basic_string.tcc

Go to the documentation of this file.

// Components for manipulating sequences of characters -*- C++ -*-

// Copyright (C) 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005
// Free Software Foundation, Inc.
//
// This file is part of the GNU ISO C++ Library.  This library is free
// software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
// terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
// Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
// any later version.

// This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
// GNU General Public License for more details.

// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
// with this library; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to the Free
// Software Foundation, 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307,
// USA.

// As a special exception, you may use this file as part of a free software
// library without restriction.  Specifically, if other files instantiate
// templates or use macros or inline functions from this file, or you compile
// this file and link it with other files to produce an executable, this
// file does not by itself cause the resulting executable to be covered by
// the GNU General Public License.  This exception does not however
// invalidate any other reasons why the executable file might be covered by
// the GNU General Public License.

/** @file basic_string.tcc
 *  This is an internal header file, included by other library headers.
 *  You should not attempt to use it directly.
 */

//
// ISO C++ 14882: 21  Strings library
//

// Written by Jason Merrill based upon the specification by Takanori Adachi
// in ANSI X3J16/94-0013R2.  Rewritten by Nathan Myers to ISO-14882.

#ifndef _BASIC_STRING_TCC
#define _BASIC_STRING_TCC 1

#pragma GCC system_header

namespace std
{
  template<typename _Type>
    inline bool
    __is_null_pointer(_Type* __ptr)
    { return __ptr == 0; }

  template<typename _Type>
    inline bool
    __is_null_pointer(_Type)
    { return false; }

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    const typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::size_type
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    _Rep::_S_max_size = (((npos - sizeof(_Rep_base))/sizeof(_CharT)) - 1) / 4;

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    const _CharT
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    _Rep::_S_terminal = _CharT();

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    const typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::size_type
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::npos;

  // Linker sets _S_empty_rep_storage to all 0s (one reference, empty string)
  // at static init time (before static ctors are run).
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::size_type
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::_Rep::_S_empty_rep_storage[
    (sizeof(_Rep_base) + sizeof(_CharT) + sizeof(size_type) - 1) /
      sizeof(size_type)];

  // NB: This is the special case for Input Iterators, used in
  // istreambuf_iterators, etc.
  // Input Iterators have a cost structure very different from
  // pointers, calling for a different coding style.
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    template<typename _InIterator>
      _CharT*
      basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
      _S_construct(_InIterator __beg, _InIterator __end, const _Alloc& __a,
           input_iterator_tag)
      {
#ifndef _GLIBCXX_FULLY_DYNAMIC_STRING
    if (__beg == __end && __a == _Alloc())
      return _S_empty_rep()._M_refdata();
#endif
    // Avoid reallocation for common case.
    _CharT __buf[128];
    size_type __len = 0;
    while (__beg != __end && __len < sizeof(__buf) / sizeof(_CharT))
      {
        __buf[__len++] = *__beg;
        ++__beg;
      }
    _Rep* __r = _Rep::_S_create(__len, size_type(0), __a);
    _M_copy(__r->_M_refdata(), __buf, __len);
    try
      {
        while (__beg != __end)
          {
        if (__len == __r->_M_capacity)
          {
            // Allocate more space.
            _Rep* __another = _Rep::_S_create(__len + 1, __len, __a);
            _M_copy(__another->_M_refdata(), __r->_M_refdata(), __len);
            __r->_M_destroy(__a);
            __r = __another;
          }
        __r->_M_refdata()[__len++] = *__beg;
        ++__beg;
          }
      }
    catch(...)
      {
        __r->_M_destroy(__a);
        __throw_exception_again;
      }
    __r->_M_set_length_and_sharable(__len);
    return __r->_M_refdata();
      }

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    template <typename _InIterator>
      _CharT*
      basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
      _S_construct(_InIterator __beg, _InIterator __end, const _Alloc& __a,
           forward_iterator_tag)
      {
#ifndef _GLIBCXX_FULLY_DYNAMIC_STRING
    if (__beg == __end && __a == _Alloc())
      return _S_empty_rep()._M_refdata();
#endif
    // NB: Not required, but considered best practice.
    if (__builtin_expect(__is_null_pointer(__beg) && __beg != __end, 0))
      __throw_logic_error(__N("basic_string::_S_construct NULL not valid"));

    const size_type __dnew = static_cast<size_type>(std::distance(__beg,
                                      __end));
    // Check for out_of_range and length_error exceptions.
    _Rep* __r = _Rep::_S_create(__dnew, size_type(0), __a);
    try
      { _S_copy_chars(__r->_M_refdata(), __beg, __end); }
    catch(...)
      {
        __r->_M_destroy(__a);
        __throw_exception_again;
      }
    __r->_M_set_length_and_sharable(__dnew);
    return __r->_M_refdata();
      }

