[PATCH v5 1/2] libstdc++: Implement std::layout_left_padded [PR110352].

Jonathan Wakely jwakely@redhat.com
Wed Oct 8 08:31:09 GMT 2025


On Tue, 30 Sep 2025 at 10:14 +0200, Tomasz Kamiński wrote:
>From: Luc Grosheintz <luc.grosheintz@gmail.com>
>
>This commit adds a new layout layout_left_padded as standardized in
>N5014. It adds a purely internal feature testing macro padded_layouts
>and registers layout_left_padded in the std module.
>
>This commit implements LWG4372, because without it's not possible
>to properly test padded layouts with a dynamic padding value. It also
>implements LWG4314, for consistency with prior layouts.
>
>The implementation uses a _PaddedStorage to deduplicate most of the code
>shared between left- and right-padded layouts. It's implemented through
>aggregation rather than inheritence, because of a bug related to
>inheriting conditionally explicit ctors.
>
>The tests are written such that the canonical version works for
>layout_left_padded. A version for layout_right_padded is derived
>essentially by reversing the order of the extents.
>
>	PR libstdc++/110352
>
>libstdc++-v3/ChangeLog:
>
>	* include/bits/version.def (padded_layouts): Add new internal
>	feature testing macro.
>	* include/bits/version.h: Regenerate.
>	* include/std/mdspan (__fwd_prod): New overload.
>	(layout_left_padded): Add declaration and implementation.
>	(layout_right_padded): Add declaration only.
>	(layout_left::mapping::mapping): New overload for left
>	padded mappings.
>	(__index_type_cast): New function that performs a checked cast
>	to index_type.
>	(__is_left_padded_mapping): New concept.
>	(__is_right_padded_mapping): Ditto.
>	(__standardized_mapping): Recognize left and right padded
>	mappings.
>	(_LeftPaddedIndices): Traits for left padded details.
>	(_PaddedStorage): New class for implementing padded layouts.
>	* src/c++23/std.cc.in (layout_left_padded): Add.
>	* testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/class_mandate_neg.cc:
>	Refactor and add tests for layout_left_padded.
>	* testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/ctors.cc: Ditto.
>	* testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/empty.cc: Ditto.
>	* testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/mapping.cc: Ditto.
>	* testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/padded.cc: Ditto.
>	* testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/padded_neg.cc: Ditto.
>	* testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/padded_traits.h: New
>	traits.
>
>Reviewed-by: Tomasz Kamiński <tkaminsk@redhat.com>
>Signed-off-by: Luc Grosheintz <luc.grosheintz@gmail.com>
>---
>v5:
> * check _Rank > 1 if _PaddingStride() cosntructor
> * extracts _M_calc_padstride and simplifies asserts
> * move representable check before multiplication
>
> libstdc++-v3/include/bits/version.def         |  10 +
> libstdc++-v3/include/bits/version.h           |   9 +
> libstdc++-v3/include/std/mdspan               | 658 ++++++++++++++++-
> libstdc++-v3/src/c++23/std.cc.in              |   8 +-
> .../mdspan/layouts/class_mandate_neg.cc       |   1 +
> .../23_containers/mdspan/layouts/ctors.cc     |  59 +-
> .../23_containers/mdspan/layouts/empty.cc     |  20 +-
> .../23_containers/mdspan/layouts/mapping.cc   | 107 ++-
> .../23_containers/mdspan/layouts/padded.cc    | 673 ++++++++++++++++++
> .../mdspan/layouts/padded_neg.cc              | 324 +++++++++
> .../mdspan/layouts/padded_traits.h            |  73 ++
> 11 files changed, 1925 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)
> create mode 100644 libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/padded.cc
> create mode 100644 libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/padded_neg.cc
> create mode 100644 libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/padded_traits.h
>
>diff --git a/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/version.def b/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/version.def
>index 3a26234f87e..9fe3ad2feda 100644
>--- a/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/version.def
>+++ b/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/version.def
>@@ -1062,6 +1062,16 @@ ftms = {
>     cxxmin = 26;
>     extra_cond = "__glibcxx_assume_aligned "
>     "&& __glibcxx_is_sufficiently_aligned";
>+    };
>+};
>+
>+// Purely internal macro padded layouts.
>+ftms = {
>+  name = padded_layouts;
>+  no_stdname = true; // internal
>+  values = {
>+    v = 1;
>+    cxxmin = 26;
>   };
> };
>
>diff --git a/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/version.h b/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/version.h
>index 46e4c1121e7..d9bf5c8145a 100644
>--- a/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/version.h
>+++ b/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/version.h
>@@ -1193,6 +1193,15 @@
> #endif /* !defined(__cpp_lib_aligned_accessor) && defined(__glibcxx_want_aligned_accessor) */
> #undef __glibcxx_want_aligned_accessor
>
>+#if !defined(__cpp_lib_padded_layouts)
>+# if (__cplusplus >  202302L)
>+#  define __glibcxx_padded_layouts 1L
>+#  if defined(__glibcxx_want_all) || defined(__glibcxx_want_padded_layouts)
>+#  endif
>+# endif
>+#endif /* !defined(__cpp_lib_padded_layouts) && defined(__glibcxx_want_padded_layouts) */
>+#undef __glibcxx_want_padded_layouts
>+
> #if !defined(__cpp_lib_ssize)
> # if (__cplusplus >= 202002L)
> #  define __glibcxx_ssize 201902L
>diff --git a/libstdc++-v3/include/std/mdspan b/libstdc++-v3/include/std/mdspan
>index d9b5152b693..9a7685969d3 100644
>--- a/libstdc++-v3/include/std/mdspan
>+++ b/libstdc++-v3/include/std/mdspan
>@@ -71,6 +71,27 @@ _GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_VERSION
>       return true;
>     }
>
>+    template<typename _IndexType, typename _OIndexType>
>+      constexpr _IndexType
>+      __index_type_cast(_OIndexType&& __other)
>+      {
>+	if constexpr (std::is_integral_v<_OIndexType>)
>+	  {
>+	    __glibcxx_assert(cmp_less_equal(__other,
>+		__gnu_cxx::__int_traits<_IndexType>::__max));
>+	    if constexpr (std::is_signed_v<_OIndexType>)
>+	      __glibcxx_assert(__other >= 0);
>+	    return std::move(__other);
>+	  }
>+	else
>+	  {
>+	    auto __ret = static_cast<_IndexType>(std::move(__other));
>+	    if constexpr (std::is_signed_v<_IndexType>)
>+	      __glibcxx_assert(__ret >= 0);
>+	    return __ret;
>+	  }
>+      }
>+
>     template<array _Extents>
>       class _StaticExtents
>       {
>@@ -261,6 +282,14 @@ _GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_VERSION
>       __static_extents() noexcept
>       { return _Extents::_Storage::_S_static_extents(); }
>
>+    template<typename _Extents>
>+      constexpr span<const size_t>
>+      __static_extents(size_t __begin, size_t __end) noexcept
>+      {
>+	const auto& __sta_exts = __static_extents<_Extents>();
>+	return span<const size_t>(__sta_exts.data() + __begin, __end - __begin);
>+      }
>+
>     // Pre-compute: \prod_{i = 0}^r _Extents[i], for r = 0,..., n (exclusive)
>     template<array _Extents>
>       constexpr auto __fwd_partial_prods = [] consteval
>@@ -476,6 +505,21 @@ _GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_VERSION
>       }
>
>     // Preconditions: _r < _Extents::rank()
>+    template<typename _Extents>
>+      constexpr typename _Extents::index_type
>+      __fwd_prod(const _Extents& __exts, size_t __begin, size_t __end) noexcept
>+      {
>+	size_t __sta_prod = [__begin, __end] {
>+	  span<const size_t> __sta_exts = __static_extents<_Extents>(__begin, __end);
>+	  size_t __ret = 1;
>+	  for(auto __ext : __sta_exts)
>+	    if (__ext != dynamic_extent)
>+	      __ret *= __ext;
>+	  return __ret;
>+	}();
>+	return __extents_prod(__exts, __sta_prod, __begin, __end);
>+      }
>+
>     template<typename _Extents>
>       constexpr typename _Extents::index_type
>       __fwd_prod(const _Extents& __exts, size_t __r) noexcept
>@@ -567,6 +611,22 @@ _GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_VERSION
>       class mapping;
>   };
>
>+#ifdef __glibcxx_padded_layouts
>+  template<size_t _PaddingValue>
>+    struct layout_left_padded
>+    {
>+      template<typename _Extents>
>+	class mapping;
>+    };
>+
>+  template<size_t _PaddingValue>
>+    struct layout_right_padded
>+    {
>+      template<typename _Extents>
>+	class mapping;
>+    };
>+#endif
>+
>   namespace __mdspan
>   {
>     template<typename _Tp>
>@@ -669,10 +729,34 @@ _GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_VERSION
> 	is_same_v<typename _Layout::template mapping<typename _Mapping::extents_type>,
> 		  _Mapping>;
>
>+    template<template<size_t> typename _Layout, typename _Mapping>
>+      concept __padded_mapping_of = __mapping_of<
>+	_Layout<_Mapping::padding_value>, _Mapping>;
>+
>+#ifdef __glibcxx_padded_layouts
>+    template<typename _Mapping>
>+      constexpr bool __is_left_padded_mapping = __padded_mapping_of<
>+	layout_left_padded, _Mapping>;
>+
>+    template<typename _Mapping>
>+      constexpr bool __is_right_padded_mapping = __padded_mapping_of<
>+	layout_right_padded, _Mapping>;
>+#endif
>+
>+    template<typename _PaddedMapping>
>+      consteval size_t
>+      __get_static_stride()
>+      { return _PaddedMapping::_PaddedStorage::_S_static_stride; }
>+
>     template<typename _Mapping>
>       concept __standardized_mapping = __mapping_of<layout_left, _Mapping>
> 				       || __mapping_of<layout_right, _Mapping>
>-				       || __mapping_of<layout_stride, _Mapping>;
>+				       || __mapping_of<layout_stride, _Mapping>
>+#ifdef __glibcxx_padded_layouts
>+				       || __is_left_padded_mapping<_Mapping>
>+				       || __is_right_padded_mapping<_Mapping>
>+#endif
>+				       ;
>
>     // A tag type to create internal ctors.
