[PATCH v2 1/2] libstdc++: Type-erase chrono-data for formatting [PR110739]

Jonathan Wakely jwakely@redhat.com
Thu Jun 26 12:25:56 GMT 2025


On 26/06/25 11:39 +0200, Tomasz Kamiński wrote:
>This patch reworks the formatting for the chrono types, such that they are all
>formatted in terms of _ChronoData class, that includes all required fields.
>Populating each required field is performed in formatter for specific type,
>based on the chrono-spec used.
>
>To facilitate above, the _ChronoSpec now includes additional _M_needed field,
>that represnts the chrono data that is referenced by format spec (this value
>is also configured for __defSpec). This value differs from the value of
>__parts passed to _M_parse, which does include all fields that can be computed
>from input (e.g. weekday_indexed can be computed for year_month_day). Later
>it is used to fill _ChronoData, in particular _M_fill_* family of functions,
>to determine if given field needs to be set, and thus it's value needs to be

"its"

>computed.
>
>In consequence _ChronoParts enum was exteneded with additional values,

"extended"

>that allows more fine grained indentification:

"identification"

> * _TimeOfDay is separated into _HoursMinutesSeconds and _Subseconds,
> * _TimeZone is separated into _ZoneAbbrev and _ZoneOffset,
> * _LocalDays, _WeekdayIndex are defiend in included in _Date,

"defined"

> * _Duration is removed, and instead _EpochUnits and _UnitSuffix are
>   introduced.
>Furthermore, to avoid name conflicts _ChonoParts is now defined as enum class,
>with additional operators that simplify uses.

I don't love overloading operator- to mean clearing bits, but it does
make clearing the bits very convenient. Maybe just add a comment
before operator-(_ChronoParts x, _ChronoParts y) saying that it
returns a copy of x with all bits from y unset. That comment will be 
know that's what the function body 

(Which is x&(x^y) I think, right?)


>
>In addition to fields that can be printed using chron-spec, _ChronoData stores:

"chrono-spec"

> * Total days in wall time (_M_ldays), day of year (_M_day_of_year) - used by
>   struct tm construction, and for ISO calendar computation.
> * Total seconds in wall time (_M_lseconds) - this value may be different from
>   sum of days, hours, minutes, seconds (e.g. see utc_time below). Included
>   to allow future extension, like printing total minutes.
> * Total seconds since epoch - due offset different from above. Again to be
>   used with future extension (e.g. %s as proposed in P2945R1).
> * Subseconds - count of attoseconds (10^(-18)), in addition to priting can

"printing"

>   be used to  compute fractional hours, minutes.
>The both total seconds fielkds we use single _TotalSeconds enumerator in

"fields"

>_ChronoParts, that when present in combination with _EpochUnits or _LocalDays
>indicates that _M_eseconds (_EpochSeconds) or _M_lseconds (_LocalSeconds) are
>provided/required.
>
>To handle type formatting of time since epoch ('%Q'|_EpochUnits), we use the
>format_args mechanism, where the result of +d.count() (see LWG4118) is erased
>into make_format_args to local __arg_store, that is later referenced by
>_M_ereps (_M_ereps.get(0)).
>
>To handle precision values, and in prepartion to allow user to configure ones,
>we store the precision as third element of _M_ereps (_M_ereps.get(2)), this
>allows duration with precision to be printed using "{0:{2}}". For subseconds
>the precision is handled differently depending on the representation:
> * for integral reps, _M_subseconds value is used to determine fractional value,
>   precision is trimmed to 18 digits;
> * for floating-points, we _M_ereps stores duration<Rep> initialized with only

Strike "we"?

>   fractional seconds, that is later formatted with precision.
>Always using _M_subseconds fields for integral duration, means that we do not
>use formattter for user-defined durations that are considered to be integral
>(see empty_spec.cc file change). To avoid potentially expensive computation
>of _M_subseconds, we make sure that _ChronoParts::_Subseconds is set only if
>_Subseconds are needed. In particular we remove this flag for localized ouput
>in _M_parse.
>
>Construction the _M_ereps as described above is handled by __formatter_duration,

"Construction of the"

>that is then used to format duration, hh_mm_ss and time_points specialization.

"specializations"

>This class also handles _UnitSuffix, the _M_units_suffix field is populated
>either with predefined suffix (chrono::__detail::__units_suffix) or one produced
>locally.
>
>Finally, formatters for types listed below contains type specific logic:
> * hh_mm_ss - we do not compute total duration and seconds, unless explicitly
>   requested, as such computation may overflow;
> * utc_time - for time during leap second insertion, the _M_seconds field is
>   increased to 60;
> * __local_time_fmt - exception is thrown if zone offset (_ZoneOffset) or
>   abbrevation (_ZoneAbbrev) is requsted, but corresponding pointer is null,
>   futhermore conversion from `char` to `wchar_t` for abbreviation is performed
>   if needed.


I had other comments about the benefits of this change, and the
unintended change that Michael noticed, but your [PATCH 0/2] covers
the former and the latter is fixed in this v2 patch!


>	PR libstdc++/110739
>
>libstdc++-v3/ChangeLog:
>
>	* include/bits/chrono_io.h (__format::__no_timezone_available):
>	Removed, replaced with separate throws in formatter for
>	__local_time_fmt
>	(__format::_ChronoParts): Defined additional enumertors and
>	declared as enum class.
>	(__format::operator&(_ChronoParts, _ChronoParts))
>	(__format::operator&=(_ChronoParts&, _ChronoParts))
>	(__format::operator-(_ChronoParts, _ChronoParts))
>	(__format::operator-=(_ChronoParts&, _ChronoParts))
>	(__format::operator==(_ChronoParts, decltype(nullptr)))
>	(_ChronoSpec::_M_time_only, _ChronoSpec::_M_floating_point_rep)
>	(_ChronoSpec::_M_custom_rep, _ChronoSpec::_M_needed)
>	(_ChronoSpec::_M_needs, __format::_ChronoData): Define.
>	(__format::__formatter_chrono): Redefine to accept _ChronoData.
>	(__formatter_chrono::_M_format_to_ostream): Moved toi
>	__formatter_duration.
>	(__format::__formatter_duration): Define.
>	(__formatter_chrono_info::format): Pass value-constructed
>	_ChronoData.
>	(std::formatter<chrono::day, _CharT>)
>	(std::formatter<chrono::month, _CharT>)
>	(std::formatter<chrono::year, _CharT>)
>	(std::formatter<chrono::weekday, _CharT>)
>	(std::formatter<chrono::weekday_indexed, _CharT>)
>	(std::formatter<chrono::weekday_last, _CharT>)
>	(std::formatter<chrono::month_day, _CharT>)
>	(std::formatter<chrono::month_day_last, _CharT>)
>	(std::formatter<chrono::month_weekday, _CharT>)
>	(std::formatter<chrono::month_weekday_indexed, _CharT>)
>	(std::formatter<chrono::month_weekday_last, _CharT>)
>	(std::formatter<chrono::year_month, _CharT>)
>	(std::formatter<chrono::year_month_day, _CharT>)
>	(std::formatter<chrono::year_month_day_last, _CharT>)
>	(std::formatter<chrono::year_month_weekday, _CharT>)
>	(std::formatter<chrono::year_month_weekday_indexed, _CharT>)
>	(std::formatter<chrono::year_month_weekday_last, _CharT>):
>	Construct _ChronoData in format, and configure _M_needed in
>	_ChronoSpec.
>	(std::formatter<chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>, _CharT>)
>	(std::formatter<chrono::hh_mm_ss<_Duration>, _CharT>)
>	(std::formatter<chrono::sys_time<_Duration>, _CharT>)
>	(std::formatter<chrono::utc_time<_Duration>, _CharT>)
>	(std::formatter<chrono::tai_time<_Duration>, _CharT>)
>	(std::formatter<chrono::gps_time<_Duration>, _CharT>)
>	(std::formatter<chrono::file_time<_Duration>, _CharT>)
>	(std::formatter<chrono::local_time<_Duration>, _CharT>)
>	(std::formatter<chrono::_detail::__local_time_fmt<_Duration>, _CharT>):
>	Reworked in terms of __formatter_duration and _ChronoData.
>	(std::formatter<chrono::_detail::__utc_leap_second<_Duration>, _CharT>):
>	Removed.
>	(_Parser<_Duration>::operator()): Adjusted for _ChronoParts
>	being enum class.
>	* include/std/chrono (__detail::__utc_leap_second): Removed,
>	replaced with simply bumping _M_seconds in _ChronoData.
>	* testsuite/std/time/format/empty_spec.cc: Updated %S integral
>	ouput.
>---
>v2:
> * fixes _M_z that was priting minutes:seconds, instead of hours::seconds

Oh good catch! I didn't notice that in v1. Did you find that by
testing or inspection?

