> -void
> +constexpr void
>  test_internal_api()
>  {
>    // Using _Runtime_format_string directly works even in C++20 mode.
> @@ -40,9 +40,18 @@ static_assert(
> !std::is_constructible_v<std::format_string<>,
>  static_assert( !std::is_constructible_v<std::wformat_string<>,
>
> decltype(std::runtime_format(L""))&&> );
>
> -int main()
> +constexpr bool
> +test_all()
>  {
>    test_char();
>    test_wchar();
>    test_internal_api();
> +  return true;
> +}
> +
> +static_assert(test_all());
> +
> +int main()
> +{
> +  test_all();
>  }
> diff --git a/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/format/string.cc
> b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/format/string.cc
> index ee987a15ec3..684e54ad080 100644
> --- a/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/format/string.cc
> +++ b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/format/string.cc
> @@ -1,10 +1,17 @@
>  // { dg-do run { target c++20 } }
> +// { dg-options "-fconstexpr-ops-limit=100000000" }
> +
> +#if __cplusplus >= 202400L
> +# define constexpr26 constexpr
> +#else
> +# define constexpr26
> +#endif
>
>  #include <format>
>  #include <testsuite_hooks.h>
>
>  template<typename... Args>
> -bool
> +constexpr26 bool
>  is_format_string_for(const char* str, Args&&... args)
>  {
>    try {
> @@ -16,7 +23,7 @@ is_format_string_for(const char* str, Args&&... args)
>  }
>
>  template<typename... Args>
> -bool
> +constexpr26 bool
>  is_format_string_for(const wchar_t* str, Args&&... args)
>  {
>    try {
> @@ -27,7 +34,7 @@ is_format_string_for(const wchar_t* str, Args&&... args)
>    }
>  }
>
> -void
> +constexpr26 void
>  test_no_args()
>  {
>    VERIFY( is_format_string_for("") );
> @@ -42,7 +49,7 @@ test_no_args()
>    VERIFY( ! is_format_string_for("{{{{{") );
>  }
>
> -void
> +constexpr26 void
>  test_indexing()
>  {
>    VERIFY( is_format_string_for("{} to {}", "a", "b") );   // automatic
> indexing
> @@ -68,7 +75,7 @@ constexpr bool escaped_strings_supported = true;
>  constexpr bool escaped_strings_supported = false;
>  #endif
>
> -void
> +constexpr26 void
>  test_format_spec()
>  {
>    VERIFY( is_format_string_for("{:}", 1) );
> @@ -78,9 +85,14 @@ test_format_spec()
>    VERIFY( is_format_string_for("{0:} {0:c}", 'c') );
>    VERIFY( is_format_string_for("{0:p} {0:}", nullptr) );
>    VERIFY( is_format_string_for("{:d} {:+d}", true, true) );
> -  VERIFY( is_format_string_for("{:0<-#03Ld}", 1) );
> -  VERIFY( is_format_string_for("{1:0<-#03.4Lf}", 1, 2.3) );
> -  VERIFY( is_format_string_for("{1:3.3f}", 1, 2.3) );
> +
> +  if (!std::is_constant_evaluated())
> +    {
> +      VERIFY( is_format_string_for("{:0<-#03Ld}", 1) );
> +      VERIFY( is_format_string_for("{1:0<-#03.4Lf}", 1, 2.3) );
> +      VERIFY( is_format_string_for("{1:3.3f}", 1, 2.3) );
> +    }
> +
>    VERIFY( is_format_string_for("{:#d}", 'c') );
>    VERIFY( is_format_string_for("{:#d}", true) );
>    VERIFY( is_format_string_for("{0:s} {0:?}", "str") ==
> escaped_strings_supported );
> @@ -130,13 +142,16 @@ test_format_spec()
>    VERIFY( ! is_format_string_for("{:3.3p}", nullptr) );
>
>    // Dynamic precision arg must be a standard integer type.
> -  VERIFY( ! is_format_string_for("{:.{}f}", 1.0, 1.5) );
> -  VERIFY( ! is_format_string_for("{:.{}f}", 1.0, true) );
> -  VERIFY( ! is_format_string_for("{:.{}f}", 1.0, "str") );
> -  VERIFY( ! is_format_string_for("{:.{}f}", 1.0, nullptr) );
> +  if (!std::is_constant_evaluated())
> +    {
> +      VERIFY( ! is_format_string_for("{:.{}f}", 1.0, 1.5) );
> +      VERIFY( ! is_format_string_for("{:.{}f}", 1.0, true) );
> +      VERIFY( ! is_format_string_for("{:.{}f}", 1.0, "str") );
> +      VERIFY( ! is_format_string_for("{:.{}f}", 1.0, nullptr) );
>  #ifdef __SIZEOF_INT128__
> -  VERIFY( ! is_format_string_for("{:{}f}", 1.0, static_cast<unsigned
> __int128>(1)) );
> +      VERIFY( ! is_format_string_for("{:{}f}", 1.0, static_cast<unsigned
> __int128>(1)) );
>  #endif
> +    }
>
>    // Invalid presentation types for integers.
