[PATCH v4 1/2] libstdc++: Implement std::layout_left_padded [PR110352].

Tomasz Kaminski tkaminsk@redhat.com
Tue Sep 30 08:13:31 GMT 2025


On Mon, Sep 29, 2025 at 8:07 AM Luc Grosheintz <luc.grosheintz@gmail.com>
wrote:

> This commit adds a new layout layout_left_padded as standardized in
> N5014. It adds a purely internal feature testing macro padded_layouts
> and registers layout_left_padded in the std module.
>
> This commit implements LWG4372, because without it's not possible
> to properly test padded layouts with a dynamic padding value. It also
> implements LWG4314, for consistency with prior layouts.
>
> The implementation uses a _PaddedStorage to deduplicate most of the code
> shared between left- and right-padded layouts. It's implemented through
> aggregation rather than inheritence, because of a bug related to
> inheriting conditionally explicit ctors.
>
> The tests are written such that the canonical version works for
> layout_left_padded. A version for layout_right_padded is derived
> essentially by reversing the order of the extents.
>
>         PR libstdc++/110352
>
> libstdc++-v3/ChangeLog:
>
>         * include/bits/version.def (padded_layouts): Add new internal
>         feature testing macro.
>         * include/bits/version.h: Regenerate.
>         * include/std/mdspan (__fwd_prod): New overload.
>         (layout_left_padded): Add declaration and implementation.
>         (layout_right_padded): Add declaration only.
>         (layout_left::mapping::mapping): New overload for left
>         padded mappings.
>         (__index_type_cast): New function that performs a checked cast
>         to index_type.
>         (__is_left_padded_mapping): New concept.
>         (__is_right_padded_mapping): Ditto.
>         (__standardized_mapping): Recognize left and right padded
>         mappings.
>         (_LeftPaddedIndices): Traits for left padded details.
>         (_PaddedStorage): New class for implementing padded layouts.
>         * src/c++23/std.cc.in (layout_left_padded): Add.
>         * testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/class_mandate_neg.cc:
>         Refactor and add tests for layout_left_padded.
>         * testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/ctors.cc: Ditto.
>         * testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/empty.cc: Ditto.
>         * testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/mapping.cc: Ditto.
>         * testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/padded.cc: Ditto.
>         * testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/padded_neg.cc: Ditto.
>         * testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/padded_traits.h: New
>         traits.
>
> Signed-off-by: Luc Grosheintz <luc.grosheintz@gmail.com>
> ---
>
This LGTM, with few small fixes. I will post v5 with them adjusted soon.


>  libstdc++-v3/include/bits/version.def         |  10 +
>  libstdc++-v3/include/bits/version.h           |   9 +
>  libstdc++-v3/include/std/mdspan               | 655 ++++++++++++++++-
>  libstdc++-v3/src/c++23/std.cc.in              |   8 +-
>  .../mdspan/layouts/class_mandate_neg.cc       |   1 +
>  .../23_containers/mdspan/layouts/ctors.cc     |  59 +-
>  .../23_containers/mdspan/layouts/empty.cc     |  20 +-
>  .../23_containers/mdspan/layouts/mapping.cc   | 107 ++-
>  .../23_containers/mdspan/layouts/padded.cc    | 673 ++++++++++++++++++
>  .../mdspan/layouts/padded_neg.cc              | 324 +++++++++
>  .../mdspan/layouts/padded_traits.h            |  73 ++
>  11 files changed, 1922 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)
>  create mode 100644
> libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/padded.cc
>  create mode 100644
> libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/padded_neg.cc
>  create mode 100644
> libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/padded_traits.h
>
> diff --git a/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/version.def
> b/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/version.def
> index 3a26234f87e..9fe3ad2feda 100644
> --- a/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/version.def
> +++ b/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/version.def
> @@ -1062,6 +1062,16 @@ ftms = {
>      cxxmin = 26;
>      extra_cond = "__glibcxx_assume_aligned "
>      "&& __glibcxx_is_sufficiently_aligned";
> +    };
> +};
> +
> +// Purely internal macro padded layouts.
> +ftms = {
> +  name = padded_layouts;
> +  no_stdname = true; // internal
> +  values = {
> +    v = 1;
> +    cxxmin = 26;
>    };
>  };
>
> diff --git a/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/version.h
> b/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/version.h
> index 46e4c1121e7..d9bf5c8145a 100644
> --- a/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/version.h
> +++ b/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/version.h
> @@ -1193,6 +1193,15 @@
>  #endif /* !defined(__cpp_lib_aligned_accessor) &&
> defined(__glibcxx_want_aligned_accessor) */
>  #undef __glibcxx_want_aligned_accessor
>
> +#if !defined(__cpp_lib_padded_layouts)
> +# if (__cplusplus >  202302L)
> +#  define __glibcxx_padded_layouts 1L
> +#  if defined(__glibcxx_want_all) ||
> defined(__glibcxx_want_padded_layouts)
> +#  endif
> +# endif
> +#endif /* !defined(__cpp_lib_padded_layouts) &&
> defined(__glibcxx_want_padded_layouts) */
> +#undef __glibcxx_want_padded_layouts
> +
>  #if !defined(__cpp_lib_ssize)
>  # if (__cplusplus >= 202002L)
>  #  define __glibcxx_ssize 201902L
> diff --git a/libstdc++-v3/include/std/mdspan
> b/libstdc++-v3/include/std/mdspan
> index d9b5152b693..6bd75ffde0b 100644
> --- a/libstdc++-v3/include/std/mdspan
> +++ b/libstdc++-v3/include/std/mdspan
> @@ -71,6 +71,27 @@ _GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_VERSION
>        return true;
>      }
>
> +    template<typename _IndexType, typename _OIndexType>
> +      constexpr _IndexType
> +      __index_type_cast(_OIndexType&& __other)
> +      {
> +       if constexpr (std::is_integral_v<_OIndexType>)
> +         {
> +           __glibcxx_assert(cmp_less_equal(__other,
> +               __gnu_cxx::__int_traits<_IndexType>::__max));
> +           if constexpr (std::is_signed_v<_OIndexType>)
> +             __glibcxx_assert(__other >= 0);
> +           return std::move(__other);
> +         }
> +       else
> +         {
> +           auto __ret = static_cast<_IndexType>(std::move(__other));
> +           if constexpr (std::is_signed_v<_IndexType>)
> +             __glibcxx_assert(__ret >= 0);
> +           return __ret;
> +         }
> +      }
> +
>      template<array _Extents>
>        class _StaticExtents
>        {
> @@ -261,6 +282,14 @@ _GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_VERSION
>        __static_extents() noexcept
>        { return _Extents::_Storage::_S_static_extents(); }
>
> +    template<typename _Extents>
> +      constexpr span<const size_t>
> +      __static_extents(size_t __begin, size_t __end) noexcept
> +      {
> +       const auto& __sta_exts = __static_extents<_Extents>();
> +       return span<const size_t>(__sta_exts.data() + __begin, __end -
> __begin);
> +      }
> +
>      // Pre-compute: \prod_{i = 0}^r _Extents[i], for r = 0,..., n
> (exclusive)
>      template<array _Extents>
>        constexpr auto __fwd_partial_prods = [] consteval
> @@ -476,6 +505,21 @@ _GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_VERSION
>        }
>
>      // Preconditions: _r < _Extents::rank()
> +    template<typename _Extents>
> +      constexpr typename _Extents::index_type
> +      __fwd_prod(const _Extents& __exts, size_t __begin, size_t __end)
> noexcept
> +      {
> +       size_t __sta_prod = [__begin, __end] {
> +         span<const size_t> __sta_exts =
> __static_extents<_Extents>(__begin, __end);
> +         size_t __ret = 1;
> +         for(auto __ext : __sta_exts)
> +           if (__ext != dynamic_extent)
> +             __ret *= __ext;
> +         return __ret;
> +       }();
> +       return __extents_prod(__exts, __sta_prod, __begin, __end);
> +      }
> +
>      template<typename _Extents>
>        constexpr typename _Extents::index_type
>        __fwd_prod(const _Extents& __exts, size_t __r) noexcept
> @@ -567,6 +611,22 @@ _GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_VERSION
>        class mapping;
>    };
>
> +#ifdef __glibcxx_padded_layouts
> +  template<size_t _PaddingValue>
> +    struct layout_left_padded
> +    {
> +      template<typename _Extents>
> +       class mapping;
> +    };
> +
> +  template<size_t _PaddingValue>
> +    struct layout_right_padded
> +    {
> +      template<typename _Extents>
> +       class mapping;
> +    };
> +#endif
> +
>    namespace __mdspan
>    {
>      template<typename _Tp>
> @@ -669,10 +729,34 @@ _GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_VERSION
>         is_same_v<typename _Layout::template mapping<typename
> _Mapping::extents_type>,
>                   _Mapping>;
>
> +    template<template<size_t> typename _Layout, typename _Mapping>
> +      concept __padded_mapping_of = __mapping_of<
> +       _Layout<_Mapping::padding_value>, _Mapping>;
> +
> +#ifdef __glibcxx_padded_layouts
> +    template<typename _Mapping>
> +      constexpr bool __is_left_padded_mapping = __padded_mapping_of<
> +       layout_left_padded, _Mapping>;
> +
> +    template<typename _Mapping>
> +      constexpr bool __is_right_padded_mapping = __padded_mapping_of<
> +       layout_right_padded, _Mapping>;
> +#endif
> +
> +    template<typename _PaddedMapping>
> +      consteval size_t
> +      __get_static_stride()
> +      { return _PaddedMapping::_PaddedStorage::_S_static_stride; }
> +
>      template<typename _Mapping>
>        concept __standardized_mapping = __mapping_of<layout_left, _Mapping>
>                                        || __mapping_of<layout_right,
> _Mapping>
> -                                      || __mapping_of<layout_stride,
> _Mapping>;
> +                                      || __mapping_of<layout_stride,
> _Mapping>
> +#ifdef __glibcxx_padded_layouts
> +                                      ||
> __is_left_padded_mapping<_Mapping>
> +                                      ||
> __is_right_padded_mapping<_Mapping>
> +#endif
> +                                      ;
>
>      // A tag type to create internal ctors.