> * use uint_least64 as type of pow10_t
> * fix typo pointed by Michael Welsh Duggan
> * fix formatting
>
> libstdc++-v3/include/bits/chrono_io.h         | 1952 ++++++++++-------
> libstdc++-v3/include/std/chrono               |   24 -
> .../testsuite/std/time/format/empty_spec.cc   |   16 +-
> 3 files changed, 1163 insertions(+), 829 deletions(-)
>
>diff --git a/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/chrono_io.h b/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/chrono_io.h
>index 4eb00f4932d..35e95906e6a 100644
>--- a/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/chrono_io.h
>+++ b/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/chrono_io.h
>@@ -187,11 +187,6 @@ namespace __detail
> /// @cond undocumented
> namespace __format
> {
>-  [[noreturn,__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
>-  inline void
>-  __no_timezone_available()
>-  { __throw_format_error("format error: no timezone available for %Z or %z"); }
>-
>   [[noreturn,__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
>   inline void
>   __not_valid_for_duration()
>@@ -204,40 +199,103 @@ namespace __format
>   { __throw_format_error("format error: chrono-format-spec not valid for "
> 			 "argument type"); }
>
>-  template<typename _CharT>
>-    struct _ChronoSpec : _Spec<_CharT>
>-    {
>-      // Placed in tail-padding of __format::_Spec<C>.
>-      // This indicates that a locale-dependent conversion specifier such as
>-      // %a is used in the chrono-specs. This is not the same as the
>-      // _Spec<C>::_M_localized member which indicates that "L" was present
>-      // in the format-spec, e.g. "{:L%a}" is localized and locale-specific,
>-      // but "{:L}" is only localized and "{:%a}" is only locale-specific.
>-      unsigned _M_locale_specific : 1;
>-
>-      basic_string_view<_CharT> _M_chrono_specs;
>-    };
>-
>   // Represents the information provided by a chrono type.
>   // e.g. month_weekday has month and weekday but no year or time of day,
>   // hh_mm_ss has time of day but no date, sys_time is time_point+timezone.
>-  enum _ChronoParts {
>-    _Year = 1, _Month = 2, _Day = 4, _Weekday = 8, _TimeOfDay = 16,
>-    _TimeZone = 32,
>-    _Date = _Year | _Month | _Day | _Weekday,
>-    _DateTime = _Date | _TimeOfDay,
>+  enum class _ChronoParts : unsigned short {
>+    _None = 0, _TotalSeconds = 1u, _Subseconds = 1u << 2,
>+
>+    // time since epoch
>+    _EpochUnits = 1u << 3, _UnitSuffix = 1u << 4,
>+    _EpochSeconds = _EpochUnits | _TotalSeconds,
>+
>+    // local (wall) time
>+    _LocalDays = 1u << 5,
>+    _LocalSeconds = _LocalDays | _TotalSeconds,
>+
>+    _Year = 1u << 6, _Month = 1u << 7, _Day = 1u << 8,
>+    _Weekday = 1u << 9, _WeekdayIndex = 1u << 10,  _DayOfYear = 1u << 11,
>+    _IndexedWeekday = _Weekday | _WeekdayIndex,
>+    _YearMonthDay = _Year | _Month | _Day,
>+    _Date = _LocalDays | _YearMonthDay | _IndexedWeekday | _DayOfYear,
>+
>+    _HoursMinutesSeconds = 1u << 12,
>+    _TimeOfDay = _HoursMinutesSeconds | _Subseconds,
>+    _Time = _TimeOfDay | _TotalSeconds,
>+    _EpochTime = _Time | _EpochUnits | _UnitSuffix,
>+    _DateTime = _Date | _Time,
>+
>+    _ZoneAbbrev = 1u << 13, _ZoneOffset = 1u << 14,
>+    _TimeZone = _ZoneAbbrev | _ZoneOffset,
>     _ZonedDateTime = _DateTime | _TimeZone,
>-    _Duration = 128 // special case
>   };
>
>+  [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
>+  constexpr _ChronoParts
>+  operator&(_ChronoParts __x, _ChronoParts __y) noexcept
>+  { return static_cast<_ChronoParts>((unsigned)__x & (unsigned)__y); }
>+
>+  [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
>+  constexpr _ChronoParts&
>+  operator&=(_ChronoParts& __x, _ChronoParts __y) noexcept
>+  { return __x = __x & __y; }
>+
>+  [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
>   constexpr _ChronoParts
>   operator|(_ChronoParts __x, _ChronoParts __y) noexcept
>-  { return static_cast<_ChronoParts>((int)__x | (int)__y); }
>+  { return static_cast<_ChronoParts>((unsigned short)__x | (unsigned short)__y); }
>
>+  [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
>   constexpr _ChronoParts&
>   operator|=(_ChronoParts& __x, _ChronoParts __y) noexcept
>   { return __x = __x | __y; }
>
>+  [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
>+  constexpr _ChronoParts
>+  operator-(_ChronoParts __x, _ChronoParts __y) noexcept
>+  { return static_cast<_ChronoParts>((unsigned short)__x & ~(unsigned short)__y); }
>+
>+  [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
>+  constexpr _ChronoParts&
>+  operator-=(_ChronoParts& __x, _ChronoParts __y) noexcept
>+  { return __x = __x - __y; }
>+
>+  [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
>+  constexpr bool
>+  operator==(_ChronoParts __x, decltype(nullptr)) noexcept
>+  { return (unsigned short)__x == 0; }
>+
>+  template<typename _CharT>
>+    struct _ChronoSpec : _Spec<_CharT>
>+    {
>+      // When _M_prec_kind is _WP_none, the _M_prec contains the default
>+      // value of fraction digits to be used for time '%S'.
>+
>+      // Placed in tail-padding of __format::_Spec<C>.
>+      // This indicates that a locale-dependent conversion specifier such as
>+      // %a is used in the chrono-specs. This is not the same as the
>+      // _Spec<C>::_M_localized member which indicates that "L" was present
>+      // in the format-spec, e.g. "{:L%a}" is localized and locale-specific,
>+      // but "{:L}" is only localized and "{:%a}" is only locale-specific.
>+      unsigned _M_locale_specific : 1;
>+      // Indicates that we are handling duration.
>+      unsigned _M_time_only : 1;
>+      // Indicates is duration should be treated as floating point.

"Indicates that"

>+      unsigned _M_floating_point_rep : 1;
>+      // Indicate that duration uses user-defined representation.
>+      unsigned _M_custom_rep : 1;
>+      unsigned _M_unused : 4;
>+
>+      // Chrono parts required by format specs
>+      _ChronoParts _M_needed;
>+      basic_string_view<_CharT> _M_chrono_specs;
>+
>+      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
>+      constexpr bool
>+      _M_needs(_ChronoParts __parts) const
>+      { return (_M_needed & __parts) != 0; }
>+    };
>+
>   template<typename _CharT>
>   struct _ChronoFormats
>   {
>@@ -340,6 +398,152 @@ namespace __format
>     { return _S_yml().substr(3); }
>   };
>
>+  template<typename _CharT>
>+    struct _ChronoData
>+    {
>+      static constexpr unsigned _S_max_prec = 18;
>+      using _Attoseconds = chrono::duration<__UINT_LEAST64_TYPE__, atto>;
>+
>+      using _FormatContext
>+	= basic_format_context<_Sink_iter<_CharT>, _CharT>;
>+      using _FormatArgs = basic_format_args<_FormatContext>;
>+      static inline auto _S_args = std::make_format_args<_FormatContext>();
>+
>+      _ChronoData() = default;
>+      _ChronoData(_ChronoData&&) = delete;
>+
>+      // time since epoch
>+      chrono::seconds           _M_eseconds;
>+      // n.b. due offset being seconds or corser, local and epoch subseconds

"coarser"

>+      // has the same value
>+      _Attoseconds              _M_subseconds;
>+      // _M_ereps.get(0) stores duration units
>+      // _M_ereps.get(1) stores subseconds units
>+      // _M_ereps.get(2) stores precision
>+      _FormatArgs               _M_ereps = _S_args;
>+      basic_string_view<_CharT> _M_unit_suffix;
>+
>+      // local (wall) time
>+      chrono::local_seconds _M_lseconds;
>+      chrono::local_days    _M_ldays;
>+
>+      chrono::year    _M_year;
>+      chrono::month   _M_month;
>+      chrono::day     _M_day;
>+      chrono::weekday _M_weekday;
>+      unsigned char   _M_weekday_index;
>+      chrono::days    _M_day_of_year;
>+
>+      bool            _M_is_neg;
>+      chrono::hours   _M_hours;
>+      chrono::minutes _M_minutes;
>+      chrono::seconds _M_seconds;
>+
>+      chrono::seconds           _M_zone_offset;
>+      basic_string_view<_CharT> _M_zone_abbrev;
>+      const char*               _M_zone_cstr = "";
>+
>+      template<typename _YearMonth>
>+	[[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
>+	_ChronoParts
>+	_M_fill_year_month(const _YearMonth& __ym, _ChronoParts __parts)
>+	{
>+	  _M_year = __ym.year();
>+	  __parts -= _ChronoParts::_Year;
>+	  _M_month = __ym.month();
>+	  __parts -= _ChronoParts::_Month;
>+	  return __parts;
>+	}
>+
>+      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
>+      _ChronoParts
>+      _M_fill_day(chrono::day __d, _ChronoParts __parts)
>+      {
>+	_M_day = __d;
>+	__parts -= _ChronoParts::_Day;
>+	_M_weekday_index = ((unsigned)__d + 6u) % 7u;
>+	__parts -= _ChronoParts::_WeekdayIndex;
>+	return __parts;
>+      }
>+
>+      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
>+      _ChronoParts
>+      _M_fill_weekday(chrono::weekday_indexed __wi, _ChronoParts __parts)
>+      {
>+	_M_weekday = __wi.weekday();
>+	__parts -= _ChronoParts::_Weekday;
>+	_M_weekday_index = __wi.index();
>+	__parts -= _ChronoParts::_WeekdayIndex;
>+	return __parts;
>+      }
>+
>+      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
>+      _ChronoParts
>+      _M_fill_aux(chrono::local_days __ld, _ChronoParts __parts)
>+      {
>+	using namespace chrono;
>+	if ((__parts & _ChronoParts::_Weekday) != 0)
>+	  _M_weekday = weekday(__ld);
>+	__parts -= _ChronoParts::_Weekday;
>+	if ((__parts & _ChronoParts::_DayOfYear) != 0)
>+	  // See "Calculating Ordinal Dates" at
>+	  // https://github.com/HowardHinnant/date/wiki/Examples-and-Recipes
>+	  _M_day_of_year = __ld - local_days(_M_year/January/0);
>+	__parts -= _ChronoParts::_DayOfYear;
>+	return __parts;
>+      }
>+
>+      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
>+      _ChronoParts
>+      _M_fill_ldays(chrono::local_days __ld, _ChronoParts __parts)
>+      {
>+	_M_ldays = __ld;
>+	__parts -= _ChronoParts::_LocalDays;
>+	return _M_fill_aux(__ld, __parts);
>+      }
>+
>+      void
>+      _M_fill_time(chrono::seconds __d)
>+      {
>+	chrono::hh_mm_ss<chrono::seconds> __hms(__d);
>+	_M_hours = __hms.hours();
>+	_M_minutes = __hms.minutes();
>+	_M_seconds = __hms.seconds();
>+      }
>+
>+      void
>+      _M_fill_date_time(chrono::local_seconds __ls, _ChronoParts __parts)
>+      {
>+	_M_ldays = chrono::floor<chrono::days>(__ls);
>+	__parts -= _ChronoParts::_LocalDays;
>+	if ((__parts & _ChronoParts::_HoursMinutesSeconds) != 0)
>+	  _M_fill_time(_M_lseconds - _M_ldays);
>+
>+	if ((__parts & _ChronoParts::_Date) != 0)
>+	  {
>+	    const chrono::year_month_day __ymd(_M_ldays);
>+	    _M_fill_year_month(__ymd, __parts);
>+	    _M_fill_day(__ymd.day(), __parts);
>+	    _M_fill_aux(_M_ldays, __parts);
>+	  }
>+      }
>+
>+      void
>+      _M_fill_zone(const char* __abbrev, const wchar_t* __wabbrev)
>+      {
>+	if constexpr (is_same_v<_CharT, char>)
>+	  _M_zone_abbrev = __abbrev;
>+	else
>+	  _M_zone_abbrev = __wabbrev;
>+	_M_zone_cstr = __abbrev;
>+      }
>+
>+      [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
>+      void
>+      _M_fill_utc_zone()
>+      { _M_fill_zone("UTC", L"UTC"); }
>+    };
>+
>   // TODO rename this to chrono::__formatter? or chrono::__detail::__formatter?
>   template<typename _CharT>
>     struct __formatter_chrono
>@@ -357,7 +561,7 @@ namespace __format
>       template<typename _ParseContext>
> 	constexpr typename _ParseContext::iterator
> 	_M_parse(_ParseContext& __pc, _ChronoParts __parts,
>-		 const _ChronoSpec<_CharT>& __def = {})
>+		 const _ChronoSpec<_CharT>& __def)
> 	{
> 	  auto __first = __pc.begin();
> 	  auto __last = __pc.end();
>@@ -388,11 +592,18 @@ namespace __format
> 	  if (__finished())
> 	    return __first;
>
>-	  if (__parts & _ChronoParts::_Duration)
>+	  if (*__first == '.')
> 	    {
>-	      __first = __spec._M_parse_precision(__first, __last, __pc);
>-	      if (__finished())
>-		return __first;
>+	      if ((__parts & _ChronoParts::_EpochUnits) == 0
>+		  || !__spec._M_floating_point_rep)
>+		__throw_format_error("format error: invalid precision for duration");
>+
>+	      // Precision is allowed, but value is ignored.
>+	      __first = _Spec<_CharT>()._M_parse_precision(__first, __last, __pc);
>+	      // Still inditate that there was user supplied precision.