>     class __internal_ctor
>@@ -726,6 +810,32 @@ _GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_VERSION
> 	: mapping(__other.extents(), __mdspan::__internal_ctor{})
> 	{ __glibcxx_assert(*this == __other); }
>
>+#if __glibcxx_padded_layouts
>+      template<class _LeftpadMapping>
>+	requires __mdspan::__is_left_padded_mapping<_LeftpadMapping>
>+		 && is_constructible_v<extents_type,
>+				       typename _LeftpadMapping::extents_type>
>+	constexpr
>+	explicit(!is_convertible_v<typename _LeftpadMapping::extents_type,
>+				   extents_type>)
>+	mapping(const _LeftpadMapping& __other) noexcept
>+	: mapping(__other.extents(), __mdspan::__internal_ctor{})
>+	{
>+	  constexpr size_t __ostride_sta = __mdspan::__get_static_stride<
>+	    _LeftpadMapping>();
>+
>+	  if constexpr (extents_type::rank() > 1)
>+	    {
>+	      if constexpr (extents_type::static_extent(0) != dynamic_extent
>+			    && __ostride_sta != dynamic_extent)
>+		static_assert(extents_type::static_extent(0) == __ostride_sta);
>+	      else
>+		__glibcxx_assert(__other.stride(1)
>+		    == __other.extents().extent(0));
>+	    }
>+	}
>+#endif
>+
>       constexpr mapping&
>       operator=(const mapping&) noexcept = default;
>
>@@ -1173,6 +1283,550 @@ _GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_VERSION
>       [[no_unique_address]] _Strides _M_strides;
>     };
>
>+#ifdef __glibcxx_padded_layouts
>+  namespace __mdspan
>+  {
>+    constexpr size_t
>+    __least_multiple(size_t __x, size_t __y)
>+    {
>+      if (__x <= 1)
>+	return __y;
>+      return (__y / __x + (__y % __x != 0)) * __x ;
>+    }
>+
>+    template<typename _IndexType>
>+    constexpr bool
>+    __is_representable_least_multiple(size_t __x, size_t __y)
>+    {
>+      constexpr auto __y_max = __gnu_cxx::__int_traits<_IndexType>::__max;
>+      if(std::cmp_greater(__y, __y_max))
>+	return false;
>+
>+      if(__x <= 1)
>+	return true;
>+
>+      auto __max_delta = __y_max - static_cast<_IndexType>(__y);
>+      auto __y_mod_x = __y % __x;
>+      auto __delta = (__y_mod_x == 0) ? size_t(0) : (__x - __y_mod_x);
>+      return std::cmp_less_equal(__delta, __max_delta);
>+    }
>+
>+    template<typename _Extents, size_t _PaddingValue, typename _LayoutTraits,
>+	     size_t _Rank = _Extents::rank()>
>+      concept __valid_static_stride = (_Extents::rank() <= 1)
>+	|| (_PaddingValue == dynamic_extent)
>+	|| (_Extents::static_extent(_LayoutTraits::_S_ext_idx) == dynamic_extent)
>+	|| (__is_representable_least_multiple<size_t>(
>+	    _PaddingValue, _Extents::static_extent(_LayoutTraits::_S_ext_idx)));
>+
>+    template<size_t _PaddedStride, typename _Extents,
>+	     typename _LayoutTraits>
>+      consteval bool
>+      __is_representable_padded_size()
>+      {
>+	using _IndexType = typename _Extents::index_type;
>+	auto __sta_exts = __static_extents<_Extents>(
>+	  _LayoutTraits::_S_unpad_begin, _LayoutTraits::_S_unpad_end);
>+	size_t __max = __gnu_cxx::__int_traits<_IndexType>::__max;
>+	return __static_quotient(__sta_exts, __max / _PaddedStride) != 0;
>+      }
>+
>+    template<typename _Extents, size_t _PaddedStride, typename _LayoutTraits,
>+	     size_t _Rank = _Extents::rank()>
>+      concept __valid_padded_size = (_Rank <= 1)
>+	|| (_PaddedStride == dynamic_extent)
>+	|| (!__all_static(__static_extents<_Extents>()))
>+	|| (__contains_zero(__static_extents<_Extents>()))
>+	|| (__is_representable_padded_size<_PaddedStride, _Extents,
>+					   _LayoutTraits>());
>+
>+    template<typename _Extents, typename _Stride, typename... _Indices>
>+      constexpr typename _Extents::index_type
>+      __linear_index_leftpad(const _Extents& __exts, _Stride __stride,
>+			     _Indices... __indices)
>+      {
>+	// i0 + stride*(i1 + extents.extent(1)*...)
>+	using _IndexType = typename _Extents::index_type;
>+	_IndexType __res = 0;
>+	if constexpr (sizeof...(__indices) > 0)
>+	  {
>+	    _IndexType __mult = 1;
>+
>+	    auto __update_rest = [&, __pos = 1u](_IndexType __idx) mutable
>+	      {
>+		__res += __idx * __mult;
>+		__mult *= __exts.extent(__pos);
>+		++__pos;
>+	      };
>+
>+	    auto __update = [&](_IndexType __idx, auto... __rest)
>+	      {
>+		__res += __idx;
>+		__mult = __stride.extent(0);
>+		(__update_rest(__rest), ...);
>+	      };
>+	    __update(__indices...);
>+	  }
>+	return __res;
>+      }
>+
>+    template<size_t _Rank>
>+      struct _LeftPaddedLayoutTraits
>+      {
>+	using _LayoutSame = layout_left;
>+	using _LayoutOther = layout_right;
>+
>+	constexpr static const size_t _S_ext_idx = 0;
>+	constexpr static const size_t _S_stride_idx = 1;
>+	constexpr static const size_t _S_unpad_begin = 1;
>+	constexpr static const size_t _S_unpad_end = _Rank;
>+
>+	template<typename _IndexType, size_t _StaticStride, size_t..._Extents>
>+	  constexpr static auto _S_make_padded_extent(
>+	    extents<_IndexType, _StaticStride> __stride,
>+	    const extents<_IndexType, _Extents...>& __exts)
>+	  {
>+	    auto __impl = [&]<size_t... _Is>(integer_sequence<size_t, _Is...>)
>+	    {
>+	      return extents<_IndexType, _StaticStride,
>+			     (_Extents...[_Is + 1])...>{
>+		__stride.extent(0), __exts.extent(_Is + 1)...};
>+	    };
>+	    return __impl(make_index_sequence<sizeof...(_Extents) - 1>());
>+	  }
>+      };
>+
>+    template<size_t _PaddingValue, typename _Extents, typename _LayoutTraits>
>+      class _PaddedStorage
>+      {
>+	using _LayoutSame = typename _LayoutTraits::_LayoutSame;
>+
>+      public:
>+	using _IndexType = typename _Extents::index_type;
>+	constexpr static size_t _S_rank = _Extents::rank();
>+
>+	// _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
>+	// 4372. Weaken Mandates: for dynamic padding values in padded layouts
>+	static_assert((_PaddingValue == dynamic_extent)
>+	    || (cmp_less_equal(_PaddingValue,
>+			       __gnu_cxx::__int_traits<_IndexType>::__max)),
>+	  "padding_value must be representable as index_type");
>+
>+	static_assert(__representable_size<_Extents, _IndexType>,
>+	  "The size of extents_type must be representable as index_type");
>+
>+	static_assert(__valid_static_stride<_Extents, _PaddingValue,
>+					    _LayoutTraits>,
>+	  "The padded stride must be representable as size_t");
>+
>+	static constexpr size_t _S_static_stride = [] consteval
>+	{
>+	  constexpr size_t __rank = _Extents::rank();
>+	  if constexpr (__rank <= 1)
>+	    return 0;
>+	  else
>+	    {
>+	      constexpr size_t __ext_idx = _LayoutTraits::_S_ext_idx;
>+	      constexpr size_t __sta_ext = _Extents::static_extent(__ext_idx);
>+	      if constexpr (__sta_ext == 0)
>+		return size_t(0);
>+	      else if constexpr (_PaddingValue == dynamic_extent
>+		  || __sta_ext == dynamic_extent)
>+		return dynamic_extent;
>+	      else
>+		return __least_multiple(_PaddingValue, __sta_ext);
>+	    }
>+	}();
>+
>+	static_assert(_S_static_stride == dynamic_extent
>+	  || cmp_less_equal(_S_static_stride,
>+			    __gnu_cxx::__int_traits<_IndexType>::__max),
>+	  "Padded stride must be representable as index_type");
>+
>+	static_assert(__valid_padded_size<_Extents, _S_static_stride,
>+					  _LayoutTraits>);
>+
>+	constexpr
>+	_PaddedStorage() noexcept
>+	{
>+	  if constexpr (_S_rank > 1)
>+	    if constexpr (_S_static_stride == dynamic_extent
>+			  && _S_static_padextent() != dynamic_extent)
>+	      _M_stride = _Stride{_S_static_padextent()};
>+	}
>+
>+	constexpr explicit
>+	_PaddedStorage(const _Extents& __exts)
>+	: _M_extents(__exts)
>+	{
>+	  if constexpr (!__all_static(__static_extents<_Extents>()))
>+	    __glibcxx_assert(__is_representable_extents(_M_extents));
>+
>+	  if constexpr (_S_rank > 1)
>+	    {
>+	      _IndexType __stride;
>+	      if constexpr (_PaddingValue == dynamic_extent)
>+		__stride = _M_padextent();
>+	      else if constexpr (_S_static_padextent() != dynamic_extent)
>+		return;
>+	      else
>+		{
>+		  __glibcxx_assert(
>+		      __is_representable_least_multiple<_IndexType>(
>+			_PaddingValue, _M_padextent()));
>+		
>+		  __stride = static_cast<_IndexType>(
>+		    __least_multiple(_PaddingValue, _M_padextent()));
>+
>+		  __glibcxx_assert(__is_representable_extents(
>+		      _LayoutTraits::_S_make_padded_extent(
>+			std::dextents<_IndexType, 1>{__stride},
>+			_M_extents)));
>+		}
>+	      _M_stride = _Stride{__stride};
>+	    }
>+	}
>+
>+	constexpr explicit
>+	_PaddedStorage(const _Extents& __exts, _IndexType __pad)
>+	: _M_extents(__exts)
>+	{
>+	  if constexpr (_PaddingValue != dynamic_extent)
>+	    __glibcxx_assert(cmp_equal(_PaddingValue, __pad));
>+	  if constexpr (_S_rank > 1 && _S_static_stride == dynamic_extent)
>+	    {
>+	      __glibcxx_assert(
>+		__is_representable_least_multiple<_IndexType>(
>+		  __pad, _M_padextent()));
>+
>+	      _M_stride = _Stride{static_cast<_IndexType>(
>+		__least_multiple(__pad, _M_padextent()))};
>+
>+	      __glibcxx_assert(__is_representable_extents(
>+		_LayoutTraits::_S_make_padded_extent(
>+		  _M_stride, _M_extents)));
>+	    }
>+	}
>+
>+	template<typename _OExtents>
>+	  constexpr explicit
>+	  _PaddedStorage(const typename _LayoutSame::mapping<_OExtents>&
>+			 __other)
>+	  : _PaddedStorage(_Extents(__other.extents()))
>+	  {
>+	    constexpr size_t __stride_idx = _LayoutTraits::_S_stride_idx;
>+	    constexpr size_t __ext_idx = _LayoutTraits::_S_ext_idx;
>+	    if constexpr (_S_rank > 1 && _PaddingValue != dynamic_extent)
>+	      {
>+		static_assert(_S_static_stride == dynamic_extent
>+		    || _OExtents::static_extent(__ext_idx) == dynamic_extent
>+		    || _S_static_stride == _OExtents::static_extent(__ext_idx),
>+		  "The padded stride must be compatible with other");
>+
>+		if constexpr (_S_static_stride == dynamic_extent
>+		    || _OExtents::static_extent(__stride_idx) == dynamic_extent)
>+		  __glibcxx_assert(std::cmp_equal(_M_padstride(),
>+						  _M_padextent()));
>+	      }
>+	  }