>    VERIFY( ! is_format_string_for("{:f}", 1) );
> @@ -164,7 +179,7 @@ test_format_spec()
>    VERIFY( ! is_format_string_for(L"{:9999999}", 1) );
>  }
>
> -void
> +constexpr26 void
>  test_pr110862()
>  {
>    try {
> @@ -178,7 +193,7 @@ test_pr110862()
>    }
>  }
>
> -void
> +constexpr26 void
>  test_pr110974()
>  {
>    try {
> @@ -197,11 +212,23 @@ test_pr110974()
>    }
>  }
>
> -int main()
> +constexpr26 bool
> +test_all()
>  {
>    test_no_args();
>    test_indexing();
>    test_format_spec();
>    test_pr110862();
>    test_pr110974();
> +
> +  return true;
> +}
> +
> +#if __cplusplus >= 202400L
> +static_assert(test_all());
> +#endif
> +
> +int main()
> +{
> +  test_all();
>  }
> diff --git a/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/format/tuple.cc
> b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/format/tuple.cc
> index eace82730f0..1bb1635d62b 100644
> --- a/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/format/tuple.cc
> +++ b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/format/tuple.cc
> @@ -2,6 +2,12 @@
>  // { dg-options "-fexec-charset=UTF-8" }
>  // { dg-timeout-factor 2 }
>
> +#if __cplusplus >= 202400L
> +# define constexpr26 constexpr
> +#else
> +# define constexpr26
> +#endif
> +
>  #include <format>
>  #include <string>
>  #include <testsuite_hooks.h>
> @@ -15,7 +21,7 @@ static_assert( !std::formattable<std::pair<int,
> NotFormattable>, char> );
>  static_assert( !std::formattable<std::tuple<int, NotFormattable, int>,
> wchar_t> );
>
>  template<typename... Args>
> -bool
> +constexpr26 bool
>  is_format_string_for(const char* str, Args&&... args)
>  {
>    try {
> @@ -27,7 +33,7 @@ is_format_string_for(const char* str, Args&&... args)
>  }
>
>  template<typename... Args>
> -bool
> +constexpr26 bool
>  is_format_string_for(const wchar_t* str, Args&&... args)
>  {
>    try {
> @@ -41,7 +47,7 @@ is_format_string_for(const wchar_t* str, Args&&... args)
>  #define WIDEN_(C, S) ::std::__format::_Widen<C>(S, L##S)
>  #define WIDEN(S) WIDEN_(CharT, S)
>
> -void
> +constexpr26 void
>  test_format_string()
>  {
>    // invalid format stringss
> @@ -123,7 +129,8 @@ void test_multi()
>  }
>
>  template<typename CharT, typename Tuple>
> -void test_empty()
> +constexpr26 void
> +test_empty()
>  {
>    std::basic_string<CharT> res;
>
> @@ -142,7 +149,8 @@ void test_empty()
>  }
>
>  template<typename CharT, typename Pair>
> -void test_pair()
> +constexpr26 void
> +test_pair()
>  {
>    using Ft = std::remove_cvref_t<std::tuple_element_t<0, Pair>>;
>    using St = std::remove_cvref_t<std::tuple_element_t<1, Pair>>;
> @@ -167,7 +175,8 @@ void test_pair()
>  }
>
>  template<typename CharT, template<typename, typename> class PairT>
> -void test_pair_e()
> +constexpr26 void
> +test_pair_e()
>  {
>    test_pair<CharT, PairT<int, std::basic_string<CharT>>>();
>    test_pair<CharT, PairT<int, const CharT*>>();
> @@ -196,7 +205,7 @@ struct std::formatter<MyPair<Pair>, CharT>
>    { return _formatter.parse(pc);  }
>
>    template<typename Out>
> -  typename std::basic_format_context<Out, CharT>::iterator
> +  constexpr26 typename std::basic_format_context<Out, CharT>::iterator
>    format(const MyPair<Pair>& mp,
>          std::basic_format_context<Out, CharT>& fc) const
>    { return _formatter.format(mp, fc); }
> @@ -206,7 +215,8 @@ private:
>  };
>
>  template<typename CharT, template<typename, typename> class PairT>
> -void test_custom()
> +constexpr26 void
> +test_custom()
>  {
>    std::basic_string<CharT> res;
>    MyPair<PairT<int, const CharT*>> c1(1, WIDEN("abc"));
> @@ -228,9 +238,12 @@ void test_custom()
>  }
>
>  template<typename CharT>
> -void test_outputs()
> +constexpr26 void
> +test_outputs()
>  {
> -  test_multi<CharT>();
> +  if (!std::is_constant_evaluated())
> +    test_multi<CharT>();
> +
>    test_empty<CharT, std::tuple<>>();