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    _CharT*
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    _S_construct(size_type __n, _CharT __c, const _Alloc& __a)
    {
#ifndef _GLIBCXX_FULLY_DYNAMIC_STRING
      if (__n == 0 && __a == _Alloc())
    return _S_empty_rep()._M_refdata();
#endif
      // Check for out_of_range and length_error exceptions.
      _Rep* __r = _Rep::_S_create(__n, size_type(0), __a);
      if (__n)
    _M_assign(__r->_M_refdata(), __n, __c);

      __r->_M_set_length_and_sharable(__n);
      return __r->_M_refdata();
    }

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    basic_string(const basic_string& __str)
    : _M_dataplus(__str._M_rep()->_M_grab(_Alloc(__str.get_allocator()),
                      __str.get_allocator()),
          __str.get_allocator())
    { }

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    basic_string(const _Alloc& __a)
    : _M_dataplus(_S_construct(size_type(), _CharT(), __a), __a)
    { }

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    basic_string(const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos, size_type __n)
    : _M_dataplus(_S_construct(__str._M_data()
                   + __str._M_check(__pos,
                        "basic_string::basic_string"),
                   __str._M_data() + __str._M_limit(__pos, __n)
                   + __pos, _Alloc()), _Alloc())
    { }

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    basic_string(const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos,
         size_type __n, const _Alloc& __a)
    : _M_dataplus(_S_construct(__str._M_data()
                   + __str._M_check(__pos,
                        "basic_string::basic_string"),
                   __str._M_data() + __str._M_limit(__pos, __n)
                   + __pos, __a), __a)
    { }

  // TBD: DPG annotate
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    basic_string(const _CharT* __s, size_type __n, const _Alloc& __a)
    : _M_dataplus(_S_construct(__s, __s + __n, __a), __a)
    { }

  // TBD: DPG annotate
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    basic_string(const _CharT* __s, const _Alloc& __a)
    : _M_dataplus(_S_construct(__s, __s ? __s + traits_type::length(__s) :
                   __s + npos, __a), __a)
    { }

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    basic_string(size_type __n, _CharT __c, const _Alloc& __a)
    : _M_dataplus(_S_construct(__n, __c, __a), __a)
    { }

  // TBD: DPG annotate
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    template<typename _InputIterator>
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    basic_string(_InputIterator __beg, _InputIterator __end, const _Alloc& __a)
    : _M_dataplus(_S_construct(__beg, __end, __a), __a)
    { }

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>&
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    assign(const basic_string& __str)
    {
      if (_M_rep() != __str._M_rep())
    {
      // XXX MT
      const allocator_type __a = this->get_allocator();
      _CharT* __tmp = __str._M_rep()->_M_grab(__a, __str.get_allocator());
      _M_rep()->_M_dispose(__a);
      _M_data(__tmp);
    }
      return *this;
    }

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>&
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    assign(const _CharT* __s, size_type __n)
    {
      __glibcxx_requires_string_len(__s, __n);
      _M_check_length(this->size(), __n, "basic_string::assign");
      if (_M_disjunct(__s) || _M_rep()->_M_is_shared())
    return _M_replace_safe(size_type(0), this->size(), __s, __n);
      else
    {
      // Work in-place.
      const size_type __pos = __s - _M_data();
      if (__pos >= __n)
        _M_copy(_M_data(), __s, __n);
      else if (__pos)
        _M_move(_M_data(), __s, __n);
      _M_rep()->_M_set_length_and_sharable(__n);
      return *this;
    }
     }

