Phase ordering in compiler

[vikram1729]

Dear Sir,
	I want to understand the phase-ordering problem in compilers. My basic
doubt is what is the  difference between the pass and phase in compilers? As
for as I know, Pass something that scans to through the input code snippet
and does some transformation to it and whereas phases in the classicle
compiler are main components/modules which are Lexical Analysis, Parsing,
semantic analysis, IL code Generation, Code Optimization and code
Generation. 

When it comes to phase-ordering in compilers is it actually pass ordering or
phase-ordering? 
How the user can handle/alter phase-ordering in GCC? 
Is it only through changing the order of the optimization options fed to the
compiler or 
by tweaking the pass_manager? 
Will there be any impact of repeating optimization options or reordering the
optimization options in GCC?
Thanks in Advance,

VSP



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