>    test_pair_e<CharT, std::pair>();
>    test_pair_e<CharT, std::tuple>();
> @@ -238,7 +251,8 @@ void test_outputs()
>    test_custom<CharT, std::tuple>();
>  }
>
> -void test_nested()
> +constexpr26 void
> +test_nested()
>  {
>    std::string res;
>    std::tuple<std::tuple<>, std::pair<int, std::string>> tt{{}, {1,
> "abc"}};
> @@ -251,7 +265,8 @@ void test_nested()
>    VERIFY( res == R"((): (1, "abc"))" );
>  }
>
> -bool strip_quote(std::string_view& v)
> +constexpr26 bool
> +strip_quote(std::string_view& v)
>  {
>    if (!v.starts_with('"'))
>      return false;
> @@ -259,7 +274,8 @@ bool strip_quote(std::string_view& v)
>    return true;
>  }
>
> -bool strip_prefix(std::string_view& v, std::string_view expected, bool
> quoted = false)
> +constexpr26 bool
> +strip_prefix(std::string_view& v, std::string_view expected, bool quoted
> = false)
>  {
>    if (quoted && !strip_quote(v))
>      return false;
> @@ -271,7 +287,8 @@ bool strip_prefix(std::string_view& v,
> std::string_view expected, bool quoted =
>    return true;
>  }
>
> -bool strip_parens(std::string_view& v)
> +constexpr26 bool
> +strip_parens(std::string_view& v)
>  {
>    if (!v.starts_with('(') || !v.ends_with(')'))
>      return false;
> @@ -280,7 +297,8 @@ bool strip_parens(std::string_view& v)
>    return true;
>  }
>
> -bool strip_prefix(std::string_view& v, size_t n, char c)
> +constexpr26 bool
> +strip_prefix(std::string_view& v, size_t n, char c)
>  {
>    size_t pos = v.find_first_not_of(c);
>    if (pos == std::string_view::npos)
> @@ -291,7 +309,8 @@ bool strip_prefix(std::string_view& v, size_t n, char
> c)
>    return true;
>  }
>
> -void test_padding()
> +constexpr26 void
> +test_padding()
>  {
>    std::string res;
>    std::string_view resv;
> @@ -351,13 +370,14 @@ struct std::formatter<Custom, CharT>
>    { return pc.begin();  }
>
>    template<typename Out>
> -  typename std::basic_format_context<Out, CharT>::iterator
> +  constexpr26 typename std::basic_format_context<Out, CharT>::iterator
>    format(Custom, const std::basic_format_context<Out, CharT>& fc) const
>    { return fc.out(); }
>  };
>
>  template<template<typename...> typename Tuple>
> -void test_nonblocking()
> +constexpr26 void
> +test_nonblocking()
>  {
>    static_assert(std::enable_nonlocking_formatter_optimization<
>                   Tuple<int, float>>);
> @@ -374,7 +394,8 @@ void test_nonblocking()
>                   Tuple<Custom&, float&>>);
>  }
>
> -int main()
> +constexpr26 bool
> +test_all()
>  {
>    test_format_string();
>    test_outputs<char>();
> @@ -384,4 +405,15 @@ int main()
>
>    test_nonblocking<std::pair>();
>    test_nonblocking<std::tuple>();
> +
> +  return true;
> +}
> +
> +#if __cplusplus >= 202400L
> +static_assert(test_all());
> +#endif
> +
> +int main()
> +{
> +  test_all();
>  }
> diff --git
> a/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/time/format/data_not_present_neg.cc
> b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/time/format/data_not_present_neg.cc
> index cb8f916f216..86f3b618599 100644
> --- a/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/time/format/data_not_present_neg.cc
> +++ b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/std/time/format/data_not_present_neg.cc
> @@ -161,4 +161,5 @@ auto si7 = std::format("{:%Q}", sys_info()); // {
> dg-error "call to consteval fu
>  auto si8 = std::format("{:%Z}", sys_info()); // { dg-error "call to
> consteval function" "" { target cxx11_abi } }
>  #endif
>
> -// { dg-error "call to non-'constexpr' function" "" { target *-*-* } 0 }
> +// { dg-error "call to non-'constexpr' function" "" { target c++23_down }
> 0 }
> +// { dg-error "'std::terminate' called after throwing an exception" "" {
> target { ! c++23_down } } 0 }
> --
> 2.43.0
>
>
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