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>&
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    append(size_type __n, _CharT __c)
    {
      if (__n)
    {
      _M_check_length(size_type(0), __n, "basic_string::append");     
      const size_type __len = __n + this->size();
      if (__len > this->capacity() || _M_rep()->_M_is_shared())
        this->reserve(__len);
      _M_assign(_M_data() + this->size(), __n, __c);
      _M_rep()->_M_set_length_and_sharable(__len);
    }
      return *this;
    }

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>&
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    append(const _CharT* __s, size_type __n)
    {
      __glibcxx_requires_string_len(__s, __n);
      if (__n)
    {
      _M_check_length(size_type(0), __n, "basic_string::append");
      const size_type __len = __n + this->size();
      if (__len > this->capacity() || _M_rep()->_M_is_shared())
        {
          if (_M_disjunct(__s))
        this->reserve(__len);
          else
        {
          const size_type __off = __s - _M_data();
          this->reserve(__len);
          __s = _M_data() + __off;
        }
        }
      _M_copy(_M_data() + this->size(), __s, __n);
      _M_rep()->_M_set_length_and_sharable(__len);
    }
      return *this;
    }

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>&
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    append(const basic_string& __str)
    {
      const size_type __size = __str.size();
      if (__size)
    {
      const size_type __len = __size + this->size();
      if (__len > this->capacity() || _M_rep()->_M_is_shared())
        this->reserve(__len);
      _M_copy(_M_data() + this->size(), __str._M_data(), __size);
      _M_rep()->_M_set_length_and_sharable(__len);
    }
      return *this;
    }    

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>&
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    append(const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos, size_type __n)
    {
      __str._M_check(__pos, "basic_string::append");
      __n = __str._M_limit(__pos, __n);
      if (__n)
    {
      const size_type __len = __n + this->size();
      if (__len > this->capacity() || _M_rep()->_M_is_shared())
        this->reserve(__len);
      _M_copy(_M_data() + this->size(), __str._M_data() + __pos, __n);
      _M_rep()->_M_set_length_and_sharable(__len);    
    }
      return *this;
    }

   template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
     basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>&
     basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
     insert(size_type __pos, const _CharT* __s, size_type __n)
     {
       __glibcxx_requires_string_len(__s, __n);
       _M_check(__pos, "basic_string::insert");
       _M_check_length(size_type(0), __n, "basic_string::insert");
       if (_M_disjunct(__s) || _M_rep()->_M_is_shared())
         return _M_replace_safe(__pos, size_type(0), __s, __n);
       else
         {
           // Work in-place.
           const size_type __off = __s - _M_data();
           _M_mutate(__pos, 0, __n);
           __s = _M_data() + __off;
           _CharT* __p = _M_data() + __pos;
           if (__s  + __n <= __p)
             _M_copy(__p, __s, __n);
           else if (__s >= __p)
             _M_copy(__p, __s + __n, __n);
           else
             {
           const size_type __nleft = __p - __s;
               _M_copy(__p, __s, __nleft);
               _M_copy(__p + __nleft, __p + __n, __n - __nleft);
             }
           return *this;
         }
     }

   template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
     basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>&
     basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
     replace(size_type __pos, size_type __n1, const _CharT* __s,
         size_type __n2)
     {
       __glibcxx_requires_string_len(__s, __n2);
       _M_check(__pos, "basic_string::replace");
       __n1 = _M_limit(__pos, __n1);
       _M_check_length(__n1, __n2, "basic_string::replace");
       bool __left;
       if (_M_disjunct(__s) || _M_rep()->_M_is_shared())
         return _M_replace_safe(__pos, __n1, __s, __n2);
       else if ((__left = __s + __n2 <= _M_data() + __pos)
        || _M_data() + __pos + __n1 <= __s)
     {
       // Work in-place: non-overlapping case.
       size_type __off = __s - _M_data();
       __left ? __off : (__off += __n2 - __n1);
       _M_mutate(__pos, __n1, __n2);
       _M_copy(_M_data() + __pos, _M_data() + __off, __n2);
       return *this;
     }
       else
     {
       // Todo: overlapping case.
       const basic_string __tmp(__s, __n2);
       return _M_replace_safe(__pos, __n1, __tmp._M_data(), __n2);
     }
     }

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    void
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::_Rep::
    _M_destroy(const _Alloc& __a) throw ()
    {
      const size_type __size = sizeof(_Rep_base) +
                           (this->_M_capacity + 1) * sizeof(_CharT);
      _Raw_bytes_alloc(__a).deallocate(reinterpret_cast<char*>(this), __size);
    }