>      class __internal_ctor
> @@ -726,6 +810,32 @@ _GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_VERSION
>         : mapping(__other.extents(), __mdspan::__internal_ctor{})
>         { __glibcxx_assert(*this == __other); }
>
> +#if __glibcxx_padded_layouts
> +      template<class _LeftpadMapping>
> +       requires __mdspan::__is_left_padded_mapping<_LeftpadMapping>
> +                && is_constructible_v<extents_type,
> +                                      typename
> _LeftpadMapping::extents_type>
> +       constexpr
> +       explicit(!is_convertible_v<typename _LeftpadMapping::extents_type,
> +                                  extents_type>)
> +       mapping(const _LeftpadMapping& __other) noexcept
> +       : mapping(__other.extents(), __mdspan::__internal_ctor{})
> +       {
> +         constexpr size_t __ostride_sta = __mdspan::__get_static_stride<
> +           _LeftpadMapping>();
> +
> +         if constexpr (extents_type::rank() > 1)
> +           {
> +             if constexpr (extents_type::static_extent(0) !=
> dynamic_extent
> +                           && __ostride_sta != dynamic_extent)
> +               static_assert(extents_type::static_extent(0) ==
> __ostride_sta);
> +             else
> +               __glibcxx_assert(__other.stride(1)
> +                   == __other.extents().extent(0));
> +           }
> +       }
> +#endif
> +
>        constexpr mapping&
>        operator=(const mapping&) noexcept = default;
>
> @@ -1173,6 +1283,547 @@ _GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_VERSION
>        [[no_unique_address]] _Strides _M_strides;
>      };
>
> +#ifdef __glibcxx_padded_layouts
> +  namespace __mdspan
> +  {
> +    constexpr size_t
> +    __least_multiple(size_t __x, size_t __y)
> +    {
> +      if (__x <= 1)
> +       return __y;
> +      return (__y / __x + (__y % __x != 0)) * __x ;
> +    }
> +
> +    template<typename _IndexType>
> +    constexpr bool
> +    __is_representable_least_multiple(size_t __x, size_t __y)
> +    {
> +      constexpr auto __y_max = __gnu_cxx::__int_traits<_IndexType>::__max;
> +      if(std::cmp_greater(__y, __y_max))
> +       return false;
> +
> +      if(__x <= 1)
> +       return true;
> +
> +      auto __max_delta = __y_max - static_cast<_IndexType>(__y);
> +      auto __y_mod_x = __y % __x;
> +      auto __delta = (__y_mod_x == 0) ? size_t(0) : (__x - __y_mod_x);
> +      return std::cmp_less_equal(__delta, __max_delta);
> +    }
> +
> +    template<typename _Extents, size_t _PaddingValue, typename
> _LayoutTraits,
> +            size_t _Rank = _Extents::rank()>
> +      concept __valid_static_stride = (_Extents::rank() <= 1)
> +       || (_PaddingValue == dynamic_extent)
> +       || (_Extents::static_extent(_LayoutTraits::_S_ext_idx) ==
> dynamic_extent)
> +       || (__is_representable_least_multiple<size_t>(
> +           _PaddingValue,
> _Extents::static_extent(_LayoutTraits::_S_ext_idx)));
> +
> +    template<size_t _PaddedStride, typename _Extents,
> +            typename _LayoutTraits>
> +      consteval bool
> +      __is_representable_padded_size()
> +      {
> +       using _IndexType = typename _Extents::index_type;
> +       auto __sta_exts = __static_extents<_Extents>(
> +         _LayoutTraits::_S_unpad_begin, _LayoutTraits::_S_unpad_end);
> +       size_t __max = __gnu_cxx::__int_traits<_IndexType>::__max;
> +       return __static_quotient(__sta_exts, __max / _PaddedStride) != 0;
> +      }
> +
> +    template<typename _Extents, size_t _PaddedStride, typename
> _LayoutTraits,
> +            size_t _Rank = _Extents::rank()>
> +      concept __valid_padded_size = (_Rank <= 1)
> +       || (_PaddedStride == dynamic_extent)
> +       || (!__all_static(__static_extents<_Extents>()))
> +       || (__contains_zero(__static_extents<_Extents>()))
> +       || (__is_representable_padded_size<_PaddedStride, _Extents,
> +                                          _LayoutTraits>());
> +
> +    template<typename _Extents, typename _Stride, typename... _Indices>
> +      constexpr typename _Extents::index_type
> +      __linear_index_leftpad(const _Extents& __exts, _Stride __stride,
> +                            _Indices... __indices)
> +      {
> +       // i0 + stride*(i1 + extents.extent(1)*...)
> +       using _IndexType = typename _Extents::index_type;
> +       _IndexType __res = 0;
> +       if constexpr (sizeof...(__indices) > 0)
> +         {
> +           _IndexType __mult = 1;
> +
> +           auto __update_rest = [&, __pos = 1u](_IndexType __idx) mutable
> +             {
> +               __res += __idx * __mult;
> +               __mult *= __exts.extent(__pos);
> +               ++__pos;
> +             };
> +
> +           auto __update = [&](_IndexType __idx, auto... __rest)
> +             {
> +               __res += __idx;
> +               __mult = __stride.extent(0);
> +               (__update_rest(__rest), ...);
> +             };
> +           __update(__indices...);
> +         }
> +       return __res;
> +      }
> +
> +    template<size_t _Rank>
> +      struct _LeftPaddedLayoutTraits
> +      {
> +       using _LayoutSame = layout_left;
> +       using _LayoutOther = layout_right;
> +
> +       constexpr static const size_t _S_ext_idx = 0;
> +       constexpr static const size_t _S_stride_idx = 1;
> +       constexpr static const size_t _S_unpad_begin = 1;
> +       constexpr static const size_t _S_unpad_end = _Rank;
> +
> +       template<typename _IndexType, size_t _StaticStride,
> size_t..._Extents>
> +         constexpr static auto _S_make_padded_extent(
> +           extents<_IndexType, _StaticStride> __stride,
> +           const extents<_IndexType, _Extents...>& __exts)
> +         {
> +           auto __impl = [&]<size_t... _Is>(integer_sequence<size_t,
> _Is...>)
> +           {
> +             return extents<_IndexType, _StaticStride,
> +                            (_Extents...[_Is + 1])...>{
> +               __stride.extent(0), __exts.extent(_Is + 1)...};
> +           };
> +           return __impl(make_index_sequence<sizeof...(_Extents) - 1>());
> +         }
> +      };
> +
> +    template<size_t _PaddingValue, typename _Extents, typename
> _LayoutTraits>
> +      class _PaddedStorage
> +      {
> +       using _LayoutSame = typename _LayoutTraits::_LayoutSame;
> +
> +      public:
> +       using _IndexType = typename _Extents::index_type;
> +       constexpr static size_t _S_rank = _Extents::rank();
> +
> +       // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
> +       // 4372. Weaken Mandates: for dynamic padding values in padded
> layouts
> +       static_assert((_PaddingValue == dynamic_extent)
> +           || (cmp_less_equal(_PaddingValue,
> +
> __gnu_cxx::__int_traits<_IndexType>::__max)),
> +         "padding_value must be representable as index_type");
> +
> +       static_assert(__representable_size<_Extents, _IndexType>,
> +         "The size of extents_type must be representable as index_type");
> +
> +       static_assert(__valid_static_stride<_Extents, _PaddingValue,
> +                                           _LayoutTraits>,
> +         "The padded stride must be representable as size_t");
> +
> +       static constexpr size_t _S_static_stride = [] consteval
> +       {
> +         constexpr size_t __rank = _Extents::rank();
> +         if constexpr (__rank <= 1)
> +           return 0;
> +         else
> +           {
> +             constexpr size_t __ext_idx = _LayoutTraits::_S_ext_idx;
> +             constexpr size_t __sta_ext =
> _Extents::static_extent(__ext_idx);
> +             if constexpr (__sta_ext == 0)
> +               return size_t(0);
> +             else if constexpr (_PaddingValue == dynamic_extent
> +                 || __sta_ext == dynamic_extent)
> +               return dynamic_extent;
> +             else
> +               return __least_multiple(_PaddingValue, __sta_ext);
> +           }
> +       }();
> +
> +       static_assert(_S_static_stride == dynamic_extent
> +         || cmp_less_equal(_S_static_stride,
> +                           __gnu_cxx::__int_traits<_IndexType>::__max),
> +         "Padded stride must be representable as index_type");
> +
> +       static_assert(__valid_padded_size<_Extents, _S_static_stride,
> +                                         _LayoutTraits>);
> +
> +       constexpr
> +       _PaddedStorage() noexcept
> +       {
> +         if constexpr (_S_rank > 0)
>
I believe this should check if _S_rank > 1. The stride(1) is meaningless
for rank <= 0

> +           if constexpr (_S_static_stride == dynamic_extent
> +                         && _S_static_padextent() != dynamic_extent)
> +             _M_stride = _Stride{_S_static_padextent()};
> +       }
> +
> +       constexpr explicit
> +       _PaddedStorage(const _Extents& __exts)
> +       : _M_extents(__exts)
> +       {
> +         if constexpr (!__all_static(__static_extents<_Extents>()))
> +           __glibcxx_assert(__is_representable_extents(_M_extents));
> +
> +         if constexpr (_S_rank > 1)
> +           {
> +             _IndexType __stride;
> +             if constexpr (_PaddingValue == dynamic_extent)
> +               __stride = _M_padextent();
> +             else if constexpr (_S_static_padextent() != dynamic_extent)
> +               return;
> +             else
> +               {
> +                 __stride = static_cast<_IndexType>(
> +                   __least_multiple(_PaddingValue, _M_padextent()));
> +
> +                 __glibcxx_assert(
> +                     __is_representable_least_multiple<_IndexType>(
> +                       _PaddingValue, _M_padextent()));
>
I would put this check before multiplication, that it it is validating.


> +                 __glibcxx_assert(__is_representable_extents(
> +                     _LayoutTraits::_S_make_padded_extent(
> +                       std::dextents<_IndexType, 1>{__stride},
> +                       _M_extents)));
> +               }
> +             _M_stride = _Stride{__stride};
> +           }
> +       }
> +
> +       constexpr explicit
> +       _PaddedStorage(const _Extents& __exts, _IndexType __pad)
> +       : _M_extents(__exts)
> +       {
> +         if constexpr (_PaddingValue != dynamic_extent)
> +           __glibcxx_assert(cmp_equal(_PaddingValue, __pad));
> +         if constexpr (_S_rank > 1 && _S_static_stride == dynamic_extent)
> +           {
> +             __glibcxx_assert(
> +               __is_representable_least_multiple<_IndexType>(
> +                 __pad, _M_padextent()));
> +
> +             _M_stride = _Stride{static_cast<_IndexType>(
> +               __least_multiple(__pad, _M_padextent()))};
> +
> +             __glibcxx_assert(__is_representable_extents(
> +               _LayoutTraits::_S_make_padded_extent(
> +                 _M_stride, _M_extents)));
> +           }
> +       }
> +
> +       template<typename _OExtents>
> +         constexpr explicit
> +         _PaddedStorage(const typename _LayoutSame::mapping<_OExtents>&
> +                        __other)
> +         : _PaddedStorage(_Extents(__other.extents()))
> +         {
> +           constexpr size_t __stride_idx = _LayoutTraits::_S_stride_idx;
> +           constexpr size_t __ext_idx = _LayoutTraits::_S_ext_idx;
> +           if constexpr (_S_rank > 1 && _PaddingValue != dynamic_extent)
> +             {
> +               static_assert(_S_static_stride == dynamic_extent
> +                   || _OExtents::static_extent(__ext_idx) ==
> dynamic_extent
> +                   || _S_static_stride ==
> _OExtents::static_extent(__ext_idx),
> +                 "The padded stride must be compatible with other");
> +
> +               if constexpr (_S_static_stride == dynamic_extent
> +                   || _OExtents::static_extent(__stride_idx) ==
> dynamic_extent)
> +                 __glibcxx_assert(std::cmp_equal(_M_padstride(),
> +                                                 _M_padextent()));
> +             }
> +         }
> +
> +       template<typename _OExtents>
> +         constexpr explicit
> +         _PaddedStorage(const typename layout_stride::mapping<_OExtents>&
> +                        __other)
> +         : _M_extents(__other.extents())
> +         {
> +           __glibcxx_assert(cmp_less_equal(__other.required_span_size(),
> +
>  __gnu_cxx::__int_traits<_IndexType>
> +                                                    ::__max));
> +
> +           constexpr size_t __stride_idx = _LayoutTraits::_S_stride_idx;
> +           if constexpr (_S_rank > 1)
> +             {
> +               if constexpr (_S_static_stride != dynamic_extent)
> +                 __glibcxx_assert(cmp_equal(__other.stride(__stride_idx),
> +                       _S_static_stride));
> +               else if constexpr (_PaddingValue != dynamic_extent)
> +                 __glibcxx_assert(cmp_equal(__other.stride(__stride_idx),
> +                       __least_multiple(_PaddingValue,
> +                                        _M_padextent())));
>
This checks are repeated here and in next constructor, I would crete
a _M_calc_padstride function:
    constexpr _IndexType
        _M_calc_padstride() const noexcept
        {
          if constexpr (_S_static_stride != dynamic_extent)
            return _S_static_stride;
          else if constexpr (_PaddingValue != dynamic_extent)
            return __least_multiple(_PaddingValue, _M_padextent());
          else
            return _M_padextent();
        }
And then this asserts can become:
                if constexpr (_PaddingValue != dynamic_extent)
                  __glibcxx_assert(cmp_equal(__other.stride(__stride_idx),
                                             _M_calc_padstride())
                    && "The padded stride must be compatible with other");




> +               if constexpr (_S_static_stride == dynamic_extent)
> +                 _M_stride = _Stride{__other.stride(__stride_idx)};
> +             }
> +         }
> +
> +       template<typename _SamePaddedMapping>
> +         constexpr explicit
> +         _PaddedStorage(_LayoutTraits::_LayoutSame,
> +                        const _SamePaddedMapping& __other)
> +         : _M_extents(__other.extents())
> +         {
> +           if constexpr (_S_rank > 1)
> +             {
> +               static_assert(_PaddingValue == dynamic_extent
> +                   || _SamePaddedMapping::padding_value  == dynamic_extent
> +                   || _PaddingValue == _SamePaddedMapping::padding_value,
> +                 "If neither PaddingValue is dynamic_extent, then they
> must "
> +                 "be equal");
> +
> +               constexpr size_t __ext_idx = _LayoutTraits::_S_ext_idx;
> +               constexpr size_t __stride_idx =
> _LayoutTraits::_S_stride_idx;
> +               if constexpr (_S_static_stride != dynamic_extent)
> +                 __glibcxx_assert(cmp_equal(_S_static_stride,
> +
> __other.stride(__stride_idx)));
> +               else if constexpr (_PaddingValue != dynamic_extent)
> +                 __glibcxx_assert(cmp_equal(__other.stride(__stride_idx),
> +                       __least_multiple(
> +                         _PaddingValue,
> __other.extents().extent(__ext_idx)))
> +                   && "The padded stride must be compatible with other");
>
Same here.