"indicate"

>+	      __spec._M_prec_kind = _WP_value;
>+	     if (__finished())
>+	       return __first;
> 	    }
>
> 	  __spec._M_localized = false;
>@@ -418,7 +629,8 @@ namespace __format
> 	  // against __parts (so fail for %Y if no year in parts).
> 	  // Save range in __spec._M_chrono_specs.
> 	  __spec._M_debug = false;
>-	  __spec._M_locale_specific = true;
>+	  __spec._M_locale_specific = false;
>+	  __spec._M_needed = _ChronoParts::_None;
> 	  __spec._M_chrono_specs = __string_view();
>
> 	  const auto __chrono_specs = __first++; // Skip leading '%'
>@@ -428,17 +640,18 @@ namespace __format
>
> 	  _CharT __mod{};
> 	  bool __conv = true;
>-	  int __needed = 0;
>-	  bool __locale_specific = false;
>-
> 	  while (__first != __last)
> 	    {
> 	      enum _Mods { _Mod_none, _Mod_E, _Mod_O, _Mod_E_O };
> 	      _Mods __allowed_mods = _Mod_none;
>
>+	      _ChronoParts __needed = _ChronoParts::_None;
>+	      bool __locale_specific = false;
>+
> 	      _CharT __c = *__first++;
> 	      switch (__c)
> 		{
>+		using enum _ChronoParts;
> 		case 'a':
> 		case 'A':
> 		  __needed = _Weekday;
>@@ -451,7 +664,7 @@ namespace __format
> 		  __locale_specific = true;
> 		  break;
> 		case 'c':
>-		  __needed = _DateTime;
>+		  __needed = _Date|_HoursMinutesSeconds;
> 		  __allowed_mods = _Mod_E;
> 		  __locale_specific = true;
> 		  break;
>@@ -466,27 +679,27 @@ namespace __format
> 		  break;
> 		case 'D':
> 		case 'F':
>-		  __needed = _Date;
>+		  __needed = _YearMonthDay;
> 		  break;
> 		case 'g':
> 		case 'G':
>-		  __needed = _Date;
>+		  __needed = _LocalDays|_Weekday;
> 		  break;
> 		case 'H':
> 		case 'I':
>-		  __needed = _TimeOfDay;
>+		  __needed = _HoursMinutesSeconds;
> 		  __allowed_mods = _Mod_O;
> 		  break;
> 		case 'j':
>-		  if (!(__parts & _Duration))
>-		    __needed = _Date;
>+		  __needed = !__spec._M_time_only ? _DayOfYear
>+						  : _HoursMinutesSeconds;

This would be a tiny bit simpler without the negation, just:

		  __needed = __spec._M_time_only ? _HoursMinutesSeconds
						 : _DayOfYear;

Is there a reason to prefer !__spec._M_time_only that I'm missing?

> 		  break;
> 		case 'm':
> 		  __needed = _Month;
> 		  __allowed_mods = _Mod_O;
> 		  break;
> 		case 'M':
>-		  __needed = _TimeOfDay;
>+		  __needed = _HoursMinutesSeconds;
> 		  __allowed_mods = _Mod_O;
> 		  break;
> 		case 'p':
>@@ -494,12 +707,16 @@ namespace __format
> 		  __locale_specific = true;
> 		  [[fallthrough]];
> 		case 'R':
>+		  __needed = _HoursMinutesSeconds;
>+		  break;
> 		case 'T':
> 		  __needed = _TimeOfDay;
> 		  break;
> 		case 'q':
>+		  __needed = _UnitSuffix;
>+		  break;
> 		case 'Q':
>-		  __needed = _Duration;
>+		  __needed = _EpochUnits;
> 		  break;
> 		case 'S':
> 		  __needed = _TimeOfDay;
>@@ -513,7 +730,7 @@ namespace __format
> 		case 'U':
> 		case 'V':
> 		case 'W':
>-		  __needed = _Date;
>+		  __needed = _LocalDays|_Year|_DayOfYear|_Weekday;
> 		  __allowed_mods = _Mod_O;
> 		  break;
> 		case 'x':
>@@ -522,7 +739,7 @@ namespace __format
> 		  __allowed_mods = _Mod_E;
> 		  break;
> 		case 'X':
>-		  __needed = _TimeOfDay;
>+		  __needed = _HoursMinutesSeconds;
> 		  __locale_specific = true;
> 		  __allowed_mods = _Mod_E;
> 		  break;
>@@ -535,11 +752,11 @@ namespace __format
> 		  __allowed_mods = _Mod_E;
> 		  break;
> 		case 'z':
>-		  __needed = _TimeZone;
>+		  __needed = _ZoneOffset;
> 		  __allowed_mods = _Mod_E_O;
> 		  break;
> 		case 'Z':
>-		  __needed = _TimeZone;
>+		  __needed = _ZoneAbbrev;
> 		  break;
> 		case 'n':
> 		case 't':
>@@ -567,10 +784,16 @@ namespace __format
> 		__locale_specific = true;
> 	      __mod = _CharT();
>
>+	      // localized format do not include subseconds

"formats"

>+	      if (__locale_specific)
>+		__needed -= _ChronoParts::_Subseconds;
>+
> 	      if ((__parts & __needed) != __needed)
> 		__throw_format_error("chrono format error: format argument "
> 				     "does not contain the information "
> 				     "required by the chrono-specs");
>+	      __spec._M_needed |= __needed;
>+	      __spec._M_locale_specific |= __locale_specific;
>
> 	      // Scan for next '%', ignoring literal-chars before it.
> 	      size_t __pos = __string_view(__first, __last - __first).find('%');
>@@ -596,21 +819,14 @@ namespace __format
> 	  _M_spec = __spec;
> 	  _M_spec._M_chrono_specs
> 		 = __string_view(__chrono_specs, __first - __chrono_specs);
>-	  _M_spec._M_locale_specific = __locale_specific;
>
> 	  return __first;
> 	}
>
>-      // TODO this function template is instantiated for every different _Tp.
>-      // Consider creating a polymorphic interface for calendar types so
>-      // that we instantiate fewer different specializations. Similar to
>-      // _Sink_iter for std::format. Replace each _S_year, _S_day etc. with
>-      // member functions of that type.

Hooray, this comment can be removed :-)
And there's no polymorphism, the new type just contains all the
fields.