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    void
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    _M_leak_hard()
    {
#ifndef _GLIBCXX_FULLY_DYNAMIC_STRING
      if (_M_rep() == &_S_empty_rep())
    return;
#endif
      if (_M_rep()->_M_is_shared())
    _M_mutate(0, 0, 0);
      _M_rep()->_M_set_leaked();
    }

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    void
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    _M_mutate(size_type __pos, size_type __len1, size_type __len2)
    {
      const size_type __old_size = this->size();
      const size_type __new_size = __old_size + __len2 - __len1;
      const size_type __how_much = __old_size - __pos - __len1;

      if (__new_size > this->capacity() || _M_rep()->_M_is_shared())
    {
      // Must reallocate.
      const allocator_type __a = get_allocator();
      _Rep* __r = _Rep::_S_create(__new_size, this->capacity(), __a);

      if (__pos)
        _M_copy(__r->_M_refdata(), _M_data(), __pos);
      if (__how_much)
        _M_copy(__r->_M_refdata() + __pos + __len2,
            _M_data() + __pos + __len1, __how_much);

      _M_rep()->_M_dispose(__a);
      _M_data(__r->_M_refdata());
    }
      else if (__how_much && __len1 != __len2)
    {
      // Work in-place.
      _M_move(_M_data() + __pos + __len2,
          _M_data() + __pos + __len1, __how_much);
    }
      _M_rep()->_M_set_length_and_sharable(__new_size);
    }

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    void
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    reserve(size_type __res)
    {
      if (__res != this->capacity() || _M_rep()->_M_is_shared())
        {
      // Make sure we don't shrink below the current size
      if (__res < this->size())
        __res = this->size();
      const allocator_type __a = get_allocator();
      _CharT* __tmp = _M_rep()->_M_clone(__a, __res - this->size());
      _M_rep()->_M_dispose(__a);
      _M_data(__tmp);
        }
    }

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    void
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    swap(basic_string& __s)
    {
      if (_M_rep()->_M_is_leaked())
    _M_rep()->_M_set_sharable();
      if (__s._M_rep()->_M_is_leaked())
    __s._M_rep()->_M_set_sharable();
      if (this->get_allocator() == __s.get_allocator())
    {
      _CharT* __tmp = _M_data();
      _M_data(__s._M_data());
      __s._M_data(__tmp);
    }
      // The code below can usually be optimized away.
      else
    {
      const basic_string __tmp1(_M_ibegin(), _M_iend(),
                    __s.get_allocator());
      const basic_string __tmp2(__s._M_ibegin(), __s._M_iend(),
                    this->get_allocator());
      *this = __tmp2;
      __s = __tmp1;
    }
    }

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::_Rep*
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::_Rep::
    _S_create(size_type __capacity, size_type __old_capacity,
          const _Alloc& __alloc)
    {
      // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
      // 83.  String::npos vs. string::max_size()
      if (__capacity > _S_max_size)
    __throw_length_error(__N("basic_string::_S_create"));

      // The standard places no restriction on allocating more memory
      // than is strictly needed within this layer at the moment or as
      // requested by an explicit application call to reserve().

      // Many malloc implementations perform quite poorly when an
      // application attempts to allocate memory in a stepwise fashion
      // growing each allocation size by only 1 char.  Additionally,
      // it makes little sense to allocate less linear memory than the
      // natural blocking size of the malloc implementation.
      // Unfortunately, we would need a somewhat low-level calculation
      // with tuned parameters to get this perfect for any particular
      // malloc implementation.  Fortunately, generalizations about
      // common features seen among implementations seems to suffice.