> +
> +               if constexpr (_S_static_stride == dynamic_extent)
> +                 _M_stride = _Stride{__other.stride(__stride_idx)};
> +             }
> +           __glibcxx_assert(cmp_less_equal(__other.required_span_size(),
> +               __gnu_cxx::__int_traits<_IndexType>::__max));
> +         }
> +
> +       template<typename _OtherPaddedMapping>
> +         constexpr explicit
> +         _PaddedStorage(_LayoutTraits::_LayoutOther,
> +                        const _OtherPaddedMapping& __other) noexcept
> +         : _M_extents(__other.extents())
> +         {
> +           __glibcxx_assert(cmp_less_equal(__other.required_span_size(),
> +               __gnu_cxx::__int_traits<_IndexType>::__max));
> +         }
> +
> +       static constexpr bool
> +       _M_is_always_exhaustive() noexcept
> +       {
> +         if constexpr (_S_rank <= 1)
> +           return true;
> +         else
> +           return _S_static_padextent() != dynamic_extent
> +                  && _S_static_stride != dynamic_extent
> +                  && _S_static_padextent() == _S_static_stride;
> +       }
> +
> +       constexpr bool
> +       _M_is_exhaustive() const noexcept
> +       {
> +         if constexpr (_M_is_always_exhaustive())
> +           return true;
> +         else
> +           return cmp_equal(_M_padextent(), _M_padstride());
> +       }
> +
> +       constexpr static size_t
> +       _S_static_padextent() noexcept
> +       { return _Extents::static_extent(_LayoutTraits::_S_ext_idx); }
> +
> +       constexpr _IndexType
> +       _M_padextent() const noexcept
> +       { return _M_extents.extent(_LayoutTraits::_S_ext_idx); }
> +
> +       constexpr size_t
> +       _M_padstride() const noexcept
> +       { return _M_stride.extent(0); }
> +
> +       constexpr _IndexType
> +       _M_required_span_size() const noexcept
> +       {
> +         if constexpr (_S_rank == 0)
> +           return 1;
> +         else if (__mdspan::__empty(_M_extents))
> +           return 0;
> +         else
> +           {
> +             size_t __stride = static_cast<size_t>(_M_padstride());
> +             size_t __prod_rest = __mdspan::__fwd_prod(_M_extents,
> +               _LayoutTraits::_S_unpad_begin,
> _LayoutTraits::_S_unpad_end);
> +             size_t __delta = _M_padstride() - _M_padextent();
> +             return static_cast<_IndexType>(__stride * __prod_rest -
> __delta);
> +           }
> +       }
> +
> +       template<typename _SamePaddedMapping>
> +         constexpr bool
> +         _M_equal(const _SamePaddedMapping& __other) const noexcept
> +         {
> +           return _M_extents == __other.extents()
> +             && (_S_rank < 2
> +               || cmp_equal(_M_stride.extent(0),
> +
> __other.stride(_LayoutTraits::_S_stride_idx)));
> +         }
> +
> +       using _Stride = std::extents<_IndexType, _S_static_stride>;
> +       [[no_unique_address]] _Stride _M_stride;
> +       [[no_unique_address]] _Extents _M_extents;
> +      };
> +  }
> +
> +  template<size_t _PaddingValue>
> +    template<typename _Extents>
> +      class layout_left_padded<_PaddingValue>::mapping
> +      {
> +      public:
> +       static constexpr size_t padding_value = _PaddingValue;
> +
> +       using extents_type = _Extents;
> +       using index_type = typename extents_type::index_type;
> +       using size_type = typename extents_type::size_type;
> +       using rank_type = typename extents_type::rank_type;
> +       using layout_type = layout_left_padded<padding_value>;
> +
> +      private:
> +       static constexpr size_t _S_rank = extents_type::rank();
> +       using _PaddedStorage = __mdspan::_PaddedStorage<_PaddingValue,
> +             _Extents, __mdspan::_LeftPaddedLayoutTraits<_S_rank>>;
> +       [[no_unique_address]] _PaddedStorage _M_storage;
> +
> +       consteval friend size_t
> +       __mdspan::__get_static_stride<mapping>();
> +
> +       constexpr index_type
> +       _M_extent(size_t __r) const noexcept
> +       { return _M_storage._M_extents.extent(__r); }
> +
> +       constexpr index_type
> +       _M_padstride() const noexcept
> +       { return _M_storage._M_stride.extent(0); }
> +
> +      public:
> +       constexpr
> +       mapping() noexcept
> +       { }
> +
> +       constexpr
> +       mapping(const mapping&) noexcept = default;
> +
> +       constexpr
> +       mapping(const extents_type& __exts)
> +       : _M_storage(__exts)
> +       { }
> +
> +       template<__mdspan::__valid_index_type<index_type> _OIndexType>
> +         constexpr mapping(const extents_type& __exts, _OIndexType __pad)
> +         : _M_storage(__exts,
> +             __mdspan::__index_type_cast<index_type>(std::move(__pad)))
> +         { }
> +
> +       template<typename _OExtents>
> +         requires is_constructible_v<extents_type, _OExtents>
> +         constexpr explicit(!is_convertible_v<_OExtents, extents_type>)
> +         mapping(const layout_left::mapping<_OExtents>& __other)
> +         : _M_storage(__other)
> +         { }
> +
> +       template<typename _OExtents>
> +         requires is_constructible_v<_OExtents, extents_type>
> +         constexpr explicit(_OExtents::rank() > 0)
> +         mapping(const typename layout_stride::mapping<_OExtents>&
> __other)
> +         : _M_storage(__other)
> +         { __glibcxx_assert(*this == __other); }
> +
> +       template<typename _LeftpadMapping>
> +         requires __mdspan::__is_left_padded_mapping<_LeftpadMapping>
> +             && is_constructible_v<extents_type,
> +                                   typename _LeftpadMapping::extents_type>
> +         constexpr explicit(_S_rank > 1 && (padding_value !=
> dynamic_extent
> +               || _LeftpadMapping::padding_value == dynamic_extent))
> +         mapping(const _LeftpadMapping& __other)
> +         : _M_storage(layout_left{}, __other)
> +         { }
> +
> +       template<typename _RightPaddedMapping>
> +         requires
> (__mdspan::__is_right_padded_mapping<_RightPaddedMapping>
> +             || __mdspan::__mapping_of<layout_right, _RightPaddedMapping>)
> +           && (_S_rank <= 1)
> +           && is_constructible_v<extents_type,
> +                                 typename
> _RightPaddedMapping::extents_type>
> +         constexpr explicit(!is_convertible_v<
> +             typename _RightPaddedMapping::extents_type, extents_type>)
> +         mapping(const _RightPaddedMapping& __other) noexcept
> +         : _M_storage(layout_right{}, __other)
> +         { }
> +
> +       constexpr mapping&
> +       operator=(const mapping&) noexcept = default;
> +
> +       constexpr const extents_type&
> +       extents() const noexcept { return _M_storage._M_extents; }
> +
> +       constexpr array<index_type, _S_rank>
> +       strides() const noexcept
> +       {
> +         array<index_type, _S_rank> __ret;
> +         if constexpr (_S_rank > 0)
> +           __ret[0] = 1;
> +         if constexpr (_S_rank > 1)
> +           __ret[1] = _M_padstride();
> +         if constexpr (_S_rank > 2)
> +           for(size_t __i = 2; __i < _S_rank; ++__i)
> +             __ret[__i] = __ret[__i - 1] * _M_extent(__i - 1);
> +         return __ret;
> +       }
> +
> +       constexpr index_type
> +       required_span_size() const noexcept
> +       { return _M_storage._M_required_span_size(); }
> +
> +       // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
> +       // 4314. Missing move in mdspan layout mapping::operator()
> +       template<__mdspan::__valid_index_type<index_type>... _Indices>
> +         requires (sizeof...(_Indices) == _S_rank)
> +         constexpr index_type
> +         operator()(_Indices... __indices) const noexcept
> +         {
> +           return __mdspan::__linear_index_leftpad(
> +             extents(), _M_storage._M_stride,
> +             static_cast<index_type>(std::move(__indices))...);
> +         }
> +
> +       static constexpr bool
> +       is_always_exhaustive() noexcept
> +       { return _PaddedStorage::_M_is_always_exhaustive(); }
> +
> +       constexpr bool
> +       is_exhaustive() noexcept
> +       { return _M_storage._M_is_exhaustive(); }
> +
> +       static constexpr bool
> +       is_always_unique() noexcept { return true; }
> +
> +       static constexpr bool
> +       is_always_strided() noexcept { return true; }
> +
> +       static constexpr bool
> +       is_unique() noexcept { return true; }
> +
> +       static constexpr bool
> +       is_strided() noexcept { return true; }
> +
> +       constexpr index_type
> +       stride(rank_type __r) const noexcept
> +       {
> +         __glibcxx_assert(__r < _S_rank);
> +         if (__r == 0)
> +           return 1;
> +         else
> +           return static_cast<index_type>(
> +             static_cast<size_t>(_M_padstride()) *
> +             static_cast<size_t>(__mdspan::__fwd_prod(extents(), 1,
> __r)));
> +       }
> +
> +       template<typename _LeftpadMapping>
> +         requires(__mdspan::__is_left_padded_mapping<_LeftpadMapping>
> +                  && _LeftpadMapping::extents_type::rank() == _S_rank)
> +         friend constexpr bool
> +         operator==(const mapping& __self, const _LeftpadMapping& __other)
> +         noexcept
> +         { return __self._M_storage._M_equal(__other); }
> +      };
> +#endif
> +
>    template<typename _ElementType>
>      struct default_accessor
>      {
> @@ -1370,7 +2021,7 @@ _GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_VERSION
>        mdspan(data_handle_type __handle, const mapping_type& __mapping,
>              const accessor_type& __accessor)
>        : _M_accessor(__accessor), _M_mapping(__mapping),
> -        _M_handle(std::move(__handle))
> +       _M_handle(std::move(__handle))
>        { }
>
>        template<typename _OElementType, typename _OExtents, typename
> _OLayout,
> diff --git a/libstdc++-v3/src/c++23/std.cc.in b/libstdc++-v3/src/c++23/
> std.cc.in
> index 9352482cbdb..f10bab59e2c 100644
> --- a/libstdc++-v3/src/c++23/std.cc.in
> +++ b/libstdc++-v3/src/c++23/std.cc.in
> @@ -1869,9 +1869,11 @@ export namespace std
>    using std::aligned_accessor;
>  #endif
>    using std::mdspan;
> -  // FIXME layout_left_padded, layout_right_padded, strided_slice,
> -  // submdspan_mapping_result, full_extent_t, full_extent,
> submdspan_extents,
> -  // mdsubspan
> +#if __glibcxx_padded_layouts
> +  using std::layout_left_padded;
> +#endif
> +  // FIXME layout_right_padded, strided_slice, submdspan_mapping_result,