>       // pre: !_M_spec._M_chrono_specs.empty()
>-      template<typename _Tp, typename _FormatContext>
>+      template<typename _FormatContext>
> 	typename _FormatContext::iterator
>-	_M_format(const _Tp& __t, _FormatContext& __fc,
>-		  bool __is_neg = false) const
>+	_M_format(const _ChronoData<_CharT>& __t, _FormatContext& __fc) const
> 	{
> #if defined _GLIBCXX_USE_NL_LANGINFO_L && __CHAR_BIT__ == 8
> 	  // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
>@@ -626,36 +842,80 @@ namespace __format
> 		  // in the locale's encoding to UTF-8.
> 		  locale __loc = __fc.locale();
> 		  if (__loc != locale::classic())
>-		    __fc._M_loc =  __with_encoding_conversion(__loc);
>+		    __fc._M_loc = __with_encoding_conversion(__loc);
> 		}
> #endif
>-	  // formatter<duration> passes the correct value of __is_neg
>-	  // for durations but for hh_mm_ss we decide it here.
>-	  if constexpr (__is_specialization_of<_Tp, chrono::hh_mm_ss>)
>-	    __is_neg = __t.is_negative();
>
> 	  const size_t __padwidth = _M_spec._M_get_width(__fc);
> 	  if (__padwidth == 0)
>-	    return _M_format_to(__t, __fc.out(), __fc, __is_neg);
>+	    return _M_format_to(__t, __fc.out(), __fc);
>
> 	  using _Out = typename _FormatContext::iterator;
> 	  _Padding_sink<_Out, _CharT> __sink(__fc.out(), __padwidth);
>-	  _M_format_to(__t, __sink.out(), __fc, __is_neg);
>+	  _M_format_to(__t, __sink.out(), __fc);
> 	  return __sink._M_finish(_M_spec._M_align, _M_spec._M_fill);
> 	}
>
>-      template<typename _Tp, typename _Out, typename _FormatContext>
>+
>+      _ChronoSpec<_CharT> _M_spec;
>+
>+    protected:
>+      static constexpr const _CharT* _S_chars
>+	= _GLIBCXX_WIDEN("0123456789.Lf:/ +-{}");
>+      static constexpr _CharT _S_dot = _S_chars[10];
>+      static constexpr _CharT _S_colon = _S_chars[13];
>+      static constexpr _CharT _S_slash = _S_chars[14];
>+      static constexpr _CharT _S_space = _S_chars[15];
>+      static constexpr const _CharT* _S_fp_fmt = _S_chars + 11;
>+      static constexpr const _CharT* _S_plus_minus = _S_chars + 16;
>+      static constexpr const _CharT* _S_minus_empty_spec = _S_chars + 17;
>+      static constexpr const _CharT* _S_empty_spec = _S_chars + 18;
>+
>+      // Return the formatting locale.
>+      template<typename _FormatContext>
>+	std::locale
>+	_M_locale(_FormatContext& __fc) const
>+	{
>+	  if (!_M_spec._M_localized)
>+	    return std::locale::classic();
>+	  else
>+	    return __fc.locale();
>+	}
>+
>+    private:
>+      template<typename _OutIter>
>+	_OutIter
>+	_M_write(_OutIter __out, const locale& __loc, __string_view __s) const
>+	{
>+#if defined _GLIBCXX_USE_NL_LANGINFO_L && __CHAR_BIT__ == 8
>+	  __sso_string __buf;
>+	  // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
>+	  // 3565. Handling of encodings in localized formatting
>+	  //       of chrono types is underspecified
>+	  if constexpr (is_same_v<_CharT, char>)
>+	    if constexpr (__unicode::__literal_encoding_is_utf8())
>+	      if (_M_spec._M_localized && _M_spec._M_locale_specific
>+		    && __loc != locale::classic())
>+		{
>+		  extern string_view
>+		  __locale_encoding_to_utf8(const locale&, string_view, void*);
>+
>+		  __s = __locale_encoding_to_utf8(__loc, __s, &__buf);
>+		}
>+#endif
>+	  return __format::__write(std::move(__out), __s);
>+	}
>+
>+      template<typename _Out, typename _FormatContext>
> 	_Out
>-	_M_format_to(const _Tp& __t, _Out __out, _FormatContext& __fc,
>-		     bool __is_neg) const
>+	_M_format_to(const _ChronoData<_CharT>& __t, _Out __out,
>+		     _FormatContext& __fc) const
> 	{
> 	  auto __first = _M_spec._M_chrono_specs.begin();
> 	  const auto __last = _M_spec._M_chrono_specs.end();
>
>-	  auto __print_sign = [&__is_neg, &__out] {
>-	    if constexpr (chrono::__is_duration_v<_Tp>
>-			    || __is_specialization_of<_Tp, chrono::hh_mm_ss>)
>-	      if (__is_neg)
>+	  auto __print_sign = [__is_neg = __t._M_is_neg, &__out] () mutable {
>+	    if (__is_neg)
> 		{
> 		  *__out++ = _S_plus_minus[1];
> 		  __is_neg = false;
>@@ -676,16 +936,16 @@ namespace __format
> 		{
> 		// %\0 is extension for handling weekday index
> 		case '\0':
>-		  __out = _M_wi(__t, std::move(__out), __fc);
>+		  __out = _M_wi(__t._M_weekday_index, std::move(__out), __fc);
> 		  break;
> 		case 'a':
> 		case 'A':
>-		  __out = _M_a_A(__t, std::move(__out), __fc, __c == 'A');
>+		  __out = _M_a_A(__t._M_weekday, std::move(__out), __fc, __c == 'A');
> 		  break;
> 		case 'b':
> 		case 'h':
> 		case 'B':
>-		  __out = _M_b_B(__t, std::move(__out), __fc, __c == 'B');
>+		  __out = _M_b_B(__t._M_month, std::move(__out), __fc, __c == 'B');
> 		  break;
> 		case 'c':
> 		case 'r':
>@@ -696,11 +956,11 @@ namespace __format
> 		case 'C':
> 		case 'y':
> 		case 'Y':
>-		  __out = _M_C_y_Y(__t, std::move(__out), __fc, __c, __mod);
>+		  __out = _M_C_y_Y(__t._M_year, std::move(__out), __fc, __c, __mod);
> 		  break;
> 		case 'd':
> 		case 'e':
>-		  __out = _M_d_e(__t, std::move(__out), __fc, __c, __mod == 'O');
>+		  __out = _M_d_e(__t._M_day, std::move(__out), __fc, __c, __mod == 'O');
> 		  break;
> 		case 'D':
> 		  __out = _M_D(__t, std::move(__out), __fc);
>@@ -714,33 +974,25 @@ namespace __format
> 		  break;
> 		case 'H':
> 		case 'I':
>-		  __out = _M_H_I(__t, __print_sign(), __fc, __c, __mod == 'O');
>+		  __out = _M_H_I(__t._M_hours, __print_sign(), __fc, __c, __mod == 'O');
> 		  break;
> 		case 'j':
> 		  __out = _M_j(__t, __print_sign(), __fc);
> 		  break;
> 		case 'm':
>-		  __out = _M_m(__t, std::move(__out), __fc, __mod == 'O');
>+		  __out = _M_m(__t._M_month, std::move(__out), __fc, __mod == 'O');
> 		  break;
> 		case 'M':
>-		  __out = _M_M(__t, __print_sign(), __fc, __mod == 'O');
>+		  __out = _M_M(__t._M_minutes, __print_sign(), __fc, __mod == 'O');
> 		  break;
> 		case 'p':
>-		  __out = _M_p(__t, std::move(__out), __fc);
>+		  __out = _M_p(__t._M_hours, std::move(__out), __fc);
> 		  break;
> 		case 'q':
>-		  __out = _M_q(__t, std::move(__out), __fc);
>+		  __out = _M_q(__t._M_unit_suffix, std::move(__out), __fc);
> 		  break;
> 		case 'Q':
>-		  // %Q The duration's numeric value.
>-		  if constexpr (chrono::__is_duration_v<_Tp>)
>-		    // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
>-		    // 4118. How should duration formatters format custom rep?
>-		    __out = std::format_to(__print_sign(), _S_empty_spec,
>-					   +__t.count());
>-		  else
>-		    __throw_format_error("chrono format error: argument is "
>-					 "not a duration");
>+		  __out = _M_Q(__t, __print_sign(), __fc);
> 		  break;
> 		case 'R':
> 		case 'T':
>@@ -751,7 +1003,7 @@ namespace __format
> 		  break;
> 		case 'u':
> 		case 'w':
>-		  __out = _M_u_w(__t, std::move(__out), __fc, __c, __mod == 'O');
>+		  __out = _M_u_w(__t._M_weekday, std::move(__out), __fc, __c, __mod == 'O');
> 		  break;
> 		case 'U':
> 		case 'V':
>@@ -760,10 +1012,10 @@ namespace __format
> 				   __mod == 'O');
> 		  break;
> 		case 'z':
>-		  __out = _M_z(__t, std::move(__out), __fc, (bool)__mod);
>+		  __out = _M_z(__t._M_zone_offset, std::move(__out), __fc, (bool)__mod);
> 		  break;
> 		case 'Z':
>-		  __out = _M_Z(__t, std::move(__out), __fc);
>+		  __out = _M_Z(__t._M_zone_abbrev, std::move(__out), __fc);
> 		  break;
> 		case 'n':
> 		  *__out++ = __literals[0];
>@@ -804,78 +1056,12 @@ namespace __format
> 	  return std::move(__out);
> 	}
>
>-      // Format duration for empty chrono-specs, e.g. "{}" (C++20 [time.format] p6).
>-      template<typename _Rep, typename _Period, typename _FormatContext>
>-	typename _FormatContext::iterator
>-	_M_format_to_ostream(const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __d,
>-			     bool __is_neg, _FormatContext& __fc) const
>-	{
>-	   basic_ostringstream<_CharT> __os;
>-	   __os.imbue(_M_locale(__fc));
>-
>-	   if (__is_neg) [[unlikely]]
>-	     __os << _S_plus_minus[1];
>-	   __os << __d;
>-
>-	  auto __str = std::move(__os).str();
>-	  return __format::__write_padded_as_spec(__str, __str.size(),
>-						  __fc, _M_spec);
>-	}
>-
>-      _ChronoSpec<_CharT> _M_spec;
>-
>-    private:
>-      // Return the formatting locale.
>       template<typename _FormatContext>
>-	std::locale
>-	_M_locale(_FormatContext& __fc) const
>-	{
>-	  if (!_M_spec._M_localized)
>-	    return std::locale::classic();
>-	  else
>-	    return __fc.locale();
>-	}
>-
>-      static constexpr const _CharT* _S_chars
>-	= _GLIBCXX_WIDEN("0123456789:/ +-{}");
>-      static constexpr _CharT _S_colon = _S_chars[10];
>-      static constexpr _CharT _S_slash = _S_chars[11];
>-      static constexpr _CharT _S_space = _S_chars[12];
>-      static constexpr const _CharT* _S_plus_minus = _S_chars + 13;
>-      static constexpr const _CharT* _S_minus_empty_spec = _S_chars + 14;
>-      static constexpr const _CharT* _S_empty_spec = _S_chars + 15;
>-
>-      template<typename _OutIter>
>-	_OutIter
>-	_M_write(_OutIter __out, const locale& __loc, __string_view __s) const
>-	{
>-#if defined _GLIBCXX_USE_NL_LANGINFO_L && __CHAR_BIT__ == 8
>-	  __sso_string __buf;
>-	  // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
>-	  // 3565. Handling of encodings in localized formatting
>-	  //       of chrono types is underspecified
>-	  if constexpr (is_same_v<_CharT, char>)
>-	    if constexpr (__unicode::__literal_encoding_is_utf8())
>-	      if (_M_spec._M_localized && _M_spec._M_locale_specific
>-		    && __loc != locale::classic())
>-		{
>-		  extern string_view
>-		  __locale_encoding_to_utf8(const locale&, string_view, void*);
>-
>-		  __s = __locale_encoding_to_utf8(__loc, __s, &__buf);
>-		}
>-#endif
>-	  return __format::__write(std::move(__out), __s);
>-	}
>-
>-      template<typename _Tp, typename _FormatContext>
> 	typename _FormatContext::iterator
>-	_M_wi(const _Tp& __t, typename _FormatContext::iterator __out,
>-	       _FormatContext& __ctx) const
>+	_M_wi(unsigned __wi, typename _FormatContext::iterator __out,
>+	      _FormatContext& __ctx) const
> 	{
> 	  // %\0 Extension to format weekday index, used only by empty format spec
>-	  unsigned __wi = _S_weekday_index(__t);
>-
> 	  _CharT __buf[3];
> 	  __out = __format::__write(std::move(__out), _S_str_d1(__buf, __wi));
> 	  if (_M_spec._M_debug && (__wi < 1 || __wi > 5))
>@@ -884,14 +1070,13 @@ namespace __format
> 	  return std::move(__out);
> 	}
>
>-      template<typename _Tp, typename _FormatContext>
>+      template<typename _FormatContext>
> 	typename _FormatContext::iterator
>-	_M_a_A(const _Tp& __t, typename _FormatContext::iterator __out,
>+	_M_a_A(chrono::weekday __wd, typename _FormatContext::iterator __out,
> 	       _FormatContext& __ctx, bool __full) const
> 	{
> 	  // %a Locale's abbreviated weekday name.
> 	  // %A Locale's full weekday name.
>-	  chrono::weekday __wd = _S_weekday(__t);
> 	  if (!__wd.ok())
> 	    {
> 	      if (!_M_spec._M_debug)
>@@ -915,14 +1100,13 @@ namespace __format
> 	  return _M_write(std::move(__out), __loc, __str);
> 	}
>
>-      template<typename _Tp, typename _FormatContext>
>+      template<typename _FormatContext>
> 	typename _FormatContext::iterator
>-	_M_b_B(const _Tp& __t, typename _FormatContext::iterator __out,
>+	_M_b_B(chrono::month __m, typename _FormatContext::iterator __out,
> 	       _FormatContext& __ctx, bool __full) const
> 	{
> 	  // %b Locale's abbreviated month name.
> 	  // %B Locale's full month name.
>-	  chrono::month __m = _S_month(__t);
> 	  if (!__m.ok())
> 	    {
> 	      if (!_M_spec._M_debug)
>@@ -946,9 +1130,9 @@ namespace __format
> 	  return _M_write(std::move(__out), __loc, __str);
> 	}
>
>-      template<typename _Tp, typename _FormatContext>
>+      template<typename _FormatContext>
> 	typename _FormatContext::iterator
>-	_M_c_r_x_X(const _Tp& __t, typename _FormatContext::iterator __out,
>+	_M_c_r_x_X(const _ChronoData<_CharT>& __t, typename _FormatContext::iterator __out,
> 		   _FormatContext& __ctx, _CharT __conv, _CharT __mod) const
> 	{
> 	  // %c  Locale's date and time representation.
>@@ -960,9 +1144,6 @@ namespace __format
> 	  // %EX Locale's alternative time representation.
>
> 	  using namespace chrono;
>-	  using ::std::chrono::__detail::__utc_leap_second;
>-	  using ::std::chrono::__detail::__local_time_fmt;
>-
> 	  struct tm __tm{};
>
> 	  // Some locales use %Z in their %c format but we don't want strftime