      // __pagesize need not match the actual VM page size for good
      // results in practice, thus we pick a common value on the low
      // side.  __malloc_header_size is an estimate of the amount of
      // overhead per memory allocation (in practice seen N * sizeof
      // (void*) where N is 0, 2 or 4).  According to folklore,
      // picking this value on the high side is better than
      // low-balling it (especially when this algorithm is used with
      // malloc implementations that allocate memory blocks rounded up
      // to a size which is a power of 2).
      const size_type __pagesize = 4096;
      const size_type __malloc_header_size = 4 * sizeof(void*);

      // The below implements an exponential growth policy, necessary to
      // meet amortized linear time requirements of the library: see
      // http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/libstdc++/2001-07/msg00085.html.
      // It's active for allocations requiring an amount of memory above
      // system pagesize. This is consistent with the requirements of the
      // standard: http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/libstdc++/2001-07/msg00130.html
      if (__capacity > __old_capacity && __capacity < 2 * __old_capacity)
    __capacity = 2 * __old_capacity;

      // NB: Need an array of char_type[__capacity], plus a terminating
      // null char_type() element, plus enough for the _Rep data structure.
      // Whew. Seemingly so needy, yet so elemental.
      size_type __size = (__capacity + 1) * sizeof(_CharT) + sizeof(_Rep);

      const size_type __adj_size = __size + __malloc_header_size;
      if (__adj_size > __pagesize && __capacity > __old_capacity)
    {
      const size_type __extra = __pagesize - __adj_size % __pagesize;
      __capacity += __extra / sizeof(_CharT);
      // Never allocate a string bigger than _S_max_size.
      if (__capacity > _S_max_size)
        __capacity = _S_max_size;
      __size = (__capacity + 1) * sizeof(_CharT) + sizeof(_Rep);
    }

      // NB: Might throw, but no worries about a leak, mate: _Rep()
      // does not throw.
      void* __place = _Raw_bytes_alloc(__alloc).allocate(__size);
      _Rep *__p = new (__place) _Rep;
      __p->_M_capacity = __capacity;
      return __p;
    }

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    _CharT*
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::_Rep::
    _M_clone(const _Alloc& __alloc, size_type __res)
    {
      // Requested capacity of the clone.
      const size_type __requested_cap = this->_M_length + __res;
      _Rep* __r = _Rep::_S_create(__requested_cap, this->_M_capacity,
                  __alloc);
      if (this->_M_length)
    _M_copy(__r->_M_refdata(), _M_refdata(), this->_M_length);

      __r->_M_set_length_and_sharable(this->_M_length);
      return __r->_M_refdata();
    }

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    void
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    resize(size_type __n, _CharT __c)
    {
      const size_type __size = this->size();
      _M_check_length(__size, __n, "basic_string::resize");
      if (__size < __n)
    this->append(__n - __size, __c);
      else if (__n < __size)
    this->erase(__n);
      // else nothing (in particular, avoid calling _M_mutate() unnecessarily.)
    }

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    template<typename _InputIterator>
      basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>&
      basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
      _M_replace_dispatch(iterator __i1, iterator __i2, _InputIterator __k1,
              _InputIterator __k2, __false_type)
      {
    const basic_string __s(__k1, __k2);
    const size_type __n1 = __i2 - __i1;
    _M_check_length(__n1, __s.size(), "basic_string::_M_replace_dispatch");
    return _M_replace_safe(__i1 - _M_ibegin(), __n1, __s._M_data(),
                   __s.size());
      }

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>&
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    _M_replace_aux(size_type __pos1, size_type __n1, size_type __n2,
           _CharT __c)
    {
      _M_check_length(__n1, __n2, "basic_string::_M_replace_aux");
      _M_mutate(__pos1, __n1, __n2);
      if (__n2)
    _M_assign(_M_data() + __pos1, __n2, __c);
      return *this;
    }

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>&
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    _M_replace_safe(size_type __pos1, size_type __n1, const _CharT* __s,
            size_type __n2)
    {
      _M_mutate(__pos1, __n1, __n2);
      if (__n2)
    _M_copy(_M_data() + __pos1, __s, __n2);
      return *this;
    }
   
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>
    operator+(const _CharT* __lhs,
          const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>& __rhs)
    {
      __glibcxx_requires_string(__lhs);
      typedef basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc> __string_type;
      typedef typename __string_type::size_type   __size_type;
      const __size_type __len = _Traits::length(__lhs);
      __string_type __str;
      __str.reserve(__len + __rhs.size());
      __str.append(__lhs, __len);
      __str.append(__rhs);
      return __str;
    }