> +  // full_extent_t, full_extent, submdspan_extents, mdsubspan
>  }
>  #endif
>
> diff --git
> a/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/class_mandate_neg.cc
> b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/class_mandate_neg.cc
> index 7091153daba..edf07c983da 100644
> ---
> a/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/class_mandate_neg.cc
> +++
> b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/class_mandate_neg.cc
> @@ -46,3 +46,4 @@ auto b6 = B<6, std::layout_stride, std::layout_left>();
>  // { dg-error "require
>  auto b7 = B<7, std::layout_stride, std::layout_stride>(); // { dg-error
> "required from" }
>
>  // { dg-prune-output "must be representable as index_type" }
> +// { dg-prune-output "static assertion failed" }
> diff --git a/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/ctors.cc
> b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/ctors.cc
> index 23c0a55dae1..8cba8094abc 100644
> --- a/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/ctors.cc
> +++ b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/ctors.cc
> @@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
>  // { dg-do run { target c++23 } }
>  #include <mdspan>
>
> +#include "padded_traits.h"
>  #include <cstdint>
>  #include <testsuite_hooks.h>
>
> @@ -27,7 +28,6 @@ template<typename Mapping, typename OMapping>
>         VERIFY(std::cmp_equal(m.stride(i), other.stride(i)));
>    }
>
> -
>  template<typename To, typename From>
>    constexpr void
>    verify_convertible(From from)
> @@ -40,7 +40,10 @@ template<typename To, typename From>
>    constexpr void
>    verify_nothrow_convertible(From from)
>    {
> -    static_assert(std::is_nothrow_constructible_v<To, From>);
> +    if constexpr (is_padded_layout<typename To::layout_type>)
> +      static_assert(std::is_constructible_v<To, From>);
> +    else
> +      static_assert(std::is_nothrow_constructible_v<To, From>);
>      verify_convertible<To>(from);
>    }
>
> @@ -57,7 +60,10 @@ template<typename To, typename From>
>    constexpr void
>    verify_nothrow_constructible(From from)
>    {
> -    static_assert(std::is_nothrow_constructible_v<To, From>);
> +    if constexpr (is_padded_layout<typename To::layout_type>)
> +      static_assert(std::is_constructible_v<To, From>);
> +    else
> +      static_assert(std::is_nothrow_constructible_v<To, From>);
>      verify_constructible<To>(from);
>    }
>
> @@ -196,6 +202,16 @@ namespace from_extents
>  // ctor: mapping(mapping<OExtents>)
>  namespace from_same_layout
>  {
> +  template<typename Layout, typename Extents, typename OExtents>
> +    constexpr void
> +    verify_convertible(OExtents exts)
> +    {
> +      using Mapping = typename Layout::mapping<Extents>;
> +      using OMapping = typename Layout::mapping<OExtents>;
> +
> +      ::verify_convertible<Mapping>(OMapping(exts));
> +    }
> +
>    template<typename Layout, typename Extents, typename OExtents>
>      constexpr void
>      verify_nothrow_convertible(OExtents exts)
> @@ -223,8 +239,12 @@ namespace from_same_layout
>        verify_nothrow_convertible<Layout, std::extents<unsigned int>>(
>         std::extents<int>{});
>
> -      verify_nothrow_constructible<Layout, std::extents<int>>(
> -       std::extents<unsigned int>{});
> +      if constexpr (!is_padded_layout<Layout>)
> +       verify_nothrow_constructible<Layout, std::extents<int>>(
> +         std::extents<unsigned int>{});
> +      else
> +       verify_convertible<Layout, std::extents<int>>(
> +         std::extents<unsigned int>{});
>
>        assert_not_constructible<
>         typename Layout::mapping<std::extents<int>>,
> @@ -234,8 +254,12 @@ namespace from_same_layout
>         typename Layout::mapping<std::extents<int, 1>>,
>         typename Layout::mapping<std::extents<int>>>();
>
> -      verify_nothrow_constructible<Layout, std::extents<int, 1>>(
> -       std::extents<int, dyn>{1});
> +      if constexpr (!is_padded_layout<Layout>)
> +       verify_nothrow_constructible<Layout, std::extents<int, 1>>(
> +         std::extents<int, dyn>{1});
> +      else
> +       verify_convertible<Layout, std::extents<int, 1>>(
> +         std::extents<int, dyn>{1});
>
>        verify_nothrow_convertible<Layout, std::extents<int, dyn>>(
>         std::extents<int, 1>{});
> @@ -247,8 +271,12 @@ namespace from_same_layout
>        verify_nothrow_constructible<Layout, std::extents<int, 1, 2>>(
>         std::extents<int, dyn, 2>{1});
>
> -      verify_nothrow_convertible<Layout, std::extents<int, dyn, 2>>(
> -       std::extents<int, 1, 2>{});
> +      if constexpr (!is_padded_layout<Layout>)
> +       verify_nothrow_convertible<Layout, std::extents<int, dyn, 2>>(
> +         std::extents<int, 1, 2>{});
> +      else
> +       verify_nothrow_constructible<Layout, std::extents<int, dyn, 2>>(
> +         std::extents<int, 1, 2>{});
>        return true;
>      }
>
> @@ -424,11 +452,24 @@ template<typename Layout>
>      from_stride::test_all<Layout>();
>    }
>
> +template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
> +  constexpr void
> +  test_padded_all()
> +  {
> +    test_all<Layout<0>>();
> +    test_all<Layout<1>>();
> +    test_all<Layout<2>>();
> +    test_all<Layout<dyn>>();
> +  }
> +
>  int
>  main()
>  {
>    test_all<std::layout_left>();
>    test_all<std::layout_right>();
> +#if __cplusplus > 202302L
> +  test_padded_all<std::layout_left_padded>();
> +#endif
>
>    from_left_or_right::test_all<std::layout_left, std::layout_right>();
>    from_left_or_right::test_all<std::layout_right, std::layout_left>();
> diff --git a/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/empty.cc
> b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/empty.cc
> index cbc425f6c15..05188432f14 100644
> --- a/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/empty.cc
> +++ b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/empty.cc
> @@ -35,7 +35,8 @@ template<typename Layout, typename Int>
>    {
>      constexpr Int n1 = std::numeric_limits<Int>::max();
>      constexpr size_t n2 = std::dynamic_extent - 1;
> -    constexpr size_t n = std::cmp_less(n1, n2) ? size_t(n1) : n2;
> +    // Allow some room for padding.
> +    constexpr size_t n = (std::cmp_less(n1, n2) ? size_t(n1) : n2) - 4;
>
>      verify_all(typename Layout::mapping<std::extents<Int, n, n, 0, n,
> n>>{});
>      verify_all(typename Layout::mapping<std::extents<Int, 0, n, n, n>>{});
> @@ -73,7 +74,8 @@ template<typename Layout, typename Int>
>    {
>      constexpr Int n1 = std::numeric_limits<Int>::max();
>      constexpr size_t n2 = std::dynamic_extent - 1;
> -    constexpr Int n = std::cmp_less(n1, n2) ? n1 : Int(n2);
> +    // Allow some room for padding.
> +    constexpr Int n = (std::cmp_less(n1, n2) ? n1 : Int(n2)) - 4;
>
>      verify_all(make_mapping<Layout>(
>         std::extents<Int, dyn, dyn, 0, dyn, dyn>{n, n, n, n}));
> @@ -121,11 +123,25 @@ template<typename Layout>
>      return true;
>    }
>
> +template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
> +  constexpr bool
> +  test_padded_all()
> +  {
> +    static_assert(test_all<Layout<0>>());
> +    static_assert(test_all<Layout<1>>());
> +    static_assert(test_all<Layout<2>>());
> +    static_assert(test_all<Layout<dyn>>());
> +    return true;
> +  }
> +
>  int
>  main()
>  {
>    static_assert(test_all<std::layout_left>());
>    static_assert(test_all<std::layout_right>());
>    static_assert(test_all<std::layout_stride>());
> +#if __cplusplus > 202302L
> +  static_assert(test_padded_all<std::layout_left_padded>());
> +#endif
>    return 0;
>  }
> diff --git
> a/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/mapping.cc
> b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/mapping.cc
> index db15e2a48f3..10ce622523d 100644
> --- a/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/mapping.cc
> +++ b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/mapping.cc
> @@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
>  #include <mdspan>
>
>  #include "../int_like.h"
> +#include "padded_traits.h"
>  #include <cstdint>
>  #include <testsuite_hooks.h>
>
> @@ -370,6 +371,37 @@ template<>
>      }
>    };
>
> +#if __cplusplus > 202302L
> +template<typename Layout>
> +  requires is_left_padded<Layout>
> +  struct TestStride2D<Layout>
> +  {
> +    static constexpr void
> +    run()
> +    {
> +      using Traits =
> LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_typename<Layout>()>;
> +      using Extents = typename Traits::extents_type<std::extents<int, 3,
> 5>>;
> +      using Mapping = typename Layout::mapping<Extents>;
> +      constexpr size_t padding_value = Mapping::padding_value;
> +
> +      Mapping m;
> +      size_t effective_pad = (padding_value == 0 || padding_value == dyn)
> +       ? size_t(1) : padding_value;
> +
> +      constexpr auto i0 = is_left_padded<Layout> ? 0 : 1;
> +      VERIFY(m.stride(i0) == 1);
> +
> +      // The next multiple of padding_value, that's greater or equal
> +      // to exts.extent(0) is the unique value in the range:
> +      //   [exts.extent(0), exts.extent(0) + padding_value)
> +      // that is divisible by padding_value.
> +      auto stride = Traits::padded_stride(m);
> +      VERIFY((stride % effective_pad) == 0);
> +      VERIFY(3 <= stride && std::cmp_less(stride, 3 + effective_pad));
> +    }
> +  };
> +#endif
> +
>  template<typename Layout>
>    constexpr void
>    test_stride_2d()
> @@ -423,6 +455,40 @@ template<>
>      }
>    };
>
> +#if __cplusplus > 202302L
> +template<typename Layout>
> +  requires is_left_padded<Layout>
> +  struct TestStride3D<Layout>
> +  {
> +    static constexpr void
> +    run()
> +    {
> +      using Traits =
> LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_typename<Layout>()>;
> +      using Extents = typename Traits::extents_type<std::extents<int, 3,
> 5, 7>>;
> +      using Mapping = typename Layout::mapping<Extents>;
> +      constexpr size_t padding_value = Mapping::padding_value;
> +
> +      Mapping m;
> +      size_t effective_pad = (padding_value == 0 || padding_value == dyn)
> +       ? size_t(1) : padding_value;
> +
> +      constexpr auto i0 = is_left_padded<Layout> ? 0 : 2;
> +      VERIFY(m.stride(i0) == 1);
> +
> +      // The next multiple of padding_value, that's greater or equal
> +      // to exts.extent(0) is the unique value in the range:
> +      //   [exts.extent(0), exts.extent(0) + padding_value)
> +      // that is divisible by padding_value.