>@@ -974,53 +1155,27 @@ namespace __format
> #ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_STRUCT_TM_TM_ZONE
> 	  // POSIX.1-2024 adds tm.tm_zone which will be used for %Z.
> 	  // BSD has had tm_zone since 1987 but as char* so cast away const.
>-	  if constexpr (__is_time_point_v<_Tp>)
>-	    {
>-	      // One of sys_time, utc_time, or local_time.
>-	      if constexpr (!is_same_v<typename _Tp::clock, local_t>)
>-		__tm.tm_zone = const_cast<char*>("UTC");
>-	    }
>-	  else if constexpr (__is_specialization_of<_Tp, __local_time_fmt>)
>-	    {
>-	      // local-time-format-t is used to provide time zone info for
>-	      // one of zoned_time, tai_time, gps_time, or local_time.
>-	      if (__t._M_abbrev)
>-		__tm.tm_zone = const_cast<char*>(__t._M_abbrev->c_str());
>-	    }
>-	  else
>-	    __tm.tm_zone = const_cast<char*>("UTC");
>+	  if (__t._M_zone_cstr)
>+	    __tm.tm_zone = const_cast<char*>(__t._M_zone_cstr);
> #endif
>
>-	  if (__conv == 'c' || __conv == 'x')
>-	  {
>-	    auto __d = _S_days(__t); // Either sys_days or local_days.
>-	    using _TDays = decltype(__d);
>-	    const year_month_day __ymd(__d);
>-	    const auto __y = __ymd.year();
>-
>-	    __tm.tm_year = (int)__y - 1900;
>-	    __tm.tm_yday = (__d - _TDays(__y/January/1)).count();
>-	    __tm.tm_mon = (unsigned)__ymd.month() - 1;
>-	    __tm.tm_mday = (unsigned)__ymd.day();
>-	    __tm.tm_wday = weekday(__d).c_encoding();
>-	  }
>-
>-	  if (__conv != 'x')
>-	  {
>-	    const auto __hms = _S_hms(__t);
>-	    __tm.tm_hour = __hms.hours().count();
>-	    __tm.tm_min = __hms.minutes().count();
>-	    __tm.tm_sec = __hms.seconds().count();
>-	  }
>+	  __tm.tm_year = (int)__t._M_year - 1900;
>+	  __tm.tm_yday = __t._M_day_of_year.count();
>+	  __tm.tm_mon = (unsigned)__t._M_month - 1;
>+	  __tm.tm_mday = (unsigned)__t._M_day;
>+	  __tm.tm_wday = __t._M_weekday.c_encoding();
>+	  __tm.tm_hour = __t._M_hours.count();
>+	  __tm.tm_min = __t._M_minutes.count();
>+	  __tm.tm_sec = __t._M_seconds.count();
>
> 	  return _M_locale_fmt(std::move(__out), _M_locale(__ctx), __tm,
> 			       __conv, __mod);
> 	}
>
>-      template<typename _Tp, typename _FormatContext>
>+      template<typename _FormatContext>
> 	typename _FormatContext::iterator
>-	_M_C_y_Y(const _Tp& __t, typename _FormatContext::iterator __out,
>-	       _FormatContext& __ctx, _CharT __conv, _CharT __mod = 0) const
>+	_M_C_y_Y(chrono::year __y, typename _FormatContext::iterator __out,
>+		 _FormatContext& __ctx, _CharT __conv, _CharT __mod = 0) const
> 	{
> 	  // %C  Year divided by 100 using floored division.
> 	  // %EC Locale's alternative preresentation of the century (era name).
>@@ -1030,8 +1185,6 @@ namespace __format
> 	  // %Y  Year as a decimal number.
> 	  // %EY Locale's alternative full year representation.
>
>-	  chrono::year __y = _S_year(__t);
>-
> 	  if (__mod && _M_spec._M_localized) [[unlikely]]
> 	    if (auto __loc = __ctx.locale(); __loc != locale::classic())
> 	      {
>@@ -1080,15 +1233,14 @@ namespace __format
> 	  return __out;
> 	}
>
>-      template<typename _Tp, typename _FormatContext>
>+      template<typename _FormatContext>
> 	typename _FormatContext::iterator
>-	_M_D(const _Tp& __t, typename _FormatContext::iterator __out,
>+	_M_D(const _ChronoData<_CharT>& __t, typename _FormatContext::iterator __out,
> 	     _FormatContext&) const
> 	{
>-	  auto __ymd = _S_date(__t);
>-	  auto __di = (unsigned)__ymd.day();
>-	  auto __mi = (unsigned)__ymd.month();
>-	  auto __yi = __builtin_abs((int)__ymd.year()) % 100;
>+	  auto __di = (unsigned)__t._M_day;
>+	  auto __mi = (unsigned)__t._M_month;
>+	  auto __yi = __builtin_abs((int)__t._M_year) % 100;
>
> 	  if (__mi >= 100 || __di >= 100) [[unlikely]]
> 	    {
>@@ -1112,9 +1264,9 @@ namespace __format
> 	  return std::move(__out);
> 	}
>
>-      template<typename _Tp, typename _FormatContext>
>+      template<typename _FormatContext>
> 	typename _FormatContext::iterator
>-	_M_d_e(const _Tp& __t, typename _FormatContext::iterator __out,
>+	_M_d_e(chrono::day __d, typename _FormatContext::iterator __out,
> 	       _FormatContext& __ctx, _CharT __conv, bool __mod = false) const
> 	{
> 	  // %d  The day of month as a decimal number.
>@@ -1122,7 +1274,6 @@ namespace __format
> 	  // %e  Day of month as decimal number, padded with space.
> 	  // %Oe Locale's alternative digits.
>
>-	  chrono::day __d = _S_day(__t);
> 	  unsigned __i = (unsigned)__d;
>
> 	  if (__mod && _M_spec._M_localized) [[unlikely]]
>@@ -1150,15 +1301,14 @@ namespace __format
> 	  return std::move(__out);
> 	}
>
>-      template<typename _Tp, typename _FormatContext>
>+      template<typename _FormatContext>
> 	typename _FormatContext::iterator
>-	_M_F(const _Tp& __t, typename _FormatContext::iterator __out,
>+	_M_F(const _ChronoData<_CharT>& __t, typename _FormatContext::iterator __out,
> 	     _FormatContext&) const
> 	{
>-	  auto __ymd = _S_date(__t);
>-	  auto __di = (unsigned)__ymd.day();
>-	  auto __mi = (unsigned)__ymd.month();
>-	  auto __yi = (int)__ymd.year();
>+	  auto __di = (unsigned)__t._M_day;
>+	  auto __mi = (unsigned)__t._M_month;
>+	  auto __yi = (int)__t._M_year;
> 	  const bool __is_neg = __yi < 0;
> 	  __yi = __builtin_abs(__yi);
>
>@@ -1185,31 +1335,31 @@ namespace __format
> 	      __out = __format::__write(std::move(__out), __sv);
> 	    }
>
>-	  if (_M_spec._M_debug && !__ymd.ok())
>+	  if (_M_spec._M_debug && !(__t._M_year/__t._M_month/__t._M_day).ok())
> 	    __out = __format::__write(std::move(__out),
> 		      __string_view(_GLIBCXX_WIDEN(" is not a valid date")));
> 	  return std::move(__out);
> 	}
>
>-      template<typename _Tp, typename _FormatContext>
>+      template<typename _FormatContext>
> 	typename _FormatContext::iterator
>-	_M_g_G(const _Tp& __t, typename _FormatContext::iterator __out,
>+	_M_g_G(const _ChronoData<_CharT>& __t, typename _FormatContext::iterator __out,
> 	     _FormatContext& __ctx, bool __full) const
> 	{
> 	  // %g last two decimal digits of the ISO week-based year.
> 	  // %G ISO week-based year.
> 	  using namespace chrono;
>-	  auto __d = _S_days(__t);
>+	  auto __d = __t._M_ldays;
> 	  // Move to nearest Thursday:
>-	  __d -= (weekday(__d) - Monday) - days(3);
>+	  __d -= (__t._M_weekday - Monday) - days(3);
> 	  // ISO week-based year is the year that contains that Thursday:
> 	  year __y = year_month_day(__d).year();
> 	  return _M_C_y_Y(__y, std::move(__out), __ctx, "yY"[__full]);
> 	}
>
>-      template<typename _Tp, typename _FormatContext>
>+      template<typename _FormatContext>
> 	typename _FormatContext::iterator
>-	_M_H_I(const _Tp& __t, typename _FormatContext::iterator __out,
>+	_M_H_I(chrono::hours __h, typename _FormatContext::iterator __out,
> 	       _FormatContext& __ctx, _CharT __conv, bool __mod = false) const
> 	{
> 	  // %H  The hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number.
>@@ -1217,8 +1367,7 @@ namespace __format
> 	  // %I  The hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number.
> 	  // %OI Locale's alternative representation.
>
>-	  const auto __hms = _S_hms(__t);
>-	  int __i = __hms.hours().count();
>+	  int __i = __h.count();
>
> 	  if (__mod && _M_spec._M_localized) [[unlikely]]
> 	    if (auto __loc = __ctx.locale(); __loc != locale::classic())
>@@ -1241,44 +1390,30 @@ namespace __format
> 	  return __format::__write(std::move(__out), _S_two_digits(__i));
> 	}
>
>-      template<typename _Tp, typename _FormatContext>
>+      template<typename _FormatContext>
> 	typename _FormatContext::iterator
>-	_M_j(const _Tp& __t, typename _FormatContext::iterator __out,
>+	_M_j(const _ChronoData<_CharT>& __t, typename _FormatContext::iterator __out,
> 	     _FormatContext&) const
> 	{
>-	  if constexpr (chrono::__is_duration_v<_Tp>)
>-	    {
>-	      // Decimal number of days, without padding.
>-	      unsigned __d = chrono::duration_cast<chrono::days>(__t).count();
>-	      return std::format_to(std::move(__out), _S_empty_spec, __d);
>-	    }
>-	  else
>-	    {
>-	      // Day of the year as a decimal number, padding with zero.
>-	      using namespace chrono;
>-	      auto __day = _S_days(__t);
>-	      auto __ymd = _S_date(__t);
>-	      days __d;
>-	      // See "Calculating Ordinal Dates" at
>-	      // https://github.com/HowardHinnant/date/wiki/Examples-and-Recipes
>-	      if constexpr (is_same_v<typename decltype(__day)::clock, local_t>)
>-		__d = __day - local_days(__ymd.year()/January/0);
>-	      else
>-		__d = __day - sys_days(__ymd.year()/January/0);
>-	      return std::format_to(std::move(__out), _GLIBCXX_WIDEN("{:03d}"),
>-				    __d.count());
>-	    }
>+	  if (_M_spec._M_time_only)
>+	  {
>+	    // Decimal number of days, without padding.
>+	    auto __d = chrono::floor<chrono::days>(__t._M_hours).count();
>+	    return std::format_to(std::move(__out), _S_empty_spec, __d);
>+	  }
>+
>+	  return std::format_to(std::move(__out), _GLIBCXX_WIDEN("{:03d}"),
>+				__t._M_day_of_year.count());
> 	}
>
>-      template<typename _Tp, typename _FormatContext>
>+      template<typename _FormatContext>
> 	typename _FormatContext::iterator
>-	_M_m(const _Tp& __t, typename _FormatContext::iterator __out,
>+	_M_m(chrono::month __m, typename _FormatContext::iterator __out,
> 	     _FormatContext& __ctx, bool __mod) const
> 	{
> 	  // %m  month as a decimal number.
> 	  // %Om Locale's alternative representation.
>
>-	  auto __m = _S_month(__t);
> 	  auto __i = (unsigned)__m;
>
> 	  if (__mod && _M_spec._M_localized) [[unlikely]] // %Om
>@@ -1294,15 +1429,14 @@ namespace __format
> 	  return __format::__write(std::move(__out), _S_str_d2(__buf, __i));
> 	}
>
>-      template<typename _Tp, typename _FormatContext>
>+      template<typename _FormatContext>
> 	typename _FormatContext::iterator
>-	_M_M(const _Tp& __t, typename _FormatContext::iterator __out,
>+	_M_M(chrono::minutes __m, typename _FormatContext::iterator __out,
> 	     _FormatContext& __ctx, bool __mod) const
> 	{
> 	  // %M  The minute as a decimal number.
> 	  // %OM Locale's alternative representation.
>
>-	  auto __m = _S_hms(__t).minutes();
> 	  auto __i = __m.count();
>
> 	  if (__mod && _M_spec._M_localized) [[unlikely]] // %OM
>@@ -1317,14 +1451,13 @@ namespace __format
> 	  return __format::__write(std::move(__out), _S_two_digits(__i));
> 	}
>
>-      template<typename _Tp, typename _FormatContext>
>+      template<typename _FormatContext>
> 	typename _FormatContext::iterator
>-	_M_p(const _Tp& __t, typename _FormatContext::iterator __out,
>+	_M_p(chrono::hours __h, typename _FormatContext::iterator __out,
> 	     _FormatContext& __ctx) const
> 	{
> 	  // %p The locale's equivalent of the AM/PM designations.
>-	  auto __hms = _S_hms(__t);
>-	  auto __hi = __hms.hours().count();
>+	  auto __hi =  __h.count();
> 	  if (__hi >= 24) [[unlikely]]
> 	    __hi %= 24;
>
>@@ -1335,35 +1468,34 @@ namespace __format
> 	  return _M_write(std::move(__out), __loc, __ampm[__hi >= 12]);
> 	}
>
>-      template<typename _Tp, typename _FormatContext>
>+      template<typename _FormatContext>
> 	typename _FormatContext::iterator
>-	_M_q(const _Tp&, typename _FormatContext::iterator __out,
>+	_M_q(__string_view __us, typename _FormatContext::iterator __out,
> 	     _FormatContext&) const
> 	{
> 	  // %q The duration's unit suffix
>-	  if constexpr (!chrono::__is_duration_v<_Tp>)
>-	    __throw_format_error("format error: argument is not a duration");
>-	  else
>-	    {
>-	      namespace __d = chrono::__detail;
>-	      using period = typename _Tp::period;
>-	      return __d::__fmt_units_suffix<period, _CharT>(std::move(__out));
>-	    }
>+	  return __format::__write(std::move(__out), __us);
> 	}
>
>-      // %Q handled in _M_format
>+      template<typename _FormatContext>
>+	typename _FormatContext::iterator
>+	_M_Q(const _ChronoData<_CharT>& __t, typename _FormatContext::iterator __out,
>+	     _FormatContext& __ctx) const
>+	{
>+	  // %Q The duration's numeric value.
>+	  return std::vformat_to(std::move(__out), _S_empty_spec, __t._M_ereps);
>+	}
>
>-      template<typename _Tp, typename _FormatContext>
>+      template<typename _FormatContext>
> 	typename _FormatContext::iterator
>-	_M_R_T(const _Tp& __t, typename _FormatContext::iterator __out,
>+	_M_R_T(const _ChronoData<_CharT>& __t, typename _FormatContext::iterator __out,