>+
>+	template<typename _OExtents>
>+	  constexpr explicit
>+	  _PaddedStorage(const typename layout_stride::mapping<_OExtents>&
>+			 __other)
>+	  : _M_extents(__other.extents())
>+	  {
>+	    __glibcxx_assert(cmp_less_equal(__other.required_span_size(),
>+					    __gnu_cxx::__int_traits<_IndexType>
>+						     ::__max));
>+
>+	    constexpr size_t __stride_idx = _LayoutTraits::_S_stride_idx;
>+	    if constexpr (_S_rank > 1)
>+	      {
>+		if constexpr (_PaddingValue != dynamic_extent)
>+		  __glibcxx_assert(cmp_equal(__other.stride(__stride_idx),
>+					     _M_calc_padstride())
>+		    && "The padded stride must be compatible with other");
>+		if constexpr (_S_static_stride == dynamic_extent)
>+		  _M_stride = _Stride{__other.stride(__stride_idx)};
>+	      }
>+	  }
>+
>+	template<typename _SamePaddedMapping>
>+	  constexpr explicit
>+	  _PaddedStorage(_LayoutTraits::_LayoutSame,
>+			 const _SamePaddedMapping& __other)
>+	  : _M_extents(__other.extents())
>+	  {
>+	    if constexpr (_S_rank > 1)
>+	      {
>+		static_assert(_PaddingValue == dynamic_extent
>+		    || _SamePaddedMapping::padding_value  == dynamic_extent
>+		    || _PaddingValue == _SamePaddedMapping::padding_value,
>+		  "If neither PaddingValue is dynamic_extent, then they must "
>+		  "be equal");
>+
>+		constexpr size_t __stride_idx = _LayoutTraits::_S_stride_idx;
>+		if constexpr (_PaddingValue != dynamic_extent)
>+		  __glibcxx_assert(cmp_equal(__other.stride(__stride_idx),
>+					     _M_calc_padstride())
>+		    && "The padded stride must be compatible with other");
>+		if constexpr (_S_static_stride == dynamic_extent)
>+		  _M_stride = _Stride{__other.stride(__stride_idx)};
>+	      }
>+	    __glibcxx_assert(cmp_less_equal(__other.required_span_size(),
>+		__gnu_cxx::__int_traits<_IndexType>::__max));
>+	  }
>+
>+	template<typename _OtherPaddedMapping>
>+	  constexpr explicit
>+	  _PaddedStorage(_LayoutTraits::_LayoutOther,
>+			 const _OtherPaddedMapping& __other) noexcept
>+	  : _M_extents(__other.extents())
>+	  {
>+	    __glibcxx_assert(cmp_less_equal(__other.required_span_size(),
>+		__gnu_cxx::__int_traits<_IndexType>::__max));
>+	  }
>+
>+	static constexpr bool
>+	_M_is_always_exhaustive() noexcept
>+	{
>+	  if constexpr (_S_rank <= 1)
>+	    return true;
>+	  else
>+	    return _S_static_padextent() != dynamic_extent
>+		   && _S_static_stride != dynamic_extent
>+		   && _S_static_padextent() == _S_static_stride;
>+	}
>+
>+	constexpr bool
>+	_M_is_exhaustive() const noexcept
>+	{
>+	  if constexpr (_M_is_always_exhaustive())
>+	    return true;
>+	  else
>+	    return cmp_equal(_M_padextent(), _M_padstride());
>+	}
>+
>+	constexpr static size_t
>+	_S_static_padextent() noexcept
>+	{ return _Extents::static_extent(_LayoutTraits::_S_ext_idx); }
>+
>+	constexpr _IndexType
>+	_M_padextent() const noexcept
>+	{ return _M_extents.extent(_LayoutTraits::_S_ext_idx); }
>+
>+	constexpr _IndexType
>+	_M_calc_padstride() const noexcept
>+	{
>+	  if constexpr (_S_static_stride != dynamic_extent)
>+	    return _S_static_stride;
>+	  else if constexpr (_PaddingValue != dynamic_extent)
>+	    return __least_multiple(_PaddingValue, _M_padextent());
>+	  else
>+	    return _M_padextent();
>+	}
>+
>+	constexpr _IndexType
>+	_M_padstride() const noexcept
>+	{ return _M_stride.extent(0); }
>+
>+	constexpr _IndexType
>+	_M_required_span_size() const noexcept
>+	{
>+	  if constexpr (_S_rank == 0)
>+	    return 1;
>+	  else if (__mdspan::__empty(_M_extents))
>+	    return 0;
>+	  else
>+	    {
>+	      size_t __stride = static_cast<size_t>(_M_padstride());
>+	      size_t __prod_rest = __mdspan::__fwd_prod(_M_extents,
>+		_LayoutTraits::_S_unpad_begin, _LayoutTraits::_S_unpad_end);
>+	      size_t __delta = _M_padstride() - _M_padextent();
>+	      return static_cast<_IndexType>(__stride * __prod_rest - __delta);
>+	    }
>+	}
>+
>+	template<typename _SamePaddedMapping>
>+	  constexpr bool
>+	  _M_equal(const _SamePaddedMapping& __other) const noexcept
>+	  {
>+	    return _M_extents == __other.extents()
>+	      && (_S_rank < 2
>+		|| cmp_equal(_M_stride.extent(0),
>+			     __other.stride(_LayoutTraits::_S_stride_idx)));
>+	  }
>+
>+	using _Stride = std::extents<_IndexType, _S_static_stride>;
>+	[[no_unique_address]] _Stride _M_stride;
>+	[[no_unique_address]] _Extents _M_extents;
>+      };
>+  }
>+
>+  template<size_t _PaddingValue>
>+    template<typename _Extents>
>+      class layout_left_padded<_PaddingValue>::mapping
>+      {
>+      public:
>+	static constexpr size_t padding_value = _PaddingValue;
>+
>+	using extents_type = _Extents;
>+	using index_type = typename extents_type::index_type;
>+	using size_type = typename extents_type::size_type;
>+	using rank_type = typename extents_type::rank_type;
>+	using layout_type = layout_left_padded<padding_value>;
>+
>+      private:
>+	static constexpr size_t _S_rank = extents_type::rank();
>+	using _PaddedStorage = __mdspan::_PaddedStorage<_PaddingValue,
>+	      _Extents, __mdspan::_LeftPaddedLayoutTraits<_S_rank>>;
>+	[[no_unique_address]] _PaddedStorage _M_storage;
>+
>+	consteval friend size_t
>+	__mdspan::__get_static_stride<mapping>();
>+
>+	constexpr index_type
>+	_M_extent(size_t __r) const noexcept
>+	{ return _M_storage._M_extents.extent(__r); }
>+
>+	constexpr index_type
>+	_M_padstride() const noexcept
>+	{ return _M_storage._M_stride.extent(0); }
>+
>+      public:
>+	constexpr
>+	mapping() noexcept
>+	{ }
>+
>+	constexpr
>+	mapping(const mapping&) noexcept = default;
>+
>+	constexpr
>+	mapping(const extents_type& __exts)
>+	: _M_storage(__exts)
>+	{ }
>+
>+	template<__mdspan::__valid_index_type<index_type> _OIndexType>
>+	  constexpr mapping(const extents_type& __exts, _OIndexType __pad)
>+	  : _M_storage(__exts,
>+	      __mdspan::__index_type_cast<index_type>(std::move(__pad)))
>+	  { }
>+
>+	template<typename _OExtents>
>+	  requires is_constructible_v<extents_type, _OExtents>
>+	  constexpr explicit(!is_convertible_v<_OExtents, extents_type>)
>+	  mapping(const layout_left::mapping<_OExtents>& __other)
>+	  : _M_storage(__other)
>+	  { }
>+
>+	template<typename _OExtents>
>+	  requires is_constructible_v<_OExtents, extents_type>
>+	  constexpr explicit(_OExtents::rank() > 0)
>+	  mapping(const typename layout_stride::mapping<_OExtents>& __other)
>+	  : _M_storage(__other)
>+	  { __glibcxx_assert(*this == __other); }
>+
>+	template<typename _LeftpadMapping>
>+	  requires __mdspan::__is_left_padded_mapping<_LeftpadMapping>
>+	      && is_constructible_v<extents_type,
>+				    typename _LeftpadMapping::extents_type>
>+	  constexpr explicit(_S_rank > 1 && (padding_value != dynamic_extent
>+		|| _LeftpadMapping::padding_value == dynamic_extent))
>+	  mapping(const _LeftpadMapping& __other)
>+	  : _M_storage(layout_left{}, __other)
>+	  { }
>+
>+	template<typename _RightPaddedMapping>
>+	  requires (__mdspan::__is_right_padded_mapping<_RightPaddedMapping>
>+	      || __mdspan::__mapping_of<layout_right, _RightPaddedMapping>)
>+	    && (_S_rank <= 1)
>+	    && is_constructible_v<extents_type,
>+				  typename _RightPaddedMapping::extents_type>
>+	  constexpr explicit(!is_convertible_v<
>+	      typename _RightPaddedMapping::extents_type, extents_type>)
>+	  mapping(const _RightPaddedMapping& __other) noexcept
>+	  : _M_storage(layout_right{}, __other)
>+	  { }
>+
>+	constexpr mapping&
>+	operator=(const mapping&) noexcept = default;
>+
>+	constexpr const extents_type&
>+	extents() const noexcept { return _M_storage._M_extents; }
>+
>+	constexpr array<index_type, _S_rank>
>+	strides() const noexcept
>+	{
>+	  array<index_type, _S_rank> __ret;
>+	  if constexpr (_S_rank > 0)
>+	    __ret[0] = 1;
>+	  if constexpr (_S_rank > 1)
>+	    __ret[1] = _M_padstride();
>+	  if constexpr (_S_rank > 2)
>+	    for(size_t __i = 2; __i < _S_rank; ++__i)
>+	      __ret[__i] = __ret[__i - 1] * _M_extent(__i - 1);
>+	  return __ret;
>+	}
>+
>+	constexpr index_type
>+	required_span_size() const noexcept
>+	{ return _M_storage._M_required_span_size(); }
>+
>+	// _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
>+	// 4314. Missing move in mdspan layout mapping::operator()
>+	template<__mdspan::__valid_index_type<index_type>... _Indices>
>+	  requires (sizeof...(_Indices) == _S_rank)
>+	  constexpr index_type
>+	  operator()(_Indices... __indices) const noexcept
>+	  {
>+	    return __mdspan::__linear_index_leftpad(
>+	      extents(), _M_storage._M_stride,
>+	      static_cast<index_type>(std::move(__indices))...);
>+	  }
>+
>+	static constexpr bool
>+	is_always_exhaustive() noexcept
>+	{ return _PaddedStorage::_M_is_always_exhaustive(); }
>+
>+	constexpr bool
>+	is_exhaustive() noexcept
>+	{ return _M_storage._M_is_exhaustive(); }
>+
>+	static constexpr bool
>+	is_always_unique() noexcept { return true; }
>+
>+	static constexpr bool
>+	is_always_strided() noexcept { return true; }
>+
>+	static constexpr bool
>+	is_unique() noexcept { return true; }
>+
>+	static constexpr bool
>+	is_strided() noexcept { return true; }
>+
>+	constexpr index_type
>+	stride(rank_type __r) const noexcept
>+	{
>+	  __glibcxx_assert(__r < _S_rank);
>+	  if (__r == 0)
>+	    return 1;
>+	  else
>+	    return static_cast<index_type>(
>+	      static_cast<size_t>(_M_padstride()) *
>+	      static_cast<size_t>(__mdspan::__fwd_prod(extents(), 1, __r)));
>+	}
>+
>+	template<typename _LeftpadMapping>
>+	  requires(__mdspan::__is_left_padded_mapping<_LeftpadMapping>
>+		   && _LeftpadMapping::extents_type::rank() == _S_rank)
>+	  friend constexpr bool
>+	  operator==(const mapping& __self, const _LeftpadMapping& __other)
>+	  noexcept
>+	  { return __self._M_storage._M_equal(__other); }
>+      };
>+#endif

The only change I'd like is a comment on this #endif:

#endif // __glibcxx_padded_layouts

OK for trunk with that change (and the trailing whitespace removed).