> +      auto stride = Traits::padded_stride(m);
> +      VERIFY((stride % effective_pad) == 0);
> +      VERIFY(3 <= stride && std::cmp_less(stride, 3 + effective_pad));
> +
> +      constexpr auto i2 = is_left_padded<Layout> ? 2 : 0;
> +      VERIFY(stride * 5 == m.stride(i2));
> +    }
> +  };
> +#endif
> +
>  template<typename Layout>
>    constexpr void
>    test_stride_3d()
> @@ -451,7 +517,8 @@ template<typename Layout>
>    test_has_stride_0d()
>    {
>      using Mapping = typename Layout::mapping<std::extents<int>>;
> -    constexpr bool expected = std::is_same_v<Layout, std::layout_stride>;
> +    constexpr bool expected = !(std::is_same_v<Layout, std::layout_left>
> +       || std::is_same_v<Layout, std::layout_right>);
>      static_assert(has_stride<Mapping> == expected);
>    }
>
> @@ -595,16 +662,54 @@ template<typename Layout>
>      test_has_op_eq<Layout, Layout, true>();
>    }
>
> +#if __cplusplus > 202302L
> +template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
> +  constexpr bool
> +  test_padded_all()
> +  {
> +    test_all<Layout<0>>();
> +    test_all<Layout<1>>();
> +    test_all<Layout<2>>();
> +    test_all<Layout<5>>();
> +    test_all<Layout<dyn>>();
> +    return true;
> +  }
> +
> +template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
> +  constexpr bool
> +  test_padded_has_op_eq()
> +  {
> +    using Traits =
> LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
> +    test_has_op_eq<typename Traits::layout_same, Layout<0>, false>();
> +    test_has_op_eq<typename Traits::layout_same, Layout<6>, false>();
> +    test_has_op_eq<typename Traits::layout_same, Layout<dyn>, false>();
> +    // The next one looks strange, because it's neither. Somehow, the
> +    // conversion rules seem to be playing a critical role again.
> +    // test_has_op_eq<typename Traits::layout_other, Layout<0>, false>();
> +
> +    test_has_op_eq<Layout<2>, Layout<6>, true>();
> +    test_has_op_eq<Layout<2>, Layout<dyn>, true>();
> +    return true;
> +  }
> +#endif
> +
>  int
>  main()
>  {
>    test_all<std::layout_left>();
>    test_all<std::layout_right>();
>    test_all<std::layout_stride>();
> +#if __cplusplus > 202302L
> +  test_padded_all<std::layout_left_padded>();
> +#endif
>
>    test_has_op_eq<std::layout_right, std::layout_left, false>();
>    test_has_op_eq<std::layout_right, std::layout_stride, true>();
>    test_has_op_eq<std::layout_left, std::layout_stride, true>();
> +#if __cplusplus > 202302L
> +  test_padded_has_op_eq<std::layout_left_padded>();
> +#endif
> +
>    test_has_op_eq_peculiar();
>    return 0;
>  }
> diff --git a/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/padded.cc
> b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/padded.cc
> new file mode 100644
> index 00000000000..d43b84ef875
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/padded.cc
> @@ -0,0 +1,673 @@
> +// { dg-do run { target c++26 } }
> +#include <mdspan>
> +
> +#include <cstdint>
> +#include "../int_like.h"
> +#include "padded_traits.h"
> +#include <testsuite_hooks.h>
> +
> +constexpr size_t dyn = std::dynamic_extent;
> +
> +template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
> +  constexpr bool
> +  test_representable_padded_size()
> +  {
> +    using Traits =
> LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
> +    {
> +      using E = typename Traits::extents_type<std::extents<uint8_t, 64,
> 2>>;
> +      [[maybe_unused]] typename Layout<1>::mapping<E> m1;
> +    }
> +
> +    {
> +      using E = typename Traits::extents_type<std::extents<uint8_t, 0,
> 2>>;
> +      [[maybe_unused]] typename Layout<0>::mapping<E> m1;
> +      [[maybe_unused]] typename Layout<1>::mapping<E> m2;
> +      [[maybe_unused]] typename Layout<128>::mapping<E> m3;
> +      [[maybe_unused]] typename Layout<255>::mapping<E> m4;
> +    }
> +
> +    {
> +      using E = typename Traits::extents_type<std::extents<uint8_t, 0,
> 2>>;
> +      [[maybe_unused]] typename Layout<dyn>::mapping<E> m1(E{}, 0);
> +      [[maybe_unused]] typename Layout<dyn>::mapping<E> m2(E{}, 1);
> +      [[maybe_unused]] typename Layout<dyn>::mapping<E> m3(E{}, 128);
> +      [[maybe_unused]] typename Layout<dyn>::mapping<E> m4(E{}, 255);
> +    }
> +
> +    {
> +      using E = typename Traits::extents_type<std::extents<uint8_t, dyn,
> 2>>;
> +      [[maybe_unused]] typename Layout<0>::mapping<E> m1;
> +      [[maybe_unused]] typename Layout<1>::mapping<E> m2;
> +      [[maybe_unused]] typename Layout<128>::mapping<E> m3;
> +      [[maybe_unused]] typename Layout<255>::mapping<E> m4;
> +    }
> +    return true;
> +  }
> +
> +template<typename Layout, typename CanonicalExtents>
> +  constexpr void
> +  test_default_ctor_single(auto canonical_strides)
> +  {
> +    using Traits =
> LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_typename<Layout>()>;
> +    using E = typename Traits::extents_type<CanonicalExtents>;
> +    auto strides = Traits::make_array(canonical_strides);
> +
> +    typename Layout::template mapping<E> msta;
> +    VERIFY(msta.stride(0) == strides[0]);
> +    VERIFY(msta.stride(1) == strides[1]);
> +  }
> +
> +
> +template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
> +  constexpr bool
> +  test_default_ctor()
> +  {
> +    using E1 = std::extents<size_t, 3, 5>;
> +    test_default_ctor_single<Layout<2>, E1>(std::array<size_t, 2>{1, 4});
> +    test_default_ctor_single<Layout<dyn>, E1>(std::array<size_t, 2>{1,
> 3});
> +
> +    using E2 = std::extents<size_t, dyn, 5>;
> +    test_default_ctor_single<Layout<2>, E2>(std::array<size_t, 2>{1, 0});
> +    test_default_ctor_single<Layout<dyn>, E2>(std::array<size_t, 2>{1,
> 0});
> +    return true;
> +  }
> +
> +template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
> +  constexpr bool
> +  test_from_exts()
> +  {
> +    using Traits =
> LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
> +    auto exts = Traits::make_extents(std::dextents<size_t, 2>{3, 5});
> +
> +    typename Layout<0>::mapping m0_sta(exts);
> +    VERIFY(Traits::padded_stride(m0_sta) == Traits::padded_extent(exts));
> +
> +    typename Layout<1>::mapping m1_sta(exts);
> +    VERIFY(Traits::padded_stride(m1_sta) == Traits::padded_extent(exts));
> +
> +    typename Layout<2>::mapping m2_sta(exts);
> +    VERIFY(Traits::padded_stride(m2_sta) == 4);
> +
> +    typename Layout<dyn>::mapping mdyn(exts);
> +    VERIFY(Traits::padded_stride(mdyn) == Traits::padded_extent(exts));
> +    return true;
> +  }
> +
> +template<typename Layout, typename CustomPadType>
> +  constexpr bool
> +  test_from_pad_single()
> +  {
> +    using Traits =
> LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_typename<Layout>()>;
> +    auto pad = 3;
> +    auto exts = Traits::make_extents(std::dextents<size_t, 3>{pad + 1, 5,
> 7});
> +    typename Layout::mapping m(exts, CustomPadType{pad});
> +    VERIFY(std::cmp_equal(Traits::padded_stride(m), 2*pad));
> +    VERIFY(m.extents() == exts);
> +    return true;
> +  }
> +
> +template<typename Layout>
> +  constexpr void
> +  test_from_pad()
> +  {
> +    test_from_pad_single<Layout, int>();
> +    static_assert(test_from_pad_single<Layout, int>());
> +
> +    test_from_pad_single<Layout, IntLike>();
> +    test_from_pad_single<Layout, MutatingInt>();
> +    test_from_pad_single<Layout, RValueInt>();
> +
> +    using Extents = std::dims<3>;
> +    using Mapping = Layout::template mapping<Extents>;
> +    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<Mapping, Extents,
> ThrowingInt>);
> +    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<Mapping, Extents, NotIntLike>);
> +  }
> +
> +template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
> +  constexpr void
> +  test_from_pad_all()
> +  {
> +    test_from_pad<Layout<3>>();
> +    test_from_pad<Layout<dyn>>();
> +  }
> +
> +constexpr bool
> +is_same_mapping(const auto& lhs, const auto& rhs)
> +{
> +  if (lhs.extents().rank() != rhs.extents().rank())
> +    return false;
> +
> +  if (lhs.extents() != rhs.extents())
> +    return false;
> +
> +  for (size_t i = 0; i < lhs.extents().rank(); ++i)
> +    if (lhs.stride(i) != rhs.stride(i))
> +      return false;
> +  return true;
> +}
> +
> +enum class ConversionRule
> +{
> +  Never,
> +  Always,
> +  Regular
> +};
> +
> +template<typename To, typename From>
> +consteval bool
> +should_convert(auto rule)
> +{
> +  if constexpr (rule == ConversionRule::Never)
> +    return false;
> +  if constexpr (rule == ConversionRule::Always)
> +    return true;
> +  else
> +    return std::is_convertible_v<typename From::extents_type,
> +                                typename To::extents_type>;
> +}
> +
> +template<typename To, typename From>
> +  constexpr void
> +  check_convertible(const From& m, auto conversion_rule)
> +  {
> +    VERIFY(is_same_mapping(m, To(m)));
> +    constexpr bool expected = should_convert<To, From>(conversion_rule);
> +    static_assert(std::is_convertible_v<From, To> == expected);
> +  }
> +
> +template<typename LayoutTo, typename Esta, typename Edyn, typename Ewrong>
> +  constexpr void
> +  check_convertible_variants(auto msta, auto conversion_rule)
> +  {
> +    using LayoutFrom = decltype(msta)::layout_type;
> +    constexpr auto cregular = std::cw<ConversionRule::Regular>;
> +
> +    // There's a twist when both mappings are left-padded. There's two
> distinct
> +    // ctors: a defaulted copy ctor and a constrained template that
> enables
> +    // construction from left-padded mappings even if their layout_type is
> +    // different. The two ctors have different rules regarding conversion.