> 	       _FormatContext& __ctx, bool __secs) const
> 	{
> 	  // %R Equivalent to %H:%M
> 	  // %T Equivalent to %H:%M:%S
>-	  auto __hms = _S_hms(__t);
>-	  auto __hi = __hms.hours().count();
>+	  auto __hi = __t._M_hours.count();
>
>-   	  _CharT __buf[6];
>+	  _CharT __buf[6];
> 	  __buf[2] = _S_colon;
> 	  __buf[5] = _S_colon;
> 	  __string_view __sv(__buf, 5 + __secs);
>@@ -1376,86 +1508,96 @@ namespace __format
> 	  else
> 	    _S_fill_two_digits(__buf, __hi);
>
>-	  _S_fill_two_digits(__buf + 3, __hms.minutes().count());
>+	  _S_fill_two_digits(__buf + 3, __t._M_minutes.count());
> 	  __out = __format::__write(std::move(__out), __sv);
> 	  if (__secs)
>-	    __out = _M_S(__hms, std::move(__out), __ctx);
>+	    __out = _M_S(__t, std::move(__out), __ctx);
> 	  return __out;
> 	}
>
>-      template<typename _Tp, typename _FormatContext>
>+      template<typename _FormatContext>
> 	typename _FormatContext::iterator
>-	_M_S(const _Tp& __t, typename _FormatContext::iterator __out,
>+	_M_S(const _ChronoData<_CharT>& __t, typename _FormatContext::iterator __out,
> 	     _FormatContext& __ctx, bool __mod = false) const
> 	{
> 	  // %S  Seconds as a decimal number.
> 	  // %OS The locale's alternative representation.
>-	  auto __hms = _S_hms(__t);
>-	  auto __s = __hms.seconds();
>+	  auto __s = __t._M_seconds;
>
>-	  if (__mod) [[unlikely]] // %OS
>-	    {
>-	      if (_M_spec._M_localized)
>-		if (auto __loc = __ctx.locale(); __loc != locale::classic())
>-		  {
>-		    struct tm __tm{};
>-		    __tm.tm_sec = (int)__s.count();
>-		    return _M_locale_fmt(std::move(__out), __loc, __tm,
>-					 'S', 'O');
>-		  }
>+	  if (__mod && _M_spec._M_localized) [[unlikely]] // %OS
>+	    if (auto __loc = __ctx.locale(); __loc != locale::classic())
>+	      {
>+		struct tm __tm{};
>+		__tm.tm_sec = (int)__s.count();
>+		return _M_locale_fmt(std::move(__out), __loc, __tm,
>+				     'S', 'O');
>+	      }
>
>-	      // %OS formats don't include subseconds, so just format that:
>-	      return __format::__write(std::move(__out),
>-				       _S_two_digits(__s.count()));
>+	  __out = __format::__write(std::move(__out),
>+				     _S_two_digits(__s.count()));
>+
>+	  unsigned __prec = _M_spec._M_prec_kind != _WP_none
>+			  ? _M_spec._M_get_precision(__ctx)
>+			  : _M_spec._M_prec;
>+
>+	  // %OS formats don't include subseconds
>+	  if (__prec == 0 || __mod)
>+	    return __out;
>+
>+	  _CharT __dot = _S_dot;
>+	  if (_M_spec._M_localized)
>+	    if (auto __loc = __ctx.locale(); __loc != locale::classic())
>+	    {
>+	      const auto& __np = use_facet<numpunct<_CharT>>(__loc);
>+	      __dot = __np.decimal_point();
> 	    }
>+	  *__out = __dot;
>+	  ++__out;
>
>-	  if constexpr (__hms.fractional_width == 0)
>-	    __out = __format::__write(std::move(__out),
>-				      _S_two_digits(__s.count()));
>-	  else
>+	  if (_M_spec._M_floating_point_rep)
> 	    {
>-	      locale __loc = _M_locale(__ctx);
>-	      auto __ss = __hms.subseconds();
>-	      using rep = typename decltype(__ss)::rep;
>-	      if constexpr (is_floating_point_v<rep>)
>-		{
>-		  chrono::duration<rep> __fs = __s + __ss;
>-		  __out = std::format_to(std::move(__out), __loc,
>-					 _GLIBCXX_WIDEN("{:#0{}.{}Lf}"),
>-					 __fs.count(),
>-					 3 + __hms.fractional_width,
>-					 __hms.fractional_width);
>-		}
>+	      _Str_sink<_CharT> __sink;
>+	      if (_M_spec._M_localized && _M_spec._M_custom_rep)
>+		 std::vformat_to(__sink.out(), _M_locale(__ctx),
>+				 _GLIBCXX_WIDEN("{1:0.{2}Lf}"), __t._M_ereps);
> 	      else
>-		{
>-		  const auto& __np
>-		    = use_facet<numpunct<_CharT>>(__loc);
>-		  __out = __format::__write(std::move(__out),
>-					    _S_two_digits(__s.count()));
>-		  *__out++ = __np.decimal_point();
>-		  if constexpr (is_integral_v<rep>)
>-		    __out = std::format_to(std::move(__out),
>-					   _GLIBCXX_WIDEN("{:0{}}"),
>-					   __ss.count(),
>-					   __hms.fractional_width);
>-		  else
>-		    {
>-		      auto __str = std::format(_S_empty_spec, __ss.count());
>-		      __out = std::format_to(std::move(__out),
>-					     _GLIBCXX_WIDEN("{:0>{}s}"),
>-					     __str,
>-					     __hms.fractional_width);
>-		    }
>-		}
>+		 std::vformat_to(__sink.out(),
>+				 _GLIBCXX_WIDEN("{1:0.{2}f}"), __t._M_ereps);
>+
>+	      auto __sv = __sink.view();
>+	      // Skip leading zero and dot
>+	      __sv.remove_prefix(2);
>+	      return __format::__write(std::move(__out), __sv);
> 	    }
>-	  return __out;
>+
>+	  constexpr unsigned __max_prec = _ChronoData<_CharT>::_S_max_prec;
>+	  constexpr typename _ChronoData<_CharT>::_Attoseconds::rep __pow10t[]
>+	  {
>+	    1u,
>+	    10u,                     100u,                     1000u,
>+	    10'000u,                 100'000u,                 1000'000u,
>+	    10'000'000u,             100'000'000u,             1000'000'000u,
>+	    10'000'000'000u,         100'000'000'000u,         1000'000'000'000u,
>+	    10'000'000'000'000u,     100'000'000'000'000u,     1000'000'000'000'000u,
>+	    10'000'000'000'000'000u, 100'000'000'000'000'000u, 1000'000'000'000'000'000u,
>+	  };
>+
>+	  auto __subs = __t._M_subseconds.count();
>+	  if (__prec < __max_prec)
>+	    __subs /= __pow10t[__max_prec - __prec];
>+	  else if (__prec > __max_prec)
>+	    __prec = __max_prec;
>+
>+	  using _FmtStr = _Runtime_format_string<_CharT>;
>+	  return std::format_to(__out, _FmtStr(_GLIBCXX_WIDEN("{0:0{1}}")),
>+				__subs, __prec);
> 	}
>
>       // %t handled in _M_format
>
>-      template<typename _Tp, typename _FormatContext>
>+      template<typename _FormatContext>
> 	typename _FormatContext::iterator
>-	_M_u_w(const _Tp& __t, typename _FormatContext::iterator __out,
>+	_M_u_w(chrono::weekday __wd, typename _FormatContext::iterator __out,
> 	       _FormatContext& __ctx, _CharT __conv, bool __mod = false) const
> 	{
> 	  // %u  ISO weekday as a decimal number (1-7), where Monday is 1.
>@@ -1463,8 +1605,6 @@ namespace __format
> 	  // %w  Weekday as a decimal number (0-6), where Sunday is 0.
> 	  // %Ow Locale's alternative numeric rep.
>
>-	  chrono::weekday __wd = _S_weekday(__t);
>-
> 	  if (__mod && _M_spec._M_localized) [[unlikely]]
> 	    if (auto __loc = __ctx.locale(); __loc != locale::classic())
> 	      {
>@@ -1480,9 +1620,9 @@ namespace __format
> 	  return __format::__write(std::move(__out), _S_str_d1(__buf, __wdi));
> 	}
>
>-      template<typename _Tp, typename _FormatContext>
>+      template<typename _FormatContext>
> 	typename _FormatContext::iterator
>-	_M_U_V_W(const _Tp& __t, typename _FormatContext::iterator __out,
>+	_M_U_V_W(const _ChronoData<_CharT>& __t, typename _FormatContext::iterator __out,
> 		 _FormatContext& __ctx, _CharT __conv, bool __mod = false) const
> 	{
> 	  // %U  Week number of the year as a decimal number, from first Sunday.
>@@ -1492,126 +1632,68 @@ namespace __format
> 	  // %W  Week number of the year as a decimal number, from first Monday.
> 	  // %OW Locale's alternative numeric rep.
> 	  using namespace chrono;
>-	  auto __d = _S_days(__t);
>-	  using _TDays = decltype(__d); // Either sys_days or local_days.
>
> 	  if (__mod && _M_spec._M_localized) [[unlikely]]
> 	    if (auto __loc = __ctx.locale(); __loc != locale::classic())
> 	      {
>-		const year_month_day __ymd(__d);
>-		const year __y = __ymd.year();
> 		struct tm __tm{};
>-		__tm.tm_year = (int)__y - 1900;
>-		__tm.tm_yday = (__d - _TDays(__y/January/1)).count();
>-		__tm.tm_wday = weekday(__d).c_encoding();
>+		__tm.tm_year = (int)__t._M_year - 1900;
>+		__tm.tm_yday = __t._M_day_of_year.count();
>+		__tm.tm_wday = __t._M_weekday.c_encoding();
> 		return _M_locale_fmt(std::move(__out), __loc, __tm,
> 				     (char)__conv, 'O');
> 	      }
>
>-	  _TDays __first; // First day of week 1.
>+	  auto __d = __t._M_ldays;
>+	  local_days __first; // First day of week 1.
> 	  if (__conv == 'V') // W01 begins on Monday before first Thursday.
> 	    {
> 	      // Move to nearest Thursday:
>-	      __d -= (weekday(__d) - Monday) - days(3);
>+	      __d -= (__t._M_weekday - Monday) - days(3);
> 	      // ISO week of __t is number of weeks since January 1 of the
> 	      // same year as that nearest Thursday.
>-	      __first = _TDays(year_month_day(__d).year()/January/1);
>+	      __first = local_days(year_month_day(__d).year()/January/1);
> 	    }
> 	  else
> 	    {
>-	      year __y;
>-	      if constexpr (requires { __t.year(); })
>-		__y = __t.year();
>-	      else
>-		__y = year_month_day(__d).year();
> 	      const weekday __weekstart = __conv == 'U' ? Sunday : Monday;
>-	      __first = _TDays(__y/January/__weekstart[1]);
>+	      __first = local_days(__t._M_year/January/__weekstart[1]);
> 	    }
> 	  auto __weeks = chrono::floor<weeks>(__d - __first);
> 	  __string_view __sv = _S_two_digits(__weeks.count() + 1);
> 	  return __format::__write(std::move(__out), __sv);
> 	}
>
>-      template<typename _Tp, typename _FormatContext>
>+      template<typename _FormatContext>
> 	typename _FormatContext::iterator
>-	_M_z(const _Tp& __t, typename _FormatContext::iterator __out,
>+	_M_z(chrono::seconds __ts, typename _FormatContext::iterator __out,
> 	     _FormatContext&, bool __mod = false) const
> 	{
>-	  using ::std::chrono::__detail::__utc_leap_second;
>-	  using ::std::chrono::__detail::__local_time_fmt;
>-
>-	  auto __utc = __mod ? __string_view(_GLIBCXX_WIDEN("+00:00"), 6)
>-			     : __string_view(_GLIBCXX_WIDEN("+0000"), 5);
>-
>-	  if constexpr (chrono::__is_time_point_v<_Tp>)
>+	  if (__ts == 0s)
> 	    {
>-	      if constexpr (is_same_v<typename _Tp::clock,
>-				      chrono::system_clock>)
>-		return __format::__write(std::move(__out), __utc);
>-	    }
>-	  else if constexpr (__is_specialization_of<_Tp, __local_time_fmt>)
>-	    {
>-	      if (__t._M_offset_sec)
>-		{
>-		  auto __sv = __utc;
>-		  basic_string<_CharT> __s;
>-		  if (*__t._M_offset_sec != 0s)
>-		    {
>-		      chrono:: hh_mm_ss __hms(*__t._M_offset_sec);
>-		      __s = _S_plus_minus[__hms.is_negative()];
>-		      __s += _S_two_digits(__hms.hours().count());
>-		      if (__mod)
>-			__s += _S_colon;
>-		      __s += _S_two_digits(__hms.minutes().count());
>-		      __sv = __s;
>-		    }
>-		  return __format::__write(std::move(__out), __sv);
>-		}
>+	      __string_view __zero
>+		= __mod ? _GLIBCXX_WIDEN("+00:00") : _GLIBCXX_WIDEN("+0000");
>+	      return __format::__write(std::move(__out), __zero);
> 	    }
>-	  else if constexpr (__is_specialization_of<_Tp, __utc_leap_second>)
>-	    return __format::__write(std::move(__out), __utc);
>
>-	  __no_timezone_available();
>+	  chrono::hh_mm_ss<chrono::seconds> __hms(__ts);
>+	  unsigned __mo = 3 + __mod;
>+
>+	  _CharT __buf[6];
>+	  __buf[0] = _S_plus_minus[__hms.is_negative()];
>+	  __buf[3] = _S_colon;
>+	  _S_fill_two_digits(__buf + 1, __hms.hours().count());
>+	  _S_fill_two_digits(__buf + __mo, __hms.minutes().count());
>+
>+	  __string_view __sv(__buf, __mo + 2);
>+	  return __format::__write(std::move(__out), __sv);
> 	}
>
>-      template<typename _Tp, typename _FormatContext>
>+      template<typename _FormatContext>
> 	typename _FormatContext::iterator
>-	_M_Z(const _Tp& __t, typename _FormatContext::iterator __out,
>+	_M_Z(__string_view __abbrev, typename _FormatContext::iterator __out,
> 	     _FormatContext& __ctx) const
>-	{
>-	  using ::std::chrono::__detail::__utc_leap_second;
>-	  using ::std::chrono::__detail::__local_time_fmt;
>-
>-	  __string_view __utc(_GLIBCXX_WIDEN("UTC"), 3);
>-	  if constexpr (chrono::__is_time_point_v<_Tp>)
>-	    {
>-	      if constexpr (is_same_v<typename _Tp::clock,
>-				      chrono::system_clock>)
>-		return __format::__write(std::move(__out), __utc);
>-	    }
>-	  else if constexpr (__is_specialization_of<_Tp, __local_time_fmt>)
>-	    {
>-	      if (__t._M_abbrev)
>-		{
>-		  string_view __sv = *__t._M_abbrev;
>-		  if constexpr (is_same_v<_CharT, char>)
>-		    return __format::__write(std::move(__out), __sv);
>-		  else
>-		    {
>-		      // TODO use resize_and_overwrite
>-		      basic_string<_CharT> __ws(__sv.size(), _CharT());
>-		      auto& __ct = use_facet<ctype<_CharT>>(_M_locale(__ctx));
>-		      __ct.widen(__sv.begin(), __sv.end(), __ws.data());
>-		      __string_view __wsv = __ws;
>-		      return __format::__write(std::move(__out), __wsv);
>-		    }
>-		}
>-	    }