>+
>   template<typename _ElementType>
>     struct default_accessor
>     {
>@@ -1370,7 +2024,7 @@ _GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_VERSION
>       mdspan(data_handle_type __handle, const mapping_type& __mapping,
> 	     const accessor_type& __accessor)
>       : _M_accessor(__accessor), _M_mapping(__mapping),
>-        _M_handle(std::move(__handle))
>+	_M_handle(std::move(__handle))
>       { }
>
>       template<typename _OElementType, typename _OExtents, typename _OLayout,
>diff --git a/libstdc++-v3/src/c++23/std.cc.in b/libstdc++-v3/src/c++23/std.cc.in
>index 9352482cbdb..f10bab59e2c 100644
>--- a/libstdc++-v3/src/c++23/std.cc.in
>+++ b/libstdc++-v3/src/c++23/std.cc.in
>@@ -1869,9 +1869,11 @@ export namespace std
>   using std::aligned_accessor;
> #endif
>   using std::mdspan;
>-  // FIXME layout_left_padded, layout_right_padded, strided_slice,
>-  // submdspan_mapping_result, full_extent_t, full_extent, submdspan_extents,
>-  // mdsubspan
>+#if __glibcxx_padded_layouts
>+  using std::layout_left_padded;
>+#endif
>+  // FIXME layout_right_padded, strided_slice, submdspan_mapping_result,
>+  // full_extent_t, full_extent, submdspan_extents, mdsubspan
> }
> #endif
>
>diff --git a/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/class_mandate_neg.cc b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/class_mandate_neg.cc
>index 7091153daba..edf07c983da 100644
>--- a/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/class_mandate_neg.cc
>+++ b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/class_mandate_neg.cc
>@@ -46,3 +46,4 @@ auto b6 = B<6, std::layout_stride, std::layout_left>();   // { dg-error "require
> auto b7 = B<7, std::layout_stride, std::layout_stride>(); // { dg-error "required from" }
>
> // { dg-prune-output "must be representable as index_type" }
>+// { dg-prune-output "static assertion failed" }
>diff --git a/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/ctors.cc b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/ctors.cc
>index 23c0a55dae1..8cba8094abc 100644
>--- a/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/ctors.cc
>+++ b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/ctors.cc
>@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
> // { dg-do run { target c++23 } }
> #include <mdspan>
>
>+#include "padded_traits.h"
> #include <cstdint>
> #include <testsuite_hooks.h>
>
>@@ -27,7 +28,6 @@ template<typename Mapping, typename OMapping>
> 	VERIFY(std::cmp_equal(m.stride(i), other.stride(i)));
>   }
>
>-
> template<typename To, typename From>
>   constexpr void
>   verify_convertible(From from)
>@@ -40,7 +40,10 @@ template<typename To, typename From>
>   constexpr void
>   verify_nothrow_convertible(From from)
>   {
>-    static_assert(std::is_nothrow_constructible_v<To, From>);
>+    if constexpr (is_padded_layout<typename To::layout_type>)
>+      static_assert(std::is_constructible_v<To, From>);
>+    else
>+      static_assert(std::is_nothrow_constructible_v<To, From>);
>     verify_convertible<To>(from);
>   }
>
>@@ -57,7 +60,10 @@ template<typename To, typename From>
>   constexpr void
>   verify_nothrow_constructible(From from)
>   {
>-    static_assert(std::is_nothrow_constructible_v<To, From>);
>+    if constexpr (is_padded_layout<typename To::layout_type>)
>+      static_assert(std::is_constructible_v<To, From>);
>+    else
>+      static_assert(std::is_nothrow_constructible_v<To, From>);
>     verify_constructible<To>(from);
>   }
>
>@@ -196,6 +202,16 @@ namespace from_extents
> // ctor: mapping(mapping<OExtents>)
> namespace from_same_layout
> {
>+  template<typename Layout, typename Extents, typename OExtents>
>+    constexpr void
>+    verify_convertible(OExtents exts)
>+    {
>+      using Mapping = typename Layout::mapping<Extents>;
>+      using OMapping = typename Layout::mapping<OExtents>;
>+
>+      ::verify_convertible<Mapping>(OMapping(exts));
>+    }
>+
>   template<typename Layout, typename Extents, typename OExtents>
>     constexpr void
>     verify_nothrow_convertible(OExtents exts)
>@@ -223,8 +239,12 @@ namespace from_same_layout
>       verify_nothrow_convertible<Layout, std::extents<unsigned int>>(
> 	std::extents<int>{});
>
>-      verify_nothrow_constructible<Layout, std::extents<int>>(
>-	std::extents<unsigned int>{});
>+      if constexpr (!is_padded_layout<Layout>)
>+	verify_nothrow_constructible<Layout, std::extents<int>>(
>+	  std::extents<unsigned int>{});
>+      else
>+	verify_convertible<Layout, std::extents<int>>(
>+	  std::extents<unsigned int>{});
>
>       assert_not_constructible<
> 	typename Layout::mapping<std::extents<int>>,
>@@ -234,8 +254,12 @@ namespace from_same_layout
> 	typename Layout::mapping<std::extents<int, 1>>,
> 	typename Layout::mapping<std::extents<int>>>();
>
>-      verify_nothrow_constructible<Layout, std::extents<int, 1>>(
>-	std::extents<int, dyn>{1});
>+      if constexpr (!is_padded_layout<Layout>)
>+	verify_nothrow_constructible<Layout, std::extents<int, 1>>(
>+	  std::extents<int, dyn>{1});
>+      else
>+	verify_convertible<Layout, std::extents<int, 1>>(
>+	  std::extents<int, dyn>{1});
>
>       verify_nothrow_convertible<Layout, std::extents<int, dyn>>(
> 	std::extents<int, 1>{});
>@@ -247,8 +271,12 @@ namespace from_same_layout
>       verify_nothrow_constructible<Layout, std::extents<int, 1, 2>>(
> 	std::extents<int, dyn, 2>{1});
>
>-      verify_nothrow_convertible<Layout, std::extents<int, dyn, 2>>(
>-	std::extents<int, 1, 2>{});
>+      if constexpr (!is_padded_layout<Layout>)
>+	verify_nothrow_convertible<Layout, std::extents<int, dyn, 2>>(
>+	  std::extents<int, 1, 2>{});
>+      else
>+	verify_nothrow_constructible<Layout, std::extents<int, dyn, 2>>(
>+	  std::extents<int, 1, 2>{});
>       return true;
>     }
>
>@@ -424,11 +452,24 @@ template<typename Layout>
>     from_stride::test_all<Layout>();
>   }
>
>+template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
>+  constexpr void
>+  test_padded_all()
>+  {
>+    test_all<Layout<0>>();
>+    test_all<Layout<1>>();
>+    test_all<Layout<2>>();
>+    test_all<Layout<dyn>>();
>+  }
>+
> int
> main()
> {
>   test_all<std::layout_left>();
>   test_all<std::layout_right>();
>+#if __cplusplus > 202302L
>+  test_padded_all<std::layout_left_padded>();
>+#endif
>
>   from_left_or_right::test_all<std::layout_left, std::layout_right>();
>   from_left_or_right::test_all<std::layout_right, std::layout_left>();
>diff --git a/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/empty.cc b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/empty.cc
>index cbc425f6c15..05188432f14 100644
>--- a/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/empty.cc
>+++ b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/empty.cc
>@@ -35,7 +35,8 @@ template<typename Layout, typename Int>
>   {
>     constexpr Int n1 = std::numeric_limits<Int>::max();
>     constexpr size_t n2 = std::dynamic_extent - 1;
>-    constexpr size_t n = std::cmp_less(n1, n2) ? size_t(n1) : n2;
>+    // Allow some room for padding.
>+    constexpr size_t n = (std::cmp_less(n1, n2) ? size_t(n1) : n2) - 4;
>
>     verify_all(typename Layout::mapping<std::extents<Int, n, n, 0, n, n>>{});
>     verify_all(typename Layout::mapping<std::extents<Int, 0, n, n, n>>{});
>@@ -73,7 +74,8 @@ template<typename Layout, typename Int>
>   {
>     constexpr Int n1 = std::numeric_limits<Int>::max();
>     constexpr size_t n2 = std::dynamic_extent - 1;
>-    constexpr Int n = std::cmp_less(n1, n2) ? n1 : Int(n2);
>+    // Allow some room for padding.
>+    constexpr Int n = (std::cmp_less(n1, n2) ? n1 : Int(n2)) - 4;
>
>     verify_all(make_mapping<Layout>(
> 	std::extents<Int, dyn, dyn, 0, dyn, dyn>{n, n, n, n}));
>@@ -121,11 +123,25 @@ template<typename Layout>
>     return true;
>   }
>
>+template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
>+  constexpr bool
>+  test_padded_all()
>+  {
>+    static_assert(test_all<Layout<0>>());
>+    static_assert(test_all<Layout<1>>());
>+    static_assert(test_all<Layout<2>>());
>+    static_assert(test_all<Layout<dyn>>());
>+    return true;
>+  }
>+
> int
> main()
> {
>   static_assert(test_all<std::layout_left>());
>   static_assert(test_all<std::layout_right>());
>   static_assert(test_all<std::layout_stride>());
>+#if __cplusplus > 202302L
>+  static_assert(test_padded_all<std::layout_left_padded>());
>+#endif
>   return 0;
> }
>diff --git a/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/mapping.cc b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/mapping.cc
>index db15e2a48f3..10ce622523d 100644
>--- a/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/mapping.cc
>+++ b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/mapping.cc
>@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
> #include <mdspan>
>
> #include "../int_like.h"
>+#include "padded_traits.h"
> #include <cstdint>
> #include <testsuite_hooks.h>
>
>@@ -370,6 +371,37 @@ template<>
>     }
>   };
>
>+#if __cplusplus > 202302L
>+template<typename Layout>
>+  requires is_left_padded<Layout>
>+  struct TestStride2D<Layout>
>+  {
>+    static constexpr void
>+    run()
>+    {
>+      using Traits = LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_typename<Layout>()>;
>+      using Extents = typename Traits::extents_type<std::extents<int, 3, 5>>;
>+      using Mapping = typename Layout::mapping<Extents>;
>+      constexpr size_t padding_value = Mapping::padding_value;
>+
>+      Mapping m;
>+      size_t effective_pad = (padding_value == 0 || padding_value == dyn)
>+	? size_t(1) : padding_value;
>+
>+      constexpr auto i0 = is_left_padded<Layout> ? 0 : 1;
>+      VERIFY(m.stride(i0) == 1);
>+
>+      // The next multiple of padding_value, that's greater or equal
>+      // to exts.extent(0) is the unique value in the range:
>+      //   [exts.extent(0), exts.extent(0) + padding_value)
>+      // that is divisible by padding_value.
>+      auto stride = Traits::padded_stride(m);
>+      VERIFY((stride % effective_pad) == 0);
>+      VERIFY(3 <= stride && std::cmp_less(stride, 3 + effective_pad));
>+    }
>+  };
>+#endif
>+
> template<typename Layout>
>   constexpr void
>   test_stride_2d()
>@@ -423,6 +455,40 @@ template<>
>     }
>   };
>
>+#if __cplusplus > 202302L
>+template<typename Layout>
>+  requires is_left_padded<Layout>
>+  struct TestStride3D<Layout>
>+  {
>+    static constexpr void
>+    run()
>+    {
>+      using Traits = LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_typename<Layout>()>;
>+      using Extents = typename Traits::extents_type<std::extents<int, 3, 5, 7>>;
>+      using Mapping = typename Layout::mapping<Extents>;
>+      constexpr size_t padding_value = Mapping::padding_value;
>+
>+      Mapping m;
>+      size_t effective_pad = (padding_value == 0 || padding_value == dyn)
>+	? size_t(1) : padding_value;
>+
>+      constexpr auto i0 = is_left_padded<Layout> ? 0 : 2;
>+      VERIFY(m.stride(i0) == 1);
>+
>+      // The next multiple of padding_value, that's greater or equal
>+      // to exts.extent(0) is the unique value in the range:
>+      //   [exts.extent(0), exts.extent(0) + padding_value)
>+      // that is divisible by padding_value.