> +
> +    if constexpr (!std::same_as<LayoutTo, LayoutFrom>)
> +      check_convertible<typename LayoutTo::mapping<Esta>>(msta,
> conversion_rule);
> +    else
> +      check_convertible<typename LayoutTo::mapping<Esta>>(msta, cregular);
> +
> +    check_convertible<typename LayoutTo::mapping<Edyn>>(msta,
> conversion_rule);
> +
> +    auto mdyn = typename LayoutFrom::mapping<Edyn>(msta);
> +    check_convertible<typename LayoutTo::mapping<Esta>>(mdyn,
> conversion_rule);
> +    if constexpr (!std::same_as<LayoutTo, LayoutFrom>)
> +      check_convertible<typename LayoutTo::mapping<Edyn>>(mdyn,
> conversion_rule);
> +    else
> +      check_convertible<typename LayoutTo::mapping<Edyn>>(mdyn, cregular);
> +
> +    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<
> +       typename LayoutTo::mapping<Esta>, typename
> LayoutFrom::mapping<Ewrong>>);
> +  };
> +
> +template<typename Layout>
> +  constexpr void
> +  test_from_same_1d()
> +  {
> +    using E1 = std::extents<int, 6>;
> +    using E2 = std::extents<int, dyn>;
> +    using E3 = std::extents<int, 5>;
> +    constexpr auto cr = std::cw<ConversionRule::Regular>;
> +
> +    using Traits =
> LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_typename<Layout>()>;
> +    auto msta = typename Traits::layout_same::mapping(E1{});
> +    check_convertible_variants<Layout, E1, E2, E3>(msta, cr);
> +  }
> +
> +template<typename Layout>
> +  constexpr void
> +  test_from_same_2d()
> +  {
> +    using Traits =
> LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_typename<Layout>()>;
> +    using E1 = typename Traits::extents_type<std::extents<int, 6, 5>>;
> +    using E2 = typename Traits::extents_type<std::extents<int, dyn, 5>>;
> +    using E3 = typename Traits::extents_type<std::extents<int, 6, 6>>;
> +    constexpr auto cr = std::cw<ConversionRule::Regular>;
> +
> +    auto msta = typename Traits::layout_same::mapping(E1{});
> +    check_convertible_variants<Layout, E1, E2, E3>(msta, cr);
> +  }
> +
> +template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
> +constexpr bool
> +test_from_same()
> +{
> +  auto check = []<typename PaddedLayout>(PaddedLayout)
> +  {
> +    test_from_same_1d<PaddedLayout>();
> +    test_from_same_2d<PaddedLayout>();
> +  };
> +
> +  check(Layout<0>{});
> +  check(Layout<1>{});
> +  check(Layout<2>{});
> +  check(Layout<6>{});
> +  check(Layout<dyn>{});
> +
> +  // rank == 1 is more permissive:
> +  test_from_same_1d<Layout<5>>();
> +  return true;
> +}
> +
> +template<template<size_t> typename Layout, typename E1_, typename E2_,
> +        typename E3_>
> +  constexpr bool
> +  test_from_stride_nd(auto strides_)
> +  {
> +    using Traits =
> LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
> +    using E1 = typename Traits::extents_type<E1_>;
> +    using E2 = typename Traits::extents_type<E2_>;
> +    using E3 = typename Traits::extents_type<E3_>;
> +    auto strides = Traits::make_array(strides_);
> +
> +    auto check = [&strides]<typename PaddedLayout>(PaddedLayout)
> +    {
> +      auto exts = E1{};
> +      constexpr auto cr = std::cw<ConversionRule::Never>;
> +
> +      auto m = std::layout_stride::mapping(exts, strides);
> +      check_convertible_variants<PaddedLayout, E1, E2, E3>(m, cr);
> +    };
> +
> +    check(Layout<0>{});
> +    check(Layout<1>{});
> +    check(Layout<2>{});
> +    check(Layout<6>{});
> +    check(Layout<dyn>{});
> +    return true;
> +  }
> +
> +template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
> +  constexpr bool
> +  test_from_stride_2d()
> +  {
> +    using E1 = std::extents<size_t, 6, 5>;
> +    using E2 = std::dims<2>;
> +    using E3 = std::extents<size_t, 6, 6>;
> +
> +    auto strides = std::array<int, 2>{1, 6};
> +    test_from_stride_nd<Layout, E1, E2, E3>(strides);
> +    return true;
> +  }
> +
> +template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
> +  constexpr bool
> +  test_from_stride_3d()
> +  {
> +    using E1 = std::extents<size_t, 6, 5, 7>;
> +    using E2 = std::dims<3>;
> +    using E3 = std::extents<size_t, 6, 6, 7>;
> +
> +    auto strides = std::array<int, 3>{1, 6, 6*5};
> +    test_from_stride_nd<Layout, E1, E2, E3>(strides);
> +    return true;
> +  }
> +
> +template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
> +  constexpr bool
> +  test_from_stride()
> +  {
> +    test_from_stride_2d<Layout>();
> +    test_from_stride_3d<Layout>();
> +    return true;
> +  }
> +
> +template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
> +  constexpr void
> +  test_from_samepad_0d()
> +  {
> +    using E1 = std::extents<uint16_t>;
> +    using E2 = std::extents<uint8_t>;
> +    using E3 = std::extents<uint8_t, 1>;
> +
> +    typename Layout<6>::mapping<E1> msta{E1{}};
> +
> +    auto check = []<typename To>(To, auto m)
> +    {
> +      constexpr auto cr = std::cw<ConversionRule::Always>;
> +      check_convertible_variants<To, E1, E2, E3>(m, cr);
> +    };
> +
> +    check(Layout<6>{}, msta);
> +    check(Layout<dyn>{}, msta);
> +  }
> +
> +template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
> +  constexpr void
> +  test_from_samepad_1d()
> +  {
> +    using E1 = std::extents<int, 6>;
> +    using E2 = std::extents<int, dyn>;
> +    using E3 = std::extents<int, 6, 6>;
> +
> +    typename Layout<6>::mapping<E1> msta{E1{}};
> +    typename Layout<dyn>::mapping<E1> mdyn{E1{}};
> +
> +    auto check = []<typename To>(To, auto m)
> +    {
> +      constexpr auto cr = std::cw<ConversionRule::Always>;
> +      check_convertible_variants<To, E1, E2, E3>(m, cr);
> +    };
> +
> +    // Remember, for rank <= 1 the padding_value is irrelevant.
> +    check(Layout<6>{}, msta);
> +    check(Layout<6>{}, mdyn);
> +    check(Layout<dyn>{}, msta);
> +    check(Layout<dyn>{}, mdyn);
> +  }
> +
> +template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
> +  constexpr void
> +  test_from_samepad_2d()
> +  {
> +    using Traits =
> LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
> +    using E1 = typename Traits::extents_type<std::extents<int, 6, 5>>;
> +    using E2 = typename Traits::extents_type<std::extents<int, dyn, 5>>;
> +    using E3 = typename Traits::extents_type<std::extents<int, 6, 6>>;
> +
> +    typename Layout<6>::mapping<E1> msta{E1{}};
> +    typename Layout<dyn>::mapping<E1> mdyn{E1{}};
> +
> +    constexpr auto calways = std::cw<ConversionRule::Always>;
> +    constexpr auto cnever = std::cw<ConversionRule::Never>;
> +
> +    auto check = []<typename To>(To, auto m, auto cr)
> +    { check_convertible_variants<To, E1, E2, E3>(m, cr); };
> +
> +    check(Layout<6>{}, msta, cnever);
> +    check(Layout<6>{}, mdyn, cnever);
> +    check(Layout<dyn>{}, msta, calways);
> +    check(Layout<dyn>{}, mdyn, cnever);
> +  }
> +
> +template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
> +  constexpr bool
> +  test_from_samepad()
> +  {
> +    test_from_samepad_0d<Layout>();
> +    test_from_samepad_1d<Layout>();
> +    test_from_samepad_2d<Layout>();
> +    return true;
> +  }
> +
> +template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
> +  constexpr bool
> +  test_from_other()
> +  {
> +    using Traits =
> LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
> +    using E1 = std::extents<size_t, 3>;
> +    using E2 = std::dims<1>;
> +    using E3 = std::extents<size_t, 5>;
> +
> +    auto check = []<typename PaddedLayout>(PaddedLayout)
> +    {
> +      constexpr auto cr = std::cw<ConversionRule::Regular>;
> +
> +      using layout_other = typename Traits::layout_other;
> +      auto msta = typename layout_other::mapping(E1{});
> +      check_convertible_variants<PaddedLayout, E1, E2, E3>(msta, cr);
> +    };
> +
> +
> +    // Remember, the padding_value has no effect for rank <= 1.
> +    check(Layout<0>{});
> +    check(Layout<1>{});
> +    check(Layout<2>{});
> +    check(Layout<5>{});
> +    check(Layout<6>{});
> +    check(Layout<dyn>{});
> +    return true;
> +  }
> +
> +template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
> +  constexpr bool
> +  test_to_same()
> +  {
> +    using Traits =
> LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
> +    using E1 = typename Traits::extents_type<std::extents<int, 6, 5>>;
> +    using E2 = typename Traits::extents_type<std::extents<int, dyn, 5>>;
> +    using E3 = typename Traits::extents_type<std::extents<int, 6, 6>>;
> +
> +    auto check = [](auto msta)
> +    {
> +      constexpr auto cr = std::cw<ConversionRule::Regular>;
> +      using LayoutSame = typename Traits::layout_same;
> +      check_convertible_variants<LayoutSame, E1, E2, E3>(msta, cr);
> +    };
> +
> +    check(typename Layout<0>::mapping(E1{}));
> +    check(typename Layout<2>::mapping(E1{}));
> +    check(typename Layout<6>::mapping(E1{}));
> +    check(typename Layout<dyn>::mapping(E1{}, 0));
> +    check(typename Layout<dyn>::mapping(E1{}, 2));
> +    check(typename Layout<dyn>::mapping(E1{}, 6));
> +    return true;
> +  }
> +
> +template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
> +  constexpr bool
> +  test_never_to_other()
> +  {
> +    using Traits =
> LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
> +    using E1 = std::extents<size_t, 3>;
> +    using E2 = std::dims<1>;
> +
> +    auto check = []<typename PaddedLayout>(PaddedLayout, auto exts)
> +    {
> +      using LayoutOther = typename Traits::layout_other;
> +      auto mr = typename LayoutOther::mapping(exts);
> +      auto mlp = typename PaddedLayout::mapping<decltype(exts)>{mr};
> +      static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<decltype(mr),
> decltype(mlp)>);
> +    };
> +
> +    check(Layout<2>{}, E1{});
> +    check(Layout<2>{}, E2{E1{}});
> +    return true;
> +  }
> +
> +template<typename Layout>
> +  constexpr void
> +  test_strides()
> +  {
> +    auto check = [](auto exts)
> +    {
> +      auto m = typename Layout::mapping(exts);
> +      using IndexType = typename decltype(m)::index_type;
> +      constexpr size_t rank = decltype(m)::extents_type::rank();
> +
> +      auto strides = m.strides();
> +      static_assert(std::same_as<decltype(strides),
> +                                std::array<IndexType, rank>>);
> +      VERIFY(strides.size() == rank);
> +      for (size_t i = 0; i < strides.size(); ++i)
> +       VERIFY(strides[i] == m.stride(i));
> +    };
> +
> +    check(std::extents());
> +    check(std::extents(0));
> +    check(std::extents(3));
> +    check(std::extents(3, 5, 7));
> +    check(std::extents(3, 0, 7));
> +  }
> +
> +template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
> +  constexpr bool
> +  test_strides_all()
> +  {
> +    test_strides<Layout<0>>();
> +    test_strides<Layout<1>>();
> +    test_strides<Layout<3>>();
> +    test_strides<Layout<dyn>>();
> +    return true;
> +  }
> +
> +template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
> +  constexpr void
> +  test_exhaustive_0d()
> +  {
> +    auto exts = std::extents<int>{};
> +
> +    auto check = [](auto m)
> +    {
> +      static_assert(m.is_always_exhaustive());
> +      VERIFY(m.is_exhaustive());
> +    };
> +
> +    check(typename Layout<0>::mapping(exts));
> +    check(typename Layout<1>::mapping(exts));
> +    check(typename Layout<2>::mapping(exts));
> +    check(typename Layout<dyn>::mapping(exts));
> +  }
> +
> +template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
> +constexpr void
> +  test_exhaustive_1d()
> +  {
> +    auto check_dyn_and_sta = []<typename PaddedLayout>(PaddedLayout)
> +    {
> +      auto check = [](auto exts)
> +      {
> +       auto m = typename PaddedLayout::mapping(exts);
> +       static_assert(m.is_always_exhaustive());
> +       VERIFY(m.is_exhaustive());
> +      };
> +
> +      check(std::extents(4));
> +      check(std::extents<int, 4>{});
> +    };
> +
> +    check_dyn_and_sta(Layout<1>{});
> +    check_dyn_and_sta(Layout<2>{});
> +    check_dyn_and_sta(Layout<6>{});
> +    check_dyn_and_sta(Layout<dyn>{});
> +  }
> +
> +template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
> +  constexpr void
> +  test_exhaustive_3d()
> +  {
> +    using Traits =
> LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
> +    auto exts_dyn = Traits::make_extents(std::extents(4, 5, 7));
> +    auto exts_sta = Traits::make_extents(std::extents<int, 4, 5, 7>{});
> +    auto ctrue = std::cw<true>;
> +    auto cfalse= std::cw<false>;
> +
> +    auto check = [](auto m, auto static_expected, auto runtime_expected)
> +    {
> +      static_assert(m.is_always_exhaustive() == static_expected);
> +      VERIFY(m.is_exhaustive() == runtime_expected);
> +    };
> +
> +    check(typename Layout<0>::mapping(exts_sta), ctrue, true);
> +    check(typename Layout<0>::mapping(exts_dyn), cfalse, true);
> +    check(typename Layout<1>::mapping(exts_sta), ctrue, true);
> +    check(typename Layout<1>::mapping(exts_dyn), cfalse, true);
> +    check(typename Layout<2>::mapping(exts_sta), ctrue, true);
> +    check(typename Layout<2>::mapping(exts_dyn), cfalse, true);
> +    check(typename Layout<6>::mapping(exts_dyn), cfalse, false);
> +    check(typename Layout<6>::mapping(exts_sta), cfalse, false);
> +    check(typename Layout<dyn>::mapping(exts_sta), cfalse, true);
> +    check(typename Layout<dyn>::mapping(exts_dyn, 2), cfalse, true);
> +    check(typename Layout<dyn>::mapping(exts_dyn, 3), cfalse, false);
> +  }
> +
> +template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
> +  constexpr bool
> +  test_exhaustive()
> +  {
> +    test_exhaustive_0d<Layout>();
> +    test_exhaustive_1d<Layout>();
> +    test_exhaustive_3d<Layout>();
> +    return true;
> +  }
> +
> +template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
> +  constexpr bool
> +  test_op_eq()
> +  {
> +    // The generic cases are handled in layouts/mapping.cc. Here we check
> +    // special cases related to non exhaustive layouts.