>-	  else if constexpr (__is_specialization_of<_Tp, __utc_leap_second>)
>-	    return __format::__write(std::move(__out), __utc);
>-
>-	  __no_timezone_available();
>-	}
>+	{ return __format::__write(std::move(__out), __abbrev);	}
>
>       // %% handled in _M_format
>
>@@ -1670,194 +1752,202 @@ namespace __format
> 	  return _S_two_digits(__n);
>
> 	_S_fill_two_digits(__buf.data(), __n / 10);
>-	__buf[2] = _S_digit(__n % 10)[0];
>+	__buf[2] = _S_chars[__n % 10];
> 	return __string_view(__buf.data(), 3);
>       }
>
>-      // Accessors for the components of chrono types:
>+      // Use the formatting locale's std::time_put facet to produce
>+      // a locale-specific representation.
>+      template<typename _Iter>
>+	_Iter
>+	_M_locale_fmt(_Iter __out, const locale& __loc, const struct tm& __tm,
>+		      char __fmt, char __mod) const
>+	{
>+	  basic_ostringstream<_CharT> __os;
>+	  __os.imbue(__loc);
>+	  const auto& __tp = use_facet<time_put<_CharT>>(__loc);
>+	  __tp.put(__os, __os, _S_space, &__tm, __fmt, __mod);
>+	  if (__os)
>+	    __out = _M_write(std::move(__out), __loc, __os.view());
>+	  return __out;
>+	}
>+    };
>
>-      // Returns a hh_mm_ss.
>-      template<typename _Tp>
>-	static decltype(auto)
>-	_S_hms(const _Tp& __t)
>+  template<typename _CharT>
>+    struct __formatter_duration : private __formatter_chrono<_CharT>
>+    {
>+      template<typename _Rep, typename _Period>
>+	constexpr static auto
>+	_S_subseconds(const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __d)
> 	{
>-	  using ::std::chrono::__detail::__utc_leap_second;
>-	  using ::std::chrono::__detail::__local_time_fmt;
>-
>-	  if constexpr (__is_specialization_of<_Tp, chrono::hh_mm_ss>)
>-	    return __t;
>-	  else if constexpr (__is_specialization_of<_Tp, __utc_leap_second>)
>-	    return __t._M_time;
>-	  else if constexpr (chrono::__is_duration_v<_Tp>)
>-	    return chrono::hh_mm_ss<_Tp>(__t);
>-	  else if constexpr (chrono::__is_time_point_v<_Tp>)
>-	    return chrono::hh_mm_ss(__t - chrono::floor<chrono::days>(__t));
>-	  else if constexpr (__is_specialization_of<_Tp, __local_time_fmt>)
>-	    return _S_hms(__t._M_time);
>+	  if constexpr (chrono::treat_as_floating_point_v<_Rep>)
>+	    return chrono::duration<_Rep>(__d);
>+	  else if constexpr (_Period::den == 1)
>+	    return chrono::seconds(0);
> 	  else
>-	    {
>-	      __invalid_chrono_spec();
>-	      return chrono::hh_mm_ss<chrono::seconds>();
>-	    }
>-	}
>+	   {
>+	     using _Attoseconds = _ChronoData<_CharT>::_Attoseconds;
>+	     using _CRep = common_type_t<_Rep, typename _Attoseconds::rep>;
>+	     chrono::duration<_CRep, _Period> subs(__d.count());
>+	     return chrono::duration_cast<_Attoseconds>(subs);
>+	   }
>+       }
>
>-      // Returns a sys_days or local_days.
>-      template<typename _Tp>
>-	static auto
>-	_S_days(const _Tp& __t)
>+    public:
>+      template<typename _Duration>
>+	static consteval
>+	_ChronoSpec<_CharT>
>+	_S_spec_for(_ChronoParts __parts)
> 	{
>-	  using namespace chrono;
>-	  using ::std::chrono::__detail::__utc_leap_second;
>-	  using ::std::chrono::__detail::__local_time_fmt;
>-
>-	  if constexpr (__is_time_point_v<_Tp>)
>-	    return chrono::floor<days>(__t);
>-	  else if constexpr (__is_specialization_of<_Tp, __utc_leap_second>)
>-	    return __t._M_date;
>-	  else if constexpr (__is_specialization_of<_Tp, __local_time_fmt>)
>-	    return chrono::floor<days>(__t._M_time);
>-	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, year_month_day>
>-			       || is_same_v<_Tp, year_month_day_last>
>-			       || is_same_v<_Tp, year_month_weekday>
>-			       || is_same_v<_Tp, year_month_weekday_last>)
>-	    return sys_days(__t);
>-	  else
>+	  using _Rep = typename _Duration::rep;
>+	  using enum _ChronoParts;
>+
>+	  _ChronoSpec<_CharT> __res{};
>+	  __res._M_time_only = (__parts & _Date) == 0;
>+	  __res._M_floating_point_rep = chrono::treat_as_floating_point_v<_Rep>;
>+	  __res._M_custom_rep = !is_arithmetic_v<_Rep>;
>+	  __res._M_prec = chrono::hh_mm_ss<_Duration>::fractional_width;
>+	  if ((__parts & _TimeOfDay) != 0)
>+	     __res._M_localized = __res._M_prec > 0 || __res._M_floating_point_rep;
>+
>+	  if ((__parts & _TimeOfDay) != 0)
>+	    __res._M_needed |= _TimeOfDay;
>+	  if ((__parts & _Date) != 0)
>+	    __res._M_needed |= _YearMonthDay;
>+	  if ((__parts & _ZoneAbbrev) != 0)
>+	    __res._M_needed |= _ZoneAbbrev;
>+
>+	  switch (__parts)
> 	    {
>-	      if constexpr (__is_duration_v<_Tp>)
>-		__not_valid_for_duration();
>-	      else
>-		__invalid_chrono_spec();
>-	      return chrono::sys_days();
>+	    case _ZonedDateTime:
>+	      __res._M_chrono_specs = _ChronoFormats<_CharT>::_S_ftz();
>+	      break;
>+	    case _DateTime:
>+	      __res._M_chrono_specs = _ChronoFormats<_CharT>::_S_ft();
>+	      break;
>+	    case _Date:
>+	      __res._M_chrono_specs = _ChronoFormats<_CharT>::_S_f();
>+	      break;
>+	    case _Time:
>+	      __res._M_chrono_specs = _ChronoFormats<_CharT>::_S_t();
>+	      break;
>+	    case _None:
>+	      break;
> 	    }
>-	}
>+	  return __res;
>+	};
>
>-      // Returns a year_month_day.
>-      template<typename _Tp>
>-	static chrono::year_month_day
>-	_S_date(const _Tp& __t)
>-	{
>-	  if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, chrono::year_month_day>)
>-	    return __t;
>-	  else
>-	    return chrono::year_month_day(_S_days(__t));
>-	}
>+      using __formatter_chrono<_CharT>::__formatter_chrono;
>+      using __formatter_chrono<_CharT>::_M_locale;
>+      using __formatter_chrono<_CharT>::_M_spec;
>
>-      template<typename _Tp>
>-	static chrono::day
>-	_S_day(const _Tp& __t)
>+      template<typename _Duration, typename _ParseContext>
>+	constexpr typename _ParseContext::iterator
>+	_M_parse(_ParseContext& __pc, _ChronoParts __parts,
>+		 const _ChronoSpec<_CharT>& __def = {})
> 	{
>-	  using namespace chrono;
>-
>-	  if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, day>)
>-	    return __t;
>-	  else if constexpr (requires { __t.day(); })
>-	    return __t.day();
>-	  else
>-	    return _S_date(__t).day();
>+	  using _Rep = typename _Duration::rep;
>+	  using enum _ChronoParts;
>+
>+	  auto __res
>+	    = __formatter_chrono<_CharT>::_M_parse(__pc, __parts, __def);
>+	  // check for custom floating point durations, if digits of output
>+	  // will contain subseconds, then formatters must support specifying
>+	  // precision.
>+	  if constexpr (!is_floating_point_v<_Rep>)
>+	    if constexpr (chrono::treat_as_floating_point_v<_Rep>)
>+	      if (_M_spec._M_needs(_Subseconds|_EpochUnits)
>+		    || _M_spec._M_prec_kind != _WP_none
>+		    || _M_spec._M_prec_value > 0)
>+		{
>+		  constexpr const _CharT* __fs = _GLIBCXX_WIDEN("#02.5Lf");
>+		  basic_format_parse_context<_CharT> __npc(__fs);
>+		  formatter<_Rep, _CharT> __fmtter;
>+		  __fmtter.parse(__npc);
>+		}
>+	  return __res;
> 	}
>
>-      template<typename _Tp>
>-	static chrono::month
>-	_S_month(const _Tp& __t)
>+      // Format duration for empty chrono-specs, e.g. "{}" (C++20 [time.format] p6).
>+      template<typename _Rep, typename _Period, typename _FormatContext>
>+	typename _FormatContext::iterator
>+	_M_format_to_ostream(const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __d,
>+			     bool __is_neg,
>+			     _FormatContext& __fc) const
> 	{
>-	  using namespace chrono;
>+	   basic_ostringstream<_CharT> __os;
>+	   __os.imbue(this->_M_locale(__fc));
>
>-	  if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, month>)
>-	    return __t;
>-	  else if constexpr (requires { __t.month(); })
>-	    return __t.month();
>-	  else
>-	    return _S_date(__t).month();
>+	   if (__is_neg) [[unlikely]]
>+	     __os << this->_S_plus_minus[1];
>+	   __os << __d;
>+
>+	  auto __str = std::move(__os).str();
>+	  return __format::__write_padded_as_spec(__str, __str.size(),
>+						  __fc, _M_spec);
> 	}
>
>-      template<typename _Tp>
>-	static chrono::year
>-	_S_year(const _Tp& __t)
>+      template<typename _Rep1, typename _Period1,
>+	       typename _Rep2, typename _Period2,
>+	       typename _FormatContext>
>+	typename _FormatContext::iterator
>+	_M_format_units(_ChronoData<_CharT>& __cd,
>+			const chrono::duration<_Rep1, _Period1>& __ed,
>+			const chrono::duration<_Rep2, _Period2>& __ss,
>+			_FormatContext& __fc) const
> 	{
>-	  using namespace chrono;
>+	  __format::_Str_sink<_CharT> __suffix_store;
>+	  constexpr auto _S_unit_suffix
>+	    = chrono::__detail::__units_suffix<_Period1, _CharT>();
>+	  if constexpr (!_S_unit_suffix.empty())
>+	    __cd._M_unit_suffix = _S_unit_suffix;
>+	  else if (_M_spec._M_needs(_ChronoParts::_UnitSuffix))
>+	    {
>+	      chrono::__detail::
>+		__fmt_units_suffix<_Period1, _CharT>(__suffix_store.out());
>+	      __cd._M_unit_suffix = __suffix_store.view();
>+	    }
>
>-	  if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, year>)
>-	    return __t;
>-	  else if constexpr (requires { __t.year(); })
>-	    return __t.year();
>-	  else
>-	    return _S_date(__t).year();
>-	}
>+	  const auto __prec = _M_spec._M_prec_kind != _WP_none
>+			    ? _M_spec._M_get_precision(__fc)
>+			    : _M_spec._M_prec;
>
>-      template<typename _Tp>
>-	static chrono::weekday
>-	_S_weekday(const _Tp& __t)
>-	{
>-	  using namespace ::std::chrono;
>-	  using ::std::chrono::__detail::__local_time_fmt;
>-
>-	  if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, weekday>)
>-	    return __t;
>-	  else if constexpr (requires { __t.weekday(); })
>-	    return __t.weekday();
>-	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, month_weekday>)
>-	    return __t.weekday_indexed().weekday();
>-	  else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, month_weekday_last>)
>-	    return __t.weekday_last().weekday();
>-	  else
>-	    return weekday(_S_days(__t));
>-	}
>+	  using _ErasedContext = typename _ChronoData<_CharT>::_FormatContext;
>+	  // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
>+	  // 4118. How should duration formatters format custom rep?
>+	  auto __ereps = +__ed.count();
>+	  if (!_M_spec._M_needs(_ChronoParts::_Subseconds))
>+	  {
>+	    auto __ssreps = 0u;
>+	    auto __args_store
>+	      = std::make_format_args<_ErasedContext>(__ereps, __ssreps, __prec);
>+	    __cd._M_ereps = __args_store;
>+	    return this->_M_format(__cd, __fc);
>+	  }
>
>-      template<typename _Tp>
>-	static unsigned
>-	_S_weekday_index(const _Tp& __t)
>-	{
>-	  using namespace ::std::chrono;
>+	  using _Attoseconds = _ChronoData<_CharT>::_Attoseconds;
>+	  auto __nss = _S_subseconds(__ss);
>+	  __cd._M_subseconds = chrono::duration_cast<_Attoseconds>(__nss);
>
>-	  if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, weekday_indexed>)
>-	    return __t.index();
>-	  else if constexpr (requires { __t.weekday_indexed(); })
>-	    return __t.weekday_indexed().index();
>-	  else
>-	    return ((unsigned)_S_day(__t) + 6) / 7;
>-	}
>+	  auto __ssreps = __nss.count();
>+	  auto __args_store
>+	    = std::make_format_args<_ErasedContext>(__ereps, __ssreps, __prec);
>+	  __cd._M_ereps = __args_store;
>
>-      // Remove subsecond precision from a time_point.
>-      template<typename _Tp>
>-	static auto
>-	_S_floor_seconds(const _Tp& __t)
>-	{
>-	  using chrono::__detail::__local_time_fmt;
>-	  if constexpr (chrono::__is_time_point_v<_Tp>
>-			  || chrono::__is_duration_v<_Tp>)
>-	    {
>-	      if constexpr (_Tp::period::den != 1)
>-		return chrono::floor<chrono::seconds>(__t);
>-	      else
>-		return __t;
>-	    }
>-	  else if constexpr (__is_specialization_of<_Tp, chrono::hh_mm_ss>)
>-	    {
>-	      if constexpr (_Tp::fractional_width != 0)
>-		return chrono::floor<chrono::seconds>(__t.to_duration());
>-	      else
>-		return __t;
>-	    }
>-	  else if constexpr (__is_specialization_of<_Tp, __local_time_fmt>)
>-	    return _S_floor_seconds(__t._M_time);
>-	  else
>-	    return __t;
>+	  return this->_M_format(__cd, __fc);
> 	}
>
>-      // Use the formatting locale's std::time_put facet to produce
>-      // a locale-specific representation.
>-      template<typename _Iter>
>-	_Iter
>-	_M_locale_fmt(_Iter __out, const locale& __loc, const struct tm& __tm,
>-		      char __fmt, char __mod) const
>+      template<typename _Rep1, typename _Period1, typename _FormatContext>
>+	// pre: __cd._M_lseconds and __cd._M_eseconds are set.