>+      auto stride = Traits::padded_stride(m);
>+      VERIFY((stride % effective_pad) == 0);
>+      VERIFY(3 <= stride && std::cmp_less(stride, 3 + effective_pad));
>+
>+      constexpr auto i2 = is_left_padded<Layout> ? 2 : 0;
>+      VERIFY(stride * 5 == m.stride(i2));
>+    }
>+  };
>+#endif
>+
> template<typename Layout>
>   constexpr void
>   test_stride_3d()
>@@ -451,7 +517,8 @@ template<typename Layout>
>   test_has_stride_0d()
>   {
>     using Mapping = typename Layout::mapping<std::extents<int>>;
>-    constexpr bool expected = std::is_same_v<Layout, std::layout_stride>;
>+    constexpr bool expected = !(std::is_same_v<Layout, std::layout_left>
>+       || std::is_same_v<Layout, std::layout_right>);
>     static_assert(has_stride<Mapping> == expected);
>   }
>
>@@ -595,16 +662,54 @@ template<typename Layout>
>     test_has_op_eq<Layout, Layout, true>();
>   }
>
>+#if __cplusplus > 202302L
>+template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
>+  constexpr bool
>+  test_padded_all()
>+  {
>+    test_all<Layout<0>>();
>+    test_all<Layout<1>>();
>+    test_all<Layout<2>>();
>+    test_all<Layout<5>>();
>+    test_all<Layout<dyn>>();
>+    return true;
>+  }
>+
>+template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
>+  constexpr bool
>+  test_padded_has_op_eq()
>+  {
>+    using Traits = LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
>+    test_has_op_eq<typename Traits::layout_same, Layout<0>, false>();
>+    test_has_op_eq<typename Traits::layout_same, Layout<6>, false>();
>+    test_has_op_eq<typename Traits::layout_same, Layout<dyn>, false>();
>+    // The next one looks strange, because it's neither. Somehow, the
>+    // conversion rules seem to be playing a critical role again.
>+    // test_has_op_eq<typename Traits::layout_other, Layout<0>, false>();
>+
>+    test_has_op_eq<Layout<2>, Layout<6>, true>();
>+    test_has_op_eq<Layout<2>, Layout<dyn>, true>();
>+    return true;
>+  }
>+#endif
>+
> int
> main()
> {
>   test_all<std::layout_left>();
>   test_all<std::layout_right>();
>   test_all<std::layout_stride>();
>+#if __cplusplus > 202302L
>+  test_padded_all<std::layout_left_padded>();
>+#endif
>
>   test_has_op_eq<std::layout_right, std::layout_left, false>();
>   test_has_op_eq<std::layout_right, std::layout_stride, true>();
>   test_has_op_eq<std::layout_left, std::layout_stride, true>();
>+#if __cplusplus > 202302L
>+  test_padded_has_op_eq<std::layout_left_padded>();
>+#endif
>+
>   test_has_op_eq_peculiar();
>   return 0;
> }
>diff --git a/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/padded.cc b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/padded.cc
>new file mode 100644
>index 00000000000..d43b84ef875
>--- /dev/null
>+++ b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/padded.cc
>@@ -0,0 +1,673 @@
>+// { dg-do run { target c++26 } }
>+#include <mdspan>
>+
>+#include <cstdint>
>+#include "../int_like.h"
>+#include "padded_traits.h"
>+#include <testsuite_hooks.h>
>+
>+constexpr size_t dyn = std::dynamic_extent;
>+
>+template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
>+  constexpr bool
>+  test_representable_padded_size()
>+  {
>+    using Traits = LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
>+    {
>+      using E = typename Traits::extents_type<std::extents<uint8_t, 64, 2>>;
>+      [[maybe_unused]] typename Layout<1>::mapping<E> m1;
>+    }
>+
>+    {
>+      using E = typename Traits::extents_type<std::extents<uint8_t, 0, 2>>;
>+      [[maybe_unused]] typename Layout<0>::mapping<E> m1;
>+      [[maybe_unused]] typename Layout<1>::mapping<E> m2;
>+      [[maybe_unused]] typename Layout<128>::mapping<E> m3;
>+      [[maybe_unused]] typename Layout<255>::mapping<E> m4;
>+    }
>+
>+    {
>+      using E = typename Traits::extents_type<std::extents<uint8_t, 0, 2>>;
>+      [[maybe_unused]] typename Layout<dyn>::mapping<E> m1(E{}, 0);
>+      [[maybe_unused]] typename Layout<dyn>::mapping<E> m2(E{}, 1);
>+      [[maybe_unused]] typename Layout<dyn>::mapping<E> m3(E{}, 128);
>+      [[maybe_unused]] typename Layout<dyn>::mapping<E> m4(E{}, 255);
>+    }
>+
>+    {
>+      using E = typename Traits::extents_type<std::extents<uint8_t, dyn, 2>>;
>+      [[maybe_unused]] typename Layout<0>::mapping<E> m1;
>+      [[maybe_unused]] typename Layout<1>::mapping<E> m2;
>+      [[maybe_unused]] typename Layout<128>::mapping<E> m3;
>+      [[maybe_unused]] typename Layout<255>::mapping<E> m4;
>+    }
>+    return true;
>+  }
>+
>+template<typename Layout, typename CanonicalExtents>
>+  constexpr void
>+  test_default_ctor_single(auto canonical_strides)
>+  {
>+    using Traits = LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_typename<Layout>()>;
>+    using E = typename Traits::extents_type<CanonicalExtents>;
>+    auto strides = Traits::make_array(canonical_strides);
>+
>+    typename Layout::template mapping<E> msta;
>+    VERIFY(msta.stride(0) == strides[0]);
>+    VERIFY(msta.stride(1) == strides[1]);
>+  }
>+
>+
>+template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
>+  constexpr bool
>+  test_default_ctor()
>+  {
>+    using E1 = std::extents<size_t, 3, 5>;
>+    test_default_ctor_single<Layout<2>, E1>(std::array<size_t, 2>{1, 4});
>+    test_default_ctor_single<Layout<dyn>, E1>(std::array<size_t, 2>{1, 3});
>+
>+    using E2 = std::extents<size_t, dyn, 5>;
>+    test_default_ctor_single<Layout<2>, E2>(std::array<size_t, 2>{1, 0});
>+    test_default_ctor_single<Layout<dyn>, E2>(std::array<size_t, 2>{1, 0});
>+    return true;
>+  }
>+
>+template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
>+  constexpr bool
>+  test_from_exts()
>+  {
>+    using Traits = LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
>+    auto exts = Traits::make_extents(std::dextents<size_t, 2>{3, 5});
>+
>+    typename Layout<0>::mapping m0_sta(exts);
>+    VERIFY(Traits::padded_stride(m0_sta) == Traits::padded_extent(exts));
>+
>+    typename Layout<1>::mapping m1_sta(exts);
>+    VERIFY(Traits::padded_stride(m1_sta) == Traits::padded_extent(exts));
>+
>+    typename Layout<2>::mapping m2_sta(exts);
>+    VERIFY(Traits::padded_stride(m2_sta) == 4);
>+
>+    typename Layout<dyn>::mapping mdyn(exts);
>+    VERIFY(Traits::padded_stride(mdyn) == Traits::padded_extent(exts));
>+    return true;
>+  }
>+
>+template<typename Layout, typename CustomPadType>
>+  constexpr bool
>+  test_from_pad_single()
>+  {
>+    using Traits = LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_typename<Layout>()>;
>+    auto pad = 3;
>+    auto exts = Traits::make_extents(std::dextents<size_t, 3>{pad + 1, 5, 7});
>+    typename Layout::mapping m(exts, CustomPadType{pad});
>+    VERIFY(std::cmp_equal(Traits::padded_stride(m), 2*pad));
>+    VERIFY(m.extents() == exts);
>+    return true;
>+  }
>+
>+template<typename Layout>
>+  constexpr void
>+  test_from_pad()
>+  {
>+    test_from_pad_single<Layout, int>();
>+    static_assert(test_from_pad_single<Layout, int>());
>+
>+    test_from_pad_single<Layout, IntLike>();
>+    test_from_pad_single<Layout, MutatingInt>();
>+    test_from_pad_single<Layout, RValueInt>();
>+
>+    using Extents = std::dims<3>;
>+    using Mapping = Layout::template mapping<Extents>;
>+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<Mapping, Extents, ThrowingInt>);
>+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<Mapping, Extents, NotIntLike>);
>+  }
>+
>+template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
>+  constexpr void
>+  test_from_pad_all()
>+  {
>+    test_from_pad<Layout<3>>();
>+    test_from_pad<Layout<dyn>>();
>+  }
>+
>+constexpr bool
>+is_same_mapping(const auto& lhs, const auto& rhs)
>+{
>+  if (lhs.extents().rank() != rhs.extents().rank())
>+    return false;
>+
>+  if (lhs.extents() != rhs.extents())
>+    return false;
>+
>+  for (size_t i = 0; i < lhs.extents().rank(); ++i)
>+    if (lhs.stride(i) != rhs.stride(i))
>+      return false;
>+  return true;
>+}
>+
>+enum class ConversionRule
>+{
>+  Never,
>+  Always,
>+  Regular
>+};
>+
>+template<typename To, typename From>
>+consteval bool
>+should_convert(auto rule)
>+{
>+  if constexpr (rule == ConversionRule::Never)
>+    return false;
>+  if constexpr (rule == ConversionRule::Always)
>+    return true;
>+  else
>+    return std::is_convertible_v<typename From::extents_type,
>+				 typename To::extents_type>;
>+}
>+
>+template<typename To, typename From>
>+  constexpr void
>+  check_convertible(const From& m, auto conversion_rule)
>+  {
>+    VERIFY(is_same_mapping(m, To(m)));
>+    constexpr bool expected = should_convert<To, From>(conversion_rule);
>+    static_assert(std::is_convertible_v<From, To> == expected);
>+  }
>+
>+template<typename LayoutTo, typename Esta, typename Edyn, typename Ewrong>
>+  constexpr void
>+  check_convertible_variants(auto msta, auto conversion_rule)
>+  {
>+    using LayoutFrom = decltype(msta)::layout_type;
>+    constexpr auto cregular = std::cw<ConversionRule::Regular>;
>+
>+    // There's a twist when both mappings are left-padded. There's two distinct
>+    // ctors: a defaulted copy ctor and a constrained template that enables
>+    // construction from left-padded mappings even if their layout_type is
>+    // different. The two ctors have different rules regarding conversion.