> +    using Traits =
> LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
> +
> +    auto exts_sta = Traits::make_extents(std::extents<size_t, 6, 5, 7>{});
> +    auto exts_dyn = std::dims<3>(exts_sta);
> +    auto exts_other = Traits::make_extents(std::extents<size_t, 7, 5,
> 7>{});
> +
> +    auto m1 = typename Layout<0>::mapping(exts_sta);
> +    auto m2 = typename Layout<7>::mapping(exts_sta);
> +
> +    VERIFY(m1 == typename Layout<0>::mapping(exts_sta));
> +    VERIFY(m1 == typename Layout<1>::mapping(exts_sta));
> +    VERIFY(m1 == typename Layout<2>::mapping(exts_sta));
> +    VERIFY(m1 == typename Layout<6>::mapping(exts_sta));
> +    VERIFY(m1 != typename Layout<7>::mapping(exts_sta));
> +    VERIFY(m1 == typename Layout<dyn>::mapping(exts_sta));
> +    VERIFY(m1 != typename Layout<dyn>::mapping(exts_sta, 7));
> +
> +    VERIFY(m1 == typename Layout<0>::mapping(exts_dyn));
> +    VERIFY(m1 == typename Layout<1>::mapping(exts_dyn));
> +    VERIFY(m1 == typename Layout<2>::mapping(exts_dyn));
> +    VERIFY(m1 == typename Layout<6>::mapping(exts_dyn));
> +    VERIFY(m1 != typename Layout<7>::mapping(exts_dyn));
> +    VERIFY(m1 == typename Layout<dyn>::mapping(exts_dyn));
> +    VERIFY(m1 != typename Layout<dyn>::mapping(exts_dyn, 7));
> +
> +    VERIFY(m2 == typename Layout<7>::mapping(exts_sta));
> +    VERIFY(m2 == typename Layout<dyn>::mapping(exts_sta, 7));
> +    VERIFY(m2 == typename Layout<7>::mapping(exts_dyn));
> +    VERIFY(m2 == typename Layout<dyn>::mapping(exts_dyn, 7));
> +
> +    VERIFY(m2 != typename Layout<7>::mapping(exts_other));
> +    VERIFY(m2 != typename Layout<dyn>::mapping(exts_other, 7));
> +    return true;
> +  }
> +
> +template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
> +  constexpr bool
> +  test_required_span_size_overflow()
> +  {
> +    using Traits =
> LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
> +    using Extents = std::dextents<uint8_t, 2>;
> +    auto exts = Traits::make_extents(Extents{64, 2});
> +    auto strides = Traits::make_array(std::array<uint8_t, 2>{1, 128});
> +    auto ms = std::layout_stride::mapping(exts, strides);
> +    auto m = typename Layout<dyn>::mapping<Extents>(ms);
> +    VERIFY(is_same_mapping(m, ms));
> +    VERIFY(m.required_span_size() == ms.required_span_size());
> +    return true;
> +  }
> +
> +template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
> +  constexpr bool
> +  test_all()
> +  {
> +    test_representable_padded_size<std::layout_left_padded>();
> +    test_default_ctor<Layout>();
> +    test_from_exts<Layout>();
> +    test_from_stride<Layout>();
> +    test_from_samepad<Layout>();
> +    test_from_same<Layout>();
> +    test_from_other<Layout>();
> +    test_to_same<Layout>();
> +    test_never_to_other<Layout>();
> +    test_strides_all<Layout>();
> +    test_exhaustive<Layout>();
> +    test_op_eq<Layout>();
> +    test_required_span_size_overflow<Layout>();
> +    return true;
> +  }
> +
> +int
> +main()
> +{
> +  test_all<std::layout_left_padded>();
> +  static_assert(test_all<std::layout_left_padded>());
> +
> +  test_from_pad_all<std::layout_left_padded>();
> +  return 0;
> +}
> diff --git
> a/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/padded_neg.cc
> b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/padded_neg.cc
> new file mode 100644
> index 00000000000..f0dbfe9d9c6
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/padded_neg.cc
> @@ -0,0 +1,324 @@
> +// { dg-do compile { target c++26 } }
> +#include <mdspan>
> +
> +#include "padded_traits.h"
> +#include <cstdint>
> +
> +constexpr size_t dyn = std::dynamic_extent;
> +
> +template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
> +  constexpr bool
> +  test_from_extens_representable_sta()
> +  {
> +    using E1 = std::extents<uint8_t, 8, 128>;
> +    auto m = typename Layout<dyn>::mapping(E1{}); // { dg-error "required
> from" }
> +    return true;
> +  }
> +static_assert(test_from_extens_representable_sta<std::layout_left_padded>());
> // { dg-error "from here" }
> +
> +template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
> +  constexpr bool
> +  test_from_extents_representable_padded_size()
> +  {
> +    using E1 = std::extents<uint8_t, 8, 128>;
> +    using E2 = std::dextents<uint8_t, 2>;
> +
> +    auto m = typename Layout<dyn>::mapping(E2{E1{}}); // { dg-error
> "expansion of" }
> +    (void) m;
> +    return true;
> +  }
> +static_assert(test_from_extents_representable_padded_size<std::layout_left_padded>());
> // { dg-error "expansion of" }
> +
> +template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
> +  constexpr bool
> +  test_from_extents_representable_stride()
> +  {
> +    using Traits =
> LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
> +    using E1 = typename Traits::extents_type<std::extents<uint8_t, dyn,
> 1>>;
> +    auto m = typename Layout<128>::mapping(E1{129}); // { dg-error
> "expansion of" }
> +    (void) m;
> +    return true;
> +  }
> +static_assert(test_from_extents_representable_stride<std::layout_left_padded>());
> // { dg-error "expansion of" }
> +
> +template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
> +  constexpr bool
> +  test_from_pad_representable_stride()
> +  {
> +    using Traits =
> LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
> +    auto exts = Traits::make_extents(std::dextents<uint8_t, 2>(129, 2));
> +    auto m = typename Layout<dyn>::mapping(exts, 128); // { dg-error
> "expansion of" }
> +    return true;
> +  }
> +static_assert(test_from_pad_representable_stride<std::layout_left_padded>());
> // { dg-error "expansion of" }
> +
> +template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
> +  constexpr bool
> +  test_from_pad_representable_padded_size()
> +  {
> +    using Traits =
> LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
> +    auto exts = Traits::make_extents(std::dextents<uint8_t, 2>(64, 2));
> +    auto m = typename Layout<dyn>::mapping(exts, 128); // { dg-error
> "expansion of" }
> +    return true;
> +  }
> +static_assert(test_from_pad_representable_padded_size<std::layout_left_padded>());
> // { dg-error "expansion of" }
> +
> +template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
> +  constexpr bool
> +  test_from_left()
> +  {
> +    using Traits =
> LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
> +    using LayoutSame = typename Traits::layout_same;
> +    auto exts = Traits::make_extents(std::extents<uint8_t, 6, dyn>{4});
> +    auto ml = typename LayoutSame::mapping(exts);
> +
> +    typename Layout<4>::mapping<decltype(exts)> m(ml); // { dg-error
> "expansion of" }
> +    return true;
> +  }
> +static_assert(test_from_left<std::layout_left_padded>()); // { dg-error
> "required from here" }
> +
> +template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
> +  constexpr bool
> +  test_from_left_bad_runtime_stride()
> +  {
> +    using Traits =
> LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
> +    auto exts = Traits::make_extents(std::extents<uint8_t, dyn, dyn>{6,
> 4});
> +    auto ml = typename Traits::layout_same::mapping(exts);
> +
> +    typename Layout<4>::mapping<decltype(exts)> m(ml); // { dg-error
> "expansion of" }
> +    (void) m;
> +    return true;
> +  }
> +static_assert(test_from_left_bad_runtime_stride<std::layout_left_padded>());
> // { dg-error "expansion of" }
> +
> +template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
> +  constexpr bool
> +  test_from_left_representable_extents()
> +  {
> +    using Traits =
> LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
> +    auto exts = Traits::make_extents(std::extents<uint16_t, dyn, dyn>{8,
> 128});
> +    auto ml = typename Traits::layout_same::mapping(exts);
> +
> +    typename Layout<8>::mapping<std::extents<uint8_t, dyn, dyn>> m(ml);
> // { dg-error "expansion of" }
> +    return true;
> +  }
> +static_assert(test_from_left_representable_extents<std::layout_left_padded>());
> // { dg-error "expansion of" }
> +
> +template<template<size_t> typename Layout, size_t PaddingValue>
> +  constexpr bool
> +  test_pad_overflow()
> +  {
> +    auto exts = std::extents<uint8_t, dyn>{4};
> +    auto n = size_t(1) << 9;
> +    auto m = typename Layout<PaddingValue>::mapping(exts, n);
> +    (void) m;
> +    return true;
> +  }
> +static_assert(test_pad_overflow<std::layout_left_padded, 1>());   // {
> dg-error "expansion of" }
> +static_assert(test_pad_overflow<std::layout_left_padded, dyn>()); // {
> dg-error "expansion of" }
> +
> +template<template<size_t> typename Layout, size_t PaddingValue>
> +  constexpr bool
> +  test_from_pad_negative()
> +  {
> +    auto exts = std::extents(4);
> +    auto m = typename Layout<PaddingValue>::mapping(exts, -1);
> +    (void) m;
> +    return true;
> +  }
> +static_assert(test_from_pad_negative<std::layout_left_padded, 1>());   //
> { dg-error "expansion of" }
> +static_assert(test_from_pad_negative<std::layout_left_padded, dyn>()); //
> { dg-error "expansion of" }
> +
> +template<template<size_t> typename Layout, size_t Pad>
> +  constexpr bool
> +  test_static_pad_same()
> +  {
> +    using Extents = std::extents<int, dyn>;
> +    using Mapping = typename Layout<Pad>::mapping<Extents>;
> +    auto exts = Extents{4};
> +    auto m = Mapping(exts, Pad + 1);      // { dg-error "expansion of" }
> +    (void) m;
> +    return true;
> +  }
> +static_assert(test_static_pad_same<std::layout_left_padded, 1>()); // {
> dg-error "expansion of" }
> +static_assert(test_static_pad_same<std::layout_left_padded, 3>()); // {
> dg-error "expansion of" }
> +
> +template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
> +  constexpr bool
> +  test_from_stride_wrong_stride0()
> +  {
> +    using Traits =
> LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
> +    auto e = Traits::make_extents(std::extents{3, 5});
> +    auto s = Traits::make_array(std::array<int, 2>{2, 7});
> +    auto ms = std::layout_stride::mapping(e, s);
> +    auto m = typename Layout<dyn>::mapping<decltype(e)>(ms); // {