Please put this comment before the template-head

>+	typename _FormatContext::iterator
>+	_M_format_time_point(_ChronoData<_CharT>& __cd,
>+			     const chrono::duration<_Rep1, _Period1>& __ed,
>+			     _FormatContext& __fc) const
> 	{
>-	  basic_ostringstream<_CharT> __os;
>-	  __os.imbue(__loc);
>-	  const auto& __tp = use_facet<time_put<_CharT>>(__loc);
>-	  __tp.put(__os, __os, _S_space, &__tm, __fmt, __mod);
>-	  if (__os)
>-	    __out = _M_write(std::move(__out), __loc, __os.view());
>-	  return __out;
>+	  auto __parts = _M_spec._M_needed - _ChronoParts::_TotalSeconds;
>+	  if ((__parts & _ChronoParts::_DateTime) != 0)
>+	    __cd._M_fill_date_time(__cd._M_lseconds, __parts);
>+	  return _M_format_units(__cd, __ed, __ed - __cd._M_eseconds, __fc);
> 	}
>     };
>
>@@ -1877,7 +1967,7 @@ namespace __format
> 	  // n.b. only acceptable chrono-spec for info is one containing
> 	  // only whitespaces and %%, that do not depend on formatted object.
> 	  if (!_M_f._M_spec._M_chrono_specs.empty()) [[unlikely]]
>-	    return _M_f._M_format(chrono::day(1), __fc);
>+	    return _M_f._M_format(_ChronoData<_CharT>{}, __fc);
>
> 	  const size_t __padwidth = _M_f._M_spec._M_get_width(__fc);
> 	  if (__padwidth == 0)
>@@ -1949,12 +2039,8 @@ namespace __format
>       constexpr typename basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>::iterator
>       parse(basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>& __pc)
>       {
>-	using namespace __format;
>-	auto __it = _M_f._M_parse(__pc, _Duration|_TimeOfDay, __defSpec);
>-	if constexpr (!is_floating_point_v<_Rep>)
>-	  if (_M_f._M_spec._M_prec_kind != __format::_WP_none)
>-	    __throw_format_error("format error: invalid precision for duration");
>-	return __it;
>+	using enum __format::_ChronoParts;
>+	return _M_f.template _M_parse<_Duration>(__pc, _EpochTime, __defSpec);
>       }
>
>       template<typename _Out>
>@@ -1981,12 +2067,20 @@ namespace __format
> 	}
>
>     private:
>+      using _Duration = chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>;
>+
>       static constexpr __format::_ChronoSpec<_CharT> __defSpec = []
> 	{
>-	  __format::_ChronoSpec<_CharT> __res{};
>+	  using enum __format::_ChronoParts;
>+	  auto __res = __format::__formatter_duration<_CharT>::
>+			 template _S_spec_for<_Duration>(_None);
> 	  __res._M_localized = !is_integral_v<_Rep>;
>+	  // n.b. for integral format output is the same as ostream outpu

"ostream output"

> 	  if constexpr (is_integral_v<_Rep>)
>-	    __res._M_chrono_specs = _GLIBCXX_WIDEN("%Q%q");
>+	    {
>+	      __res._M_needed = _EpochUnits|_UnitSuffix;
>+	      __res._M_chrono_specs = _GLIBCXX_WIDEN("%Q%q");
>+	    }
> 	  return __res;
> 	}();
>

The rest of the patch below here looked fine.




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