Coarray article for the upcoming GCC Summit.

[Bill Long]

MOENE Toon wrote:
> Bill Long wrote:
>> 6) While this might have been omitted because of space limits, the 
>> capability to have allocatable and pointer components of a coarray 
>> structure is a very important feature in the language.
>
> Thanks for all your useful suggestions.  I have thought a bit about 
> this one.  As the point of view of my paper is:  How difficult is it 
> to add coarrays to GNU Fortran, I try to shy away from too much detail 
> that doesn't make the implementation difficult (after all, arrays of 
> structures with components are already possible - and dealt with by 
> the GNU Fortran front end).
>
> Is there some difficulty with coarrays here that I am overlooking ?
The Rice University group has had two problems in this area, though 
neither affect our (Cray's) implementation.  As background, our general 
implementation of coarrays on our vector systems works like this:  
Coarrays are placed in a separate "symmetric" heap that starts at the 
same base address on each image and contains only coarrays.  Because of 
the restrictions on allocatable coarrays, it is always possible to store 
coarrays such that the base address for a particular coarray is the same 
on each image.  This allows you to know the address of a remote coarray 
reference using only the local address information for the same 
coarray.   For ordinary and allocatable coarrays this is pretty 
straightforward, and Rice seems to have no problem addressing static 
coarrays.

In the case of allocatable  components of a coarray structure, the 
entity with the symmetric (i.e. same across images) address is the dope 
vector that represents the allocatable array in the structure.  The 
actual memory for the allocated object is in the local, ordinary heap. 
This allows each image to have different sized components, which is a 
valuable feature.  You do two lookups to get the address of a remote 
object - one to get the (or part of the) dope vector using the usual 
symmetric addressing scheme for coarrays.  Then you look in the dope 
vector for the actual remote address of the allocatable component data.  
Paying the network latency twice to get the address seems like a 
problem, except that most of the time the ultimate object is an array 
and you pay the double latency only once for all the elements.  For the 
others, you can reuse the address information already fetched for the 
first element.  The Rice group has a fundamental design problem here 
because they translate to Fortran 95 plus library calls, and then target 
any f95 compiler. As a result, they have no control over the format of 
the dope vector, or how allocatable components are represented  
internally.  I assume the gfortran environment is more controlled and 
you will not have any problems with this issue.  At least for our 
implementation, the case of pointer components is essentially the same.  
The pointer can be associated with any local memory, and is accessed 
indirectly through the component dope vector.

The second problem seems to have multiple names, one of which is 
"pinning of memory" on the images. Even if you handle the symmetric heap 
in some special way, the targets of pointer components and the actual 
memory for allocatable components can be anywhere in the local memory of 
each node.  Some hardware DMA protocols evidently require that remotely 
accessed memory has to be "registered" or "pinned" somehow so the 
hardware in the network can access it.   The Cray vector implementation 
gets around this issue by doing two things:  1) we disable demand paging 
on any node running a coarray (or UPC) image, and 2) we (effectively) 
pin/register all of the physical memory on the node by using large pages 
and remote address translation tables.  This results in very good 
performance, but is more restrictive than a generic implementation.  
Considering that libraries like MPI need to get around this same issue, 
I assume gfortran will have some solution available.  But, I think it is 
important to be aware of it from the start, and think about the best 
solution when doing the basic design work.

Cheers,
Bill






>
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> Thanks in advance,
>
> Toon Moene.

-- 
Bill Long                                   longb@cray.com
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