> dg-error "expansion of" }
> +    (void) m;
> +    return true;
> +  }
> +static_assert(test_from_stride_wrong_stride0<std::layout_left_padded>());
> // { dg-error "expansion of" }
> +
> +template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
> +  constexpr bool
> +  test_from_stride_wrong_stride1()
> +  {
> +    using Traits =
> LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
> +    auto e = Traits::make_extents(std::extents(3, 5));
> +    auto s = Traits::make_array(std::array<int, 2>{1, 3});
> +    auto ms = std::layout_stride::mapping(e, s);
> +    auto m = typename Layout<2>::mapping<decltype(e)>(ms); // { dg-error
> "expansion of" }
> +    (void) m;
> +    return true;
> +  }
> +static_assert(test_from_stride_wrong_stride1<std::layout_left_padded>());
> // { dg-error "expansion of" }
> +
> +template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
> +  constexpr bool
> +  test_from_stride_wrong_stride2()
> +  {
> +    using Traits =
> LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
> +    auto e = Traits::make_extents(std::extents(3, 5, 7));
> +    auto s = Traits::make_array(std::array<int, 3>{1, 4, 21});
> +    auto ms = std::layout_stride::mapping(e, s);
> +    auto m = typename Layout<dyn>::mapping<decltype(e)>(ms); // here (not
> implemented)
> +    (void) m;
> +    return true;
> +  }
> +static_assert(test_from_stride_wrong_stride2<std::layout_left_padded>());
> +
> +template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
> +  constexpr bool
> +  test_from_stride_oversized()
> +  {
> +    using Traits =
> LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
> +    auto exts = Traits::make_extents(std::extents<uint16_t, dyn, dyn>{3,
> 6});
> +    auto s = Traits::make_array(std::array<uint16_t, 2>{1, 128});
> +    auto ms = std::layout_stride::mapping(exts, s);
> +
> +    using Mapping = typename Layout<dyn>::mapping<std::dextents<uint8_t,
> 2>>;
> +    Mapping m(ms); // { dg-error "expansion of" }
> +    (void) m;
> +    return true;
> +  }
> +static_assert(test_from_stride_oversized<std::layout_left_padded>()); //
> { dg-error "expansion of" }
> +
> +template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
> +  constexpr bool
> +  test_from_samepad_dyn()
> +  {
> +    using Traits =
> LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
> +    auto e = Traits::make_extents(std::extents(3, 5));
> +    auto mlp = typename Layout<dyn>::mapping(e);
> +    auto m = typename Layout<2>::mapping<decltype(e)>(mlp); // { dg-error
> "expansion of" }
> +    (void) m;
> +    return true;
> +  }
> +static_assert(test_from_samepad_dyn<std::layout_left_padded>()); // {
> dg-error "expansion of" }
> +
> +template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
> +  constexpr bool
> +  test_from_samepad_sta()
> +  {
> +    using Traits =
> LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
> +    auto e = Traits::make_extents(std::extents{3, 5});
> +    auto mlp = typename Layout<3>::mapping(e);
> +    auto m = typename Layout<2>::mapping<decltype(e)>(mlp); // { dg-error
> "expansion of" }
> +    (void) m;
> +    return true;
> +  }
> +static_assert(test_from_samepad_sta<std::layout_left_padded>()); // {
> dg-error "expansion of" }
> +
> +template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
> +  constexpr bool
> +  test_from_samepad_oversized()
> +  {
> +    using Traits =
> LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
> +    using E1 = typename Traits::extents_type<std::extents<uint16_t, 8,
> 128>>;
> +    using E2 = typename Traits::extents_type<std::extents<uint8_t, dyn,
> dyn>>;
> +    auto mlp = typename Layout<dyn>::mapping<E1>(E1{});
> +    auto m = typename Layout<dyn>::mapping<E2>(mlp); // { dg-error
> "expansion of" }
> +    (void) m;
> +    return true;
> +  }
> +static_assert(test_from_samepad_oversized<std::layout_left_padded>()); //
> { dg-error "expansion of" }
> +
> +template<template<size_t> typename Layout, size_t RunId>
> +  constexpr bool
> +  test_to_same_not_exhaustive()
> +  {
> +    using Traits =
> LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
> +    using E1 = typename Traits::extents_type<std::extents<int, 6, 5>>;
> +    using E2 = typename Traits::extents_type<std::extents<int, dyn, 5>>;
> +
> +    [[maybe_unused]] auto msta = typename Layout<7>::mapping(E1{});
> +    if constexpr (RunId == 0)
> +      {
> +       auto m = typename Traits::layout_same::mapping<E1>(msta); // {
> dg-error "required from" }
> +       (void) m;
> +      }
> +    if constexpr (RunId == 1)
> +      {
> +       auto m = typename Traits::layout_same::mapping<E2>(msta); // {
> dg-error "expansion of" }
> +       (void) m;
> +      }
> +
> +    [[maybe_unused]] auto mdyn = typename Layout<dyn>::mapping(E2{E1{}},
> 7);
> +    if constexpr (RunId == 2)
> +      {
> +       auto m = typename Traits::layout_same::mapping<E1>(mdyn); // {
> dg-error "expansion of" }
> +       (void) m;
> +      }
> +    if constexpr (RunId == 3)
> +      {
> +       auto m = typename Traits::layout_same::mapping<E2>(mdyn); // {
> dg-error "expansion of" }
> +       (void) m;
> +      }
> +    return true;
> +  }
> +static_assert(test_to_same_not_exhaustive<std::layout_left_padded, 0>());
> // { dg-error "expansion of" }
> +static_assert(test_to_same_not_exhaustive<std::layout_left_padded, 1>());
> // { dg-error "expansion of" }
> +static_assert(test_to_same_not_exhaustive<std::layout_left_padded, 2>());
> // { dg-error "expansion of" }
> +static_assert(test_to_same_not_exhaustive<std::layout_left_padded, 3>());
> // { dg-error "expansion of" }
> +
> +template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
> +  constexpr bool
> +  test_statically_bad_padding_value1()
> +  {
> +    using Traits =
> LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
> +    constexpr auto N = std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max() - 1;
> +    using Extents = typename Traits::extents_type<std::extents<size_t, N,
> 0>>;
> +    typename Layout<10>::mapping<Extents> m; // { dg-error "required
> from" }
> +    return true;
> +  }
> +static_assert(test_statically_bad_padding_value1<std::layout_left_padded>());
> // { dg-error "required from" }
> +
> +template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
> +  constexpr bool
> +  test_statically_bad_padding_value2()
> +  {
> +    using Traits =
> LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
> +    using Extents = typename Traits::extents_type<std::extents<uint8_t,
> 255, 0>>;
> +    typename Layout<2>::mapping<Extents> m; // { dg-error "required from"
> }
> +    return true;
> +  }
> +static_assert(test_statically_bad_padding_value2<std::layout_left_padded>());
> // { dg-error "required from" }
> +
> +template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
> +  constexpr bool
> +  test_statically_oversized()
> +  {
> +    using Traits =
> LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
> +    using Extents = typename Traits::extents_type<std::extents<uint8_t,
> 127, 2>>;
> +    typename Layout<2>::mapping<Extents> m; // { dg-error "required from"
> }
> +    return true;
> +  }
> +static_assert(test_statically_oversized<std::layout_left_padded>()); // {
> dg-error "from here" }
> +
> +// { dg-prune-output "padding_value must be representable as index_type" }
> +// { dg-prune-output "non-constant condition for static assertion" }
> +// { dg-prune-output "called in a constant expression" }
> +// { dg-prune-output "no matching function" }
> +// { dg-prune-output "static assertion failed" }
> +// { dg-prune-output "__glibcxx_assert_fail()" }
> +// { dg-prune-output "must be compatible with other.stride" }
> +// { dg-prune-output "padding_value is dynamic_extent" }
> +// { dg-prune-output "_S_rank <= 1" }
> diff --git
> a/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/padded_traits.h
> b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/padded_traits.h
> new file mode 100644
> index 00000000000..9171d8c1ce1
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/padded_traits.h
> @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
> +#ifndef TEST_MDSPAN_PADDED_TRAITS_H
> +#define TEST_MDSPAN_PADDED_TRAITS_H
> +
> +#include <algorithm>
> +
> +template<typename Layout>
> +  constexpr static bool is_left_padded = false;
> +
> +#if __cplusplus > 202302L
> +template<size_t PaddingValue>
> +  constexpr static bool
> is_left_padded<std::layout_left_padded<PaddingValue>>
> +    = true;
> +#endif
> +
> +template<typename Layout>
> +  constexpr bool
> +  is_padded_layout = is_left_padded<Layout>;
> +
> +#if __cplusplus > 202302L
> +
> +enum class PaddingSide
> +{
> +  Left
> +};
> +
> +struct DeducePaddingSide
> +{
> +  template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
> +    constexpr static PaddingSide
> +    from_template()
> +    { return PaddingSide::Left; }
> +
> +  template<typename Layout>
> +    constexpr static PaddingSide
> +    from_typename()
> +    { return PaddingSide::Left; }
> +};
> +
> +template<PaddingSide Side>
> +  struct LayoutTraits;
> +
> +template<>
> +  struct LayoutTraits<PaddingSide::Left>
> +  {
> +    using layout_same = std::layout_left;
> +    using layout_other = std::layout_right;
> +
> +    template<typename Extents>
> +      using extents_type = Extents;
> +
> +    template<typename Extents>
> +      constexpr static extents_type<Extents>
> +      make_extents(const Extents& exts)
> +      { return exts; }
> +
> +    template<typename T, size_t N>
> +      constexpr static std::array<T, N>
> +      make_array(const std::array<T, N>& expected)
> +      { return expected; }
> +
> +    template<typename Mapping>
> +      constexpr static auto
> +      padded_stride(const Mapping& m)
> +      { return m.stride(1); }
> +
> +    template<typename Extents>
> +      constexpr static auto
> +      padded_extent(const Extents& exts)
> +      { return exts.extent(0); }
> +  };
> +
> +#endif
> +#endif
> --
> 2.50.1
>
>
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