>+
>+    if constexpr (!std::same_as<LayoutTo, LayoutFrom>)
>+      check_convertible<typename LayoutTo::mapping<Esta>>(msta, conversion_rule);
>+    else
>+      check_convertible<typename LayoutTo::mapping<Esta>>(msta, cregular);
>+
>+    check_convertible<typename LayoutTo::mapping<Edyn>>(msta, conversion_rule);
>+
>+    auto mdyn = typename LayoutFrom::mapping<Edyn>(msta);
>+    check_convertible<typename LayoutTo::mapping<Esta>>(mdyn, conversion_rule);
>+    if constexpr (!std::same_as<LayoutTo, LayoutFrom>)
>+      check_convertible<typename LayoutTo::mapping<Edyn>>(mdyn, conversion_rule);
>+    else
>+      check_convertible<typename LayoutTo::mapping<Edyn>>(mdyn, cregular);
>+
>+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<
>+	typename LayoutTo::mapping<Esta>, typename LayoutFrom::mapping<Ewrong>>);
>+  };
>+
>+template<typename Layout>
>+  constexpr void
>+  test_from_same_1d()
>+  {
>+    using E1 = std::extents<int, 6>;
>+    using E2 = std::extents<int, dyn>;
>+    using E3 = std::extents<int, 5>;
>+    constexpr auto cr = std::cw<ConversionRule::Regular>;
>+
>+    using Traits = LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_typename<Layout>()>;
>+    auto msta = typename Traits::layout_same::mapping(E1{});
>+    check_convertible_variants<Layout, E1, E2, E3>(msta, cr);
>+  }
>+
>+template<typename Layout>
>+  constexpr void
>+  test_from_same_2d()
>+  {
>+    using Traits = LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_typename<Layout>()>;
>+    using E1 = typename Traits::extents_type<std::extents<int, 6, 5>>;
>+    using E2 = typename Traits::extents_type<std::extents<int, dyn, 5>>;
>+    using E3 = typename Traits::extents_type<std::extents<int, 6, 6>>;
>+    constexpr auto cr = std::cw<ConversionRule::Regular>;
>+
>+    auto msta = typename Traits::layout_same::mapping(E1{});
>+    check_convertible_variants<Layout, E1, E2, E3>(msta, cr);
>+  }
>+
>+template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
>+constexpr bool
>+test_from_same()
>+{
>+  auto check = []<typename PaddedLayout>(PaddedLayout)
>+  {
>+    test_from_same_1d<PaddedLayout>();
>+    test_from_same_2d<PaddedLayout>();
>+  };
>+
>+  check(Layout<0>{});
>+  check(Layout<1>{});
>+  check(Layout<2>{});
>+  check(Layout<6>{});
>+  check(Layout<dyn>{});
>+
>+  // rank == 1 is more permissive:
>+  test_from_same_1d<Layout<5>>();
>+  return true;
>+}
>+
>+template<template<size_t> typename Layout, typename E1_, typename E2_,
>+	 typename E3_>
>+  constexpr bool
>+  test_from_stride_nd(auto strides_)
>+  {
>+    using Traits = LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
>+    using E1 = typename Traits::extents_type<E1_>;
>+    using E2 = typename Traits::extents_type<E2_>;
>+    using E3 = typename Traits::extents_type<E3_>;
>+    auto strides = Traits::make_array(strides_);
>+
>+    auto check = [&strides]<typename PaddedLayout>(PaddedLayout)
>+    {
>+      auto exts = E1{};
>+      constexpr auto cr = std::cw<ConversionRule::Never>;
>+
>+      auto m = std::layout_stride::mapping(exts, strides);
>+      check_convertible_variants<PaddedLayout, E1, E2, E3>(m, cr);
>+    };
>+
>+    check(Layout<0>{});
>+    check(Layout<1>{});
>+    check(Layout<2>{});
>+    check(Layout<6>{});
>+    check(Layout<dyn>{});
>+    return true;
>+  }
>+
>+template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
>+  constexpr bool
>+  test_from_stride_2d()
>+  {
>+    using E1 = std::extents<size_t, 6, 5>;
>+    using E2 = std::dims<2>;
>+    using E3 = std::extents<size_t, 6, 6>;
>+
>+    auto strides = std::array<int, 2>{1, 6};
>+    test_from_stride_nd<Layout, E1, E2, E3>(strides);
>+    return true;
>+  }
>+
>+template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
>+  constexpr bool
>+  test_from_stride_3d()
>+  {
>+    using E1 = std::extents<size_t, 6, 5, 7>;
>+    using E2 = std::dims<3>;
>+    using E3 = std::extents<size_t, 6, 6, 7>;
>+
>+    auto strides = std::array<int, 3>{1, 6, 6*5};
>+    test_from_stride_nd<Layout, E1, E2, E3>(strides);
>+    return true;
>+  }
>+
>+template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
>+  constexpr bool
>+  test_from_stride()
>+  {
>+    test_from_stride_2d<Layout>();
>+    test_from_stride_3d<Layout>();
>+    return true;
>+  }
>+
>+template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
>+  constexpr void
>+  test_from_samepad_0d()
>+  {
>+    using E1 = std::extents<uint16_t>;
>+    using E2 = std::extents<uint8_t>;
>+    using E3 = std::extents<uint8_t, 1>;
>+
>+    typename Layout<6>::mapping<E1> msta{E1{}};
>+
>+    auto check = []<typename To>(To, auto m)
>+    {
>+      constexpr auto cr = std::cw<ConversionRule::Always>;
>+      check_convertible_variants<To, E1, E2, E3>(m, cr);
>+    };
>+
>+    check(Layout<6>{}, msta);
>+    check(Layout<dyn>{}, msta);
>+  }
>+
>+template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
>+  constexpr void
>+  test_from_samepad_1d()
>+  {
>+    using E1 = std::extents<int, 6>;
>+    using E2 = std::extents<int, dyn>;
>+    using E3 = std::extents<int, 6, 6>;
>+
>+    typename Layout<6>::mapping<E1> msta{E1{}};
>+    typename Layout<dyn>::mapping<E1> mdyn{E1{}};
>+
>+    auto check = []<typename To>(To, auto m)
>+    {
>+      constexpr auto cr = std::cw<ConversionRule::Always>;
>+      check_convertible_variants<To, E1, E2, E3>(m, cr);
>+    };
>+
>+    // Remember, for rank <= 1 the padding_value is irrelevant.
>+    check(Layout<6>{}, msta);
>+    check(Layout<6>{}, mdyn);
>+    check(Layout<dyn>{}, msta);
>+    check(Layout<dyn>{}, mdyn);
>+  }
>+
>+template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
>+  constexpr void
>+  test_from_samepad_2d()
>+  {
>+    using Traits = LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
>+    using E1 = typename Traits::extents_type<std::extents<int, 6, 5>>;
>+    using E2 = typename Traits::extents_type<std::extents<int, dyn, 5>>;
>+    using E3 = typename Traits::extents_type<std::extents<int, 6, 6>>;
>+
>+    typename Layout<6>::mapping<E1> msta{E1{}};
>+    typename Layout<dyn>::mapping<E1> mdyn{E1{}};
>+
>+    constexpr auto calways = std::cw<ConversionRule::Always>;
>+    constexpr auto cnever = std::cw<ConversionRule::Never>;
>+
>+    auto check = []<typename To>(To, auto m, auto cr)
>+    { check_convertible_variants<To, E1, E2, E3>(m, cr); };
>+
>+    check(Layout<6>{}, msta, cnever);
>+    check(Layout<6>{}, mdyn, cnever);
>+    check(Layout<dyn>{}, msta, calways);
>+    check(Layout<dyn>{}, mdyn, cnever);
>+  }
>+
>+template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
>+  constexpr bool
>+  test_from_samepad()
>+  {
>+    test_from_samepad_0d<Layout>();
>+    test_from_samepad_1d<Layout>();
>+    test_from_samepad_2d<Layout>();
>+    return true;
>+  }
>+
>+template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
>+  constexpr bool
>+  test_from_other()
>+  {
>+    using Traits = LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
>+    using E1 = std::extents<size_t, 3>;
>+    using E2 = std::dims<1>;
>+    using E3 = std::extents<size_t, 5>;
>+
>+    auto check = []<typename PaddedLayout>(PaddedLayout)
>+    {
>+      constexpr auto cr = std::cw<ConversionRule::Regular>;
>+
>+      using layout_other = typename Traits::layout_other;
>+      auto msta = typename layout_other::mapping(E1{});
>+      check_convertible_variants<PaddedLayout, E1, E2, E3>(msta, cr);
>+    };
>+
>+
>+    // Remember, the padding_value has no effect for rank <= 1.
>+    check(Layout<0>{});
>+    check(Layout<1>{});
>+    check(Layout<2>{});
>+    check(Layout<5>{});
>+    check(Layout<6>{});
>+    check(Layout<dyn>{});
>+    return true;
>+  }
>+
>+template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
>+  constexpr bool
>+  test_to_same()
>+  {
>+    using Traits = LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
>+    using E1 = typename Traits::extents_type<std::extents<int, 6, 5>>;
>+    using E2 = typename Traits::extents_type<std::extents<int, dyn, 5>>;
>+    using E3 = typename Traits::extents_type<std::extents<int, 6, 6>>;
>+
>+    auto check = [](auto msta)
>+    {
>+      constexpr auto cr = std::cw<ConversionRule::Regular>;
>+      using LayoutSame = typename Traits::layout_same;
>+      check_convertible_variants<LayoutSame, E1, E2, E3>(msta, cr);
>+    };
>+
>+    check(typename Layout<0>::mapping(E1{}));
>+    check(typename Layout<2>::mapping(E1{}));
>+    check(typename Layout<6>::mapping(E1{}));
>+    check(typename Layout<dyn>::mapping(E1{}, 0));
>+    check(typename Layout<dyn>::mapping(E1{}, 2));
>+    check(typename Layout<dyn>::mapping(E1{}, 6));
>+    return true;
>+  }
>+
>+template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
>+  constexpr bool
>+  test_never_to_other()
>+  {
>+    using Traits = LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
>+    using E1 = std::extents<size_t, 3>;
>+    using E2 = std::dims<1>;
>+
>+    auto check = []<typename PaddedLayout>(PaddedLayout, auto exts)
>+    {
>+      using LayoutOther = typename Traits::layout_other;
>+      auto mr = typename LayoutOther::mapping(exts);
>+      auto mlp = typename PaddedLayout::mapping<decltype(exts)>{mr};
>+      static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<decltype(mr), decltype(mlp)>);
>+    };
>+
>+    check(Layout<2>{}, E1{});
>+    check(Layout<2>{}, E2{E1{}});
>+    return true;
>+  }
>+
>+template<typename Layout>
>+  constexpr void
>+  test_strides()
>+  {
>+    auto check = [](auto exts)
>+    {
>+      auto m = typename Layout::mapping(exts);
>+      using IndexType = typename decltype(m)::index_type;
>+      constexpr size_t rank = decltype(m)::extents_type::rank();
>+
>+      auto strides = m.strides();
>+      static_assert(std::same_as<decltype(strides),
>+				 std::array<IndexType, rank>>);
>+      VERIFY(strides.size() == rank);
>+      for (size_t i = 0; i < strides.size(); ++i)
>+	VERIFY(strides[i] == m.stride(i));
>+    };
>+
>+    check(std::extents());
>+    check(std::extents(0));
>+    check(std::extents(3));
>+    check(std::extents(3, 5, 7));
>+    check(std::extents(3, 0, 7));
>+  }
>+
>+template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
>+  constexpr bool
>+  test_strides_all()
>+  {
>+    test_strides<Layout<0>>();
>+    test_strides<Layout<1>>();
>+    test_strides<Layout<3>>();
>+    test_strides<Layout<dyn>>();
>+    return true;
>+  }
>+
>+template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
>+  constexpr void
>+  test_exhaustive_0d()
>+  {
>+    auto exts = std::extents<int>{};
>+
>+    auto check = [](auto m)
>+    {
>+      static_assert(m.is_always_exhaustive());
>+      VERIFY(m.is_exhaustive());
>+    };
>+
>+    check(typename Layout<0>::mapping(exts));
>+    check(typename Layout<1>::mapping(exts));
>+    check(typename Layout<2>::mapping(exts));
>+    check(typename Layout<dyn>::mapping(exts));
>+  }
>+
>+template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
>+constexpr void
>+  test_exhaustive_1d()
>+  {
>+    auto check_dyn_and_sta = []<typename PaddedLayout>(PaddedLayout)
>+    {
>+      auto check = [](auto exts)
>+      {
>+	auto m = typename PaddedLayout::mapping(exts);
>+	static_assert(m.is_always_exhaustive());
>+	VERIFY(m.is_exhaustive());
>+      };
>+
>+      check(std::extents(4));
>+      check(std::extents<int, 4>{});
>+    };
>+
>+    check_dyn_and_sta(Layout<1>{});
>+    check_dyn_and_sta(Layout<2>{});
>+    check_dyn_and_sta(Layout<6>{});
>+    check_dyn_and_sta(Layout<dyn>{});
>+  }
>+
>+template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
>+  constexpr void
>+  test_exhaustive_3d()
>+  {
>+    using Traits = LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
>+    auto exts_dyn = Traits::make_extents(std::extents(4, 5, 7));
>+    auto exts_sta = Traits::make_extents(std::extents<int, 4, 5, 7>{});
>+    auto ctrue = std::cw<true>;
>+    auto cfalse= std::cw<false>;
>+
>+    auto check = [](auto m, auto static_expected, auto runtime_expected)
>+    {
>+      static_assert(m.is_always_exhaustive() == static_expected);
>+      VERIFY(m.is_exhaustive() == runtime_expected);
>+    };
>+
>+    check(typename Layout<0>::mapping(exts_sta), ctrue, true);
>+    check(typename Layout<0>::mapping(exts_dyn), cfalse, true);
>+    check(typename Layout<1>::mapping(exts_sta), ctrue, true);
>+    check(typename Layout<1>::mapping(exts_dyn), cfalse, true);
>+    check(typename Layout<2>::mapping(exts_sta), ctrue, true);
>+    check(typename Layout<2>::mapping(exts_dyn), cfalse, true);
>+    check(typename Layout<6>::mapping(exts_dyn), cfalse, false);
>+    check(typename Layout<6>::mapping(exts_sta), cfalse, false);
>+    check(typename Layout<dyn>::mapping(exts_sta), cfalse, true);
>+    check(typename Layout<dyn>::mapping(exts_dyn, 2), cfalse, true);
>+    check(typename Layout<dyn>::mapping(exts_dyn, 3), cfalse, false);
>+  }
>+
>+template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
>+  constexpr bool
>+  test_exhaustive()
>+  {
>+    test_exhaustive_0d<Layout>();
>+    test_exhaustive_1d<Layout>();
>+    test_exhaustive_3d<Layout>();
>+    return true;
>+  }
>+
>+template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
>+  constexpr bool
>+  test_op_eq()
>+  {
>+    // The generic cases are handled in layouts/mapping.cc. Here we check
>+    // special cases related to non exhaustive layouts.
>+    using Traits = LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
>+
>+    auto exts_sta = Traits::make_extents(std::extents<size_t, 6, 5, 7>{});
>+    auto exts_dyn = std::dims<3>(exts_sta);
>+    auto exts_other = Traits::make_extents(std::extents<size_t, 7, 5, 7>{});
>+
>+    auto m1 = typename Layout<0>::mapping(exts_sta);
>+    auto m2 = typename Layout<7>::mapping(exts_sta);
>+
>+    VERIFY(m1 == typename Layout<0>::mapping(exts_sta));
>+    VERIFY(m1 == typename Layout<1>::mapping(exts_sta));
>+    VERIFY(m1 == typename Layout<2>::mapping(exts_sta));
>+    VERIFY(m1 == typename Layout<6>::mapping(exts_sta));
>+    VERIFY(m1 != typename Layout<7>::mapping(exts_sta));
>+    VERIFY(m1 == typename Layout<dyn>::mapping(exts_sta));
>+    VERIFY(m1 != typename Layout<dyn>::mapping(exts_sta, 7));
>+
>+    VERIFY(m1 == typename Layout<0>::mapping(exts_dyn));
>+    VERIFY(m1 == typename Layout<1>::mapping(exts_dyn));
>+    VERIFY(m1 == typename Layout<2>::mapping(exts_dyn));
>+    VERIFY(m1 == typename Layout<6>::mapping(exts_dyn));
>+    VERIFY(m1 != typename Layout<7>::mapping(exts_dyn));
>+    VERIFY(m1 == typename Layout<dyn>::mapping(exts_dyn));
>+    VERIFY(m1 != typename Layout<dyn>::mapping(exts_dyn, 7));
>+
>+    VERIFY(m2 == typename Layout<7>::mapping(exts_sta));
>+    VERIFY(m2 == typename Layout<dyn>::mapping(exts_sta, 7));
>+    VERIFY(m2 == typename Layout<7>::mapping(exts_dyn));
>+    VERIFY(m2 == typename Layout<dyn>::mapping(exts_dyn, 7));
>+
>+    VERIFY(m2 != typename Layout<7>::mapping(exts_other));
>+    VERIFY(m2 != typename Layout<dyn>::mapping(exts_other, 7));
>+    return true;
>+  }
>+
>+template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
>+  constexpr bool
>+  test_required_span_size_overflow()
>+  {
>+    using Traits = LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
>+    using Extents = std::dextents<uint8_t, 2>;
>+    auto exts = Traits::make_extents(Extents{64, 2});
>+    auto strides = Traits::make_array(std::array<uint8_t, 2>{1, 128});
>+    auto ms = std::layout_stride::mapping(exts, strides);
>+    auto m = typename Layout<dyn>::mapping<Extents>(ms);
>+    VERIFY(is_same_mapping(m, ms));
>+    VERIFY(m.required_span_size() == ms.required_span_size());
>+    return true;
>+  }
>+
>+template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
>+  constexpr bool
>+  test_all()
>+  {
>+    test_representable_padded_size<std::layout_left_padded>();
>+    test_default_ctor<Layout>();
>+    test_from_exts<Layout>();
>+    test_from_stride<Layout>();
>+    test_from_samepad<Layout>();
>+    test_from_same<Layout>();
>+    test_from_other<Layout>();
>+    test_to_same<Layout>();
>+    test_never_to_other<Layout>();
>+    test_strides_all<Layout>();
>+    test_exhaustive<Layout>();
>+    test_op_eq<Layout>();
>+    test_required_span_size_overflow<Layout>();
>+    return true;
>+  }
>+
>+int
>+main()
>+{
>+  test_all<std::layout_left_padded>();
>+  static_assert(test_all<std::layout_left_padded>());
>+
>+  test_from_pad_all<std::layout_left_padded>();
>+  return 0;
>+}
>diff --git a/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/padded_neg.cc b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/padded_neg.cc
>new file mode 100644
>index 00000000000..f0dbfe9d9c6
>--- /dev/null
>+++ b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/padded_neg.cc
>@@ -0,0 +1,324 @@
>+// { dg-do compile { target c++26 } }
>+#include <mdspan>
>+
>+#include "padded_traits.h"
>+#include <cstdint>
>+
>+constexpr size_t dyn = std::dynamic_extent;
>+
>+template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
>+  constexpr bool
>+  test_from_extens_representable_sta()
>+  {
>+    using E1 = std::extents<uint8_t, 8, 128>;
>+    auto m = typename Layout<dyn>::mapping(E1{}); // { dg-error "required from" }
>+    return true;
>+  }
>+static_assert(test_from_extens_representable_sta<std::layout_left_padded>()); // { dg-error "from here" }
>+
>+template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
>+  constexpr bool
>+  test_from_extents_representable_padded_size()
>+  {
>+    using E1 = std::extents<uint8_t, 8, 128>;
>+    using E2 = std::dextents<uint8_t, 2>;
>+
>+    auto m = typename Layout<dyn>::mapping(E2{E1{}}); // { dg-error "expansion of" }
>+    (void) m;
>+    return true;
>+  }
>+static_assert(test_from_extents_representable_padded_size<std::layout_left_padded>()); // { dg-error "expansion of" }
>+
>+template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
>+  constexpr bool
>+  test_from_extents_representable_stride()
>+  {
>+    using Traits = LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
>+    using E1 = typename Traits::extents_type<std::extents<uint8_t, dyn, 1>>;
>+    auto m = typename Layout<128>::mapping(E1{129}); // { dg-error "expansion of" }
>+    (void) m;
>+    return true;
>+  }
>+static_assert(test_from_extents_representable_stride<std::layout_left_padded>()); // { dg-error "expansion of" }
>+
>+template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
>+  constexpr bool
>+  test_from_pad_representable_stride()
>+  {
>+    using Traits = LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
>+    auto exts = Traits::make_extents(std::dextents<uint8_t, 2>(129, 2));
>+    auto m = typename Layout<dyn>::mapping(exts, 128); // { dg-error "expansion of" }
>+    return true;
>+  }
>+static_assert(test_from_pad_representable_stride<std::layout_left_padded>()); // { dg-error "expansion of" }
>+
>+template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
>+  constexpr bool
>+  test_from_pad_representable_padded_size()
>+  {
>+    using Traits = LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
>+    auto exts = Traits::make_extents(std::dextents<uint8_t, 2>(64, 2));
>+    auto m = typename Layout<dyn>::mapping(exts, 128); // { dg-error "expansion of" }
>+    return true;
>+  }
>+static_assert(test_from_pad_representable_padded_size<std::layout_left_padded>()); // { dg-error "expansion of" }
>+
>+template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
>+  constexpr bool
>+  test_from_left()
>+  {
>+    using Traits = LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
>+    using LayoutSame = typename Traits::layout_same;
>+    auto exts = Traits::make_extents(std::extents<uint8_t, 6, dyn>{4});
>+    auto ml = typename LayoutSame::mapping(exts);
>+
>+    typename Layout<4>::mapping<decltype(exts)> m(ml); // { dg-error "expansion of" }
>+    return true;
>+  }
>+static_assert(test_from_left<std::layout_left_padded>()); // { dg-error "required from here" }
>+
>+template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
>+  constexpr bool
>+  test_from_left_bad_runtime_stride()
>+  {
>+    using Traits = LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
>+    auto exts = Traits::make_extents(std::extents<uint8_t, dyn, dyn>{6, 4});
>+    auto ml = typename Traits::layout_same::mapping(exts);
>+
>+    typename Layout<4>::mapping<decltype(exts)> m(ml); // { dg-error "expansion of" }
>+    (void) m;
>+    return true;
>+  }
>+static_assert(test_from_left_bad_runtime_stride<std::layout_left_padded>()); // { dg-error "expansion of" }
>+
>+template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
>+  constexpr bool
>+  test_from_left_representable_extents()
>+  {
>+    using Traits = LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
>+    auto exts = Traits::make_extents(std::extents<uint16_t, dyn, dyn>{8, 128});
>+    auto ml = typename Traits::layout_same::mapping(exts);
>+
>+    typename Layout<8>::mapping<std::extents<uint8_t, dyn, dyn>> m(ml); // { dg-error "expansion of" }
>+    return true;
>+  }
>+static_assert(test_from_left_representable_extents<std::layout_left_padded>()); // { dg-error "expansion of" }
>+
>+template<template<size_t> typename Layout, size_t PaddingValue>
>+  constexpr bool
>+  test_pad_overflow()
>+  {
>+    auto exts = std::extents<uint8_t, dyn>{4};
>+    auto n = size_t(1) << 9;
>+    auto m = typename Layout<PaddingValue>::mapping(exts, n);
>+    (void) m;
>+    return true;
>+  }
>+static_assert(test_pad_overflow<std::layout_left_padded, 1>());   // { dg-error "expansion of" }
>+static_assert(test_pad_overflow<std::layout_left_padded, dyn>()); // { dg-error "expansion of" }
>+
>+template<template<size_t> typename Layout, size_t PaddingValue>
>+  constexpr bool
>+  test_from_pad_negative()
>+  {
>+    auto exts = std::extents(4);
>+    auto m = typename Layout<PaddingValue>::mapping(exts, -1);
>+    (void) m;
>+    return true;
>+  }
>+static_assert(test_from_pad_negative<std::layout_left_padded, 1>());   // { dg-error "expansion of" }
>+static_assert(test_from_pad_negative<std::layout_left_padded, dyn>()); // { dg-error "expansion of" }
>+
>+template<template<size_t> typename Layout, size_t Pad>
>+  constexpr bool
>+  test_static_pad_same()
>+  {
>+    using Extents = std::extents<int, dyn>;
>+    using Mapping = typename Layout<Pad>::mapping<Extents>;
>+    auto exts = Extents{4};
>+    auto m = Mapping(exts, Pad + 1);      // { dg-error "expansion of" }
>+    (void) m;
>+    return true;
>+  }
>+static_assert(test_static_pad_same<std::layout_left_padded, 1>()); // { dg-error "expansion of" }
>+static_assert(test_static_pad_same<std::layout_left_padded, 3>()); // { dg-error "expansion of" }
>+
>+template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
>+  constexpr bool
>+  test_from_stride_wrong_stride0()
>+  {
>+    using Traits = LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
>+    auto e = Traits::make_extents(std::extents{3, 5});
>+    auto s = Traits::make_array(std::array<int, 2>{2, 7});
>+    auto ms = std::layout_stride::mapping(e, s);
>+    auto m = typename Layout<dyn>::mapping<decltype(e)>(ms); // { dg-error "expansion of" }
>+    (void) m;
>+    return true;
>+  }
>+static_assert(test_from_stride_wrong_stride0<std::layout_left_padded>()); // { dg-error "expansion of" }
>+
>+template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
>+  constexpr bool
>+  test_from_stride_wrong_stride1()
>+  {
>+    using Traits = LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
>+    auto e = Traits::make_extents(std::extents(3, 5));
>+    auto s = Traits::make_array(std::array<int, 2>{1, 3});
>+    auto ms = std::layout_stride::mapping(e, s);
>+    auto m = typename Layout<2>::mapping<decltype(e)>(ms); // { dg-error "expansion of" }
>+    (void) m;
>+    return true;
>+  }
>+static_assert(test_from_stride_wrong_stride1<std::layout_left_padded>()); // { dg-error "expansion of" }
>+
>+template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
>+  constexpr bool
>+  test_from_stride_wrong_stride2()
>+  {
>+    using Traits = LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
>+    auto e = Traits::make_extents(std::extents(3, 5, 7));
>+    auto s = Traits::make_array(std::array<int, 3>{1, 4, 21});
>+    auto ms = std::layout_stride::mapping(e, s);
>+    auto m = typename Layout<dyn>::mapping<decltype(e)>(ms); // here (not implemented)
>+    (void) m;
>+    return true;
>+  }
>+static_assert(test_from_stride_wrong_stride2<std::layout_left_padded>());
>+
>+template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
>+  constexpr bool
>+  test_from_stride_oversized()
>+  {
>+    using Traits = LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
>+    auto exts = Traits::make_extents(std::extents<uint16_t, dyn, dyn>{3, 6});
>+    auto s = Traits::make_array(std::array<uint16_t, 2>{1, 128});
>+    auto ms = std::layout_stride::mapping(exts, s);
>+
>+    using Mapping = typename Layout<dyn>::mapping<std::dextents<uint8_t, 2>>;
>+    Mapping m(ms); // { dg-error "expansion of" }
>+    (void) m;
>+    return true;
>+  }
>+static_assert(test_from_stride_oversized<std::layout_left_padded>()); // { dg-error "expansion of" }
>+
>+template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
>+  constexpr bool
>+  test_from_samepad_dyn()
>+  {
>+    using Traits = LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
>+    auto e = Traits::make_extents(std::extents(3, 5));
>+    auto mlp = typename Layout<dyn>::mapping(e);
>+    auto m = typename Layout<2>::mapping<decltype(e)>(mlp); // { dg-error "expansion of" }
>+    (void) m;
>+    return true;
>+  }
>+static_assert(test_from_samepad_dyn<std::layout_left_padded>()); // { dg-error "expansion of" }
>+
>+template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
>+  constexpr bool
>+  test_from_samepad_sta()
>+  {
>+    using Traits = LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
>+    auto e = Traits::make_extents(std::extents{3, 5});
>+    auto mlp = typename Layout<3>::mapping(e);
>+    auto m = typename Layout<2>::mapping<decltype(e)>(mlp); // { dg-error "expansion of" }
>+    (void) m;
>+    return true;
>+  }
>+static_assert(test_from_samepad_sta<std::layout_left_padded>()); // { dg-error "expansion of" }
>+
>+template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
>+  constexpr bool
>+  test_from_samepad_oversized()
>+  {
>+    using Traits = LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
>+    using E1 = typename Traits::extents_type<std::extents<uint16_t, 8, 128>>;
>+    using E2 = typename Traits::extents_type<std::extents<uint8_t, dyn, dyn>>;
>+    auto mlp = typename Layout<dyn>::mapping<E1>(E1{});
>+    auto m = typename Layout<dyn>::mapping<E2>(mlp); // { dg-error "expansion of" }
>+    (void) m;
>+    return true;
>+  }
>+static_assert(test_from_samepad_oversized<std::layout_left_padded>()); // { dg-error "expansion of" }
>+
>+template<template<size_t> typename Layout, size_t RunId>
>+  constexpr bool
>+  test_to_same_not_exhaustive()
>+  {
>+    using Traits = LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
>+    using E1 = typename Traits::extents_type<std::extents<int, 6, 5>>;
>+    using E2 = typename Traits::extents_type<std::extents<int, dyn, 5>>;
>+
>+    [[maybe_unused]] auto msta = typename Layout<7>::mapping(E1{});
>+    if constexpr (RunId == 0)
>+      {
>+	auto m = typename Traits::layout_same::mapping<E1>(msta); // { dg-error "required from" }
>+	(void) m;
>+      }
>+    if constexpr (RunId == 1)
>+      {
>+	auto m = typename Traits::layout_same::mapping<E2>(msta); // { dg-error "expansion of" }
>+	(void) m;
>+      }
>+
>+    [[maybe_unused]] auto mdyn = typename Layout<dyn>::mapping(E2{E1{}}, 7);
>+    if constexpr (RunId == 2)
>+      {
>+	auto m = typename Traits::layout_same::mapping<E1>(mdyn); // { dg-error "expansion of" }
>+	(void) m;
>+      }
>+    if constexpr (RunId == 3)
>+      {
>+	auto m = typename Traits::layout_same::mapping<E2>(mdyn); // { dg-error "expansion of" }
>+	(void) m;
>+      }
>+    return true;
>+  }
>+static_assert(test_to_same_not_exhaustive<std::layout_left_padded, 0>()); // { dg-error "expansion of" }
>+static_assert(test_to_same_not_exhaustive<std::layout_left_padded, 1>()); // { dg-error "expansion of" }
>+static_assert(test_to_same_not_exhaustive<std::layout_left_padded, 2>()); // { dg-error "expansion of" }
>+static_assert(test_to_same_not_exhaustive<std::layout_left_padded, 3>()); // { dg-error "expansion of" }
>+
>+template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
>+  constexpr bool
>+  test_statically_bad_padding_value1()
>+  {
>+    using Traits = LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
>+    constexpr auto N = std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max() - 1;
>+    using Extents = typename Traits::extents_type<std::extents<size_t, N, 0>>;
>+    typename Layout<10>::mapping<Extents> m; // { dg-error "required from" }
>+    return true;
>+  }
>+static_assert(test_statically_bad_padding_value1<std::layout_left_padded>()); // { dg-error "required from" }
>+
>+template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
>+  constexpr bool
>+  test_statically_bad_padding_value2()
>+  {
>+    using Traits = LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
>+    using Extents = typename Traits::extents_type<std::extents<uint8_t, 255, 0>>;
>+    typename Layout<2>::mapping<Extents> m; // { dg-error "required from" }
>+    return true;
>+  }
>+static_assert(test_statically_bad_padding_value2<std::layout_left_padded>()); // { dg-error "required from" }
>+
>+template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
>+  constexpr bool
>+  test_statically_oversized()
>+  {
>+    using Traits = LayoutTraits<DeducePaddingSide::from_template<Layout>()>;
>+    using Extents = typename Traits::extents_type<std::extents<uint8_t, 127, 2>>;
>+    typename Layout<2>::mapping<Extents> m; // { dg-error "required from" }
>+    return true;
>+  }
>+static_assert(test_statically_oversized<std::layout_left_padded>()); // { dg-error "from here" }
>+
>+// { dg-prune-output "padding_value must be representable as index_type" }
>+// { dg-prune-output "non-constant condition for static assertion" }
>+// { dg-prune-output "called in a constant expression" }
>+// { dg-prune-output "no matching function" }
>+// { dg-prune-output "static assertion failed" }
>+// { dg-prune-output "__glibcxx_assert_fail()" }
>+// { dg-prune-output "must be compatible with other.stride" }
>+// { dg-prune-output "padding_value is dynamic_extent" }
>+// { dg-prune-output "_S_rank <= 1" }
>diff --git a/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/padded_traits.h b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/padded_traits.h
>new file mode 100644
>index 00000000000..9171d8c1ce1
>--- /dev/null
>+++ b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/mdspan/layouts/padded_traits.h
>@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
>+#ifndef TEST_MDSPAN_PADDED_TRAITS_H
>+#define TEST_MDSPAN_PADDED_TRAITS_H
>+
>+#include <algorithm>
>+
>+template<typename Layout>
>+  constexpr static bool is_left_padded = false;
>+
>+#if __cplusplus > 202302L
>+template<size_t PaddingValue>
>+  constexpr static bool is_left_padded<std::layout_left_padded<PaddingValue>>
>+    = true;
>+#endif
>+
>+template<typename Layout>
>+  constexpr bool
>+  is_padded_layout = is_left_padded<Layout>;
>+
>+#if __cplusplus > 202302L
>+
>+enum class PaddingSide
>+{
>+  Left
>+};
>+
>+struct DeducePaddingSide
>+{
>+  template<template<size_t> typename Layout>
>+    constexpr static PaddingSide
>+    from_template()
>+    { return PaddingSide::Left; }
>+
>+  template<typename Layout>
>+    constexpr static PaddingSide
>+    from_typename()
>+    { return PaddingSide::Left; }
>+};
>+
>+template<PaddingSide Side>
>+  struct LayoutTraits;
>+
>+template<>
>+  struct LayoutTraits<PaddingSide::Left>
>+  {
>+    using layout_same = std::layout_left;
>+    using layout_other = std::layout_right;
>+
>+    template<typename Extents>
>+      using extents_type = Extents;
>+
>+    template<typename Extents>
>+      constexpr static extents_type<Extents>
>+      make_extents(const Extents& exts)
>+      { return exts; }
>+
>+    template<typename T, size_t N>
>+      constexpr static std::array<T, N>
>+      make_array(const std::array<T, N>& expected)
>+      { return expected; }
>+
>+    template<typename Mapping>
>+      constexpr static auto
>+      padded_stride(const Mapping& m)
>+      { return m.stride(1); }
>+
>+    template<typename Extents>
>+      constexpr static auto
>+      padded_extent(const Extents& exts)
>+      { return exts.extent(0); }
>+  };
>+
>+#endif
>+#endif
>-- 
>2.51.0
>
>



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