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>
    operator+(_CharT __lhs, const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>& __rhs)
    {
      typedef basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc> __string_type;
      typedef typename __string_type::size_type   __size_type;
      __string_type __str;
      const __size_type __len = __rhs.size();
      __str.reserve(__len + 1);
      __str.append(__size_type(1), __lhs);
      __str.append(__rhs);
      return __str;
    }

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::size_type
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    copy(_CharT* __s, size_type __n, size_type __pos) const
    {
      _M_check(__pos, "basic_string::copy");
      __n = _M_limit(__pos, __n);
      __glibcxx_requires_string_len(__s, __n);
      if (__n)
    _M_copy(__s, _M_data() + __pos, __n);
      // 21.3.5.7 par 3: do not append null.  (good.)
      return __n;
    }

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::size_type
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    find(const _CharT* __s, size_type __pos, size_type __n) const
    {
      __glibcxx_requires_string_len(__s, __n);
      size_type __ret = npos;
      const size_type __size = this->size();
      if (__pos + __n <= __size)
    {
      const _CharT* __data = _M_data();
      const _CharT* __p = std::search(__data + __pos, __data + __size,
                      __s, __s + __n, traits_type::eq);
      if (__p != __data + __size || __n == 0)
        __ret = __p - __data;
    }
      return __ret;
    }

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::size_type
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    find(_CharT __c, size_type __pos) const
    {
      size_type __ret = npos;
      const size_type __size = this->size();
      if (__pos < __size)
    {
      const _CharT* __data = _M_data();
      const size_type __n = __size - __pos;
      const _CharT* __p = traits_type::find(__data + __pos, __n, __c);
      if (__p)
        __ret = __p - __data;
    }
      return __ret;
    }

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::size_type
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    rfind(const _CharT* __s, size_type __pos, size_type __n) const
    {
      __glibcxx_requires_string_len(__s, __n);
      const size_type __size = this->size();
      if (__n <= __size)
    {
      __pos = std::min(size_type(__size - __n), __pos);
      const _CharT* __data = _M_data();
      do
        {
          if (traits_type::compare(__data + __pos, __s, __n) == 0)
        return __pos;
        }
      while (__pos-- > 0);
    }
      return npos;
    }

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::size_type
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    rfind(_CharT __c, size_type __pos) const
    {
      size_type __size = this->size();
      if (__size)
    {
      if (--__size > __pos)
        __size = __pos;
      for (++__size; __size-- > 0; )
        if (traits_type::eq(_M_data()[__size], __c))
          return __size;
    }
      return npos;
    }

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::size_type
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    find_first_of(const _CharT* __s, size_type __pos, size_type __n) const
    {
      __glibcxx_requires_string_len(__s, __n);
      for (; __n && __pos < this->size(); ++__pos)
    {
      const _CharT* __p = traits_type::find(__s, __n, _M_data()[__pos]);
      if (__p)
        return __pos;
    }
      return npos;
    }

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::size_type
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    find_last_of(const _CharT* __s, size_type __pos, size_type __n) const
    {
      __glibcxx_requires_string_len(__s, __n);
      size_type __size = this->size();
      if (__size && __n)
    {
      if (--__size > __pos)
        __size = __pos;
      do
        {
          if (traits_type::find(__s, __n, _M_data()[__size]))
        return __size;
        }
      while (__size-- != 0);
    }
      return npos;
    }

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::size_type
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    find_first_not_of(const _CharT* __s, size_type __pos, size_type __n) const
    {
      __glibcxx_requires_string_len(__s, __n);
      for (; __pos < this->size(); ++__pos)
    if (!traits_type::find(__s, __n, _M_data()[__pos]))
      return __pos;
      return npos;
    }

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::size_type
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    find_first_not_of(_CharT __c, size_type __pos) const
    {
      for (; __pos < this->size(); ++__pos)
    if (!traits_type::eq(_M_data()[__pos], __c))
      return __pos;
      return npos;
    }

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::size_type
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    find_last_not_of(const _CharT* __s, size_type __pos, size_type __n) const
    {
      __glibcxx_requires_string_len(__s, __n);
      size_type __size = this->size();
      if (__size)
    {
      if (--__size > __pos)
        __size = __pos;
      do
        {
          if (!traits_type::find(__s, __n, _M_data()[__size]))
        return __size;
        }
      while (__size--);
    }
      return npos;
    }

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::size_type
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    find_last_not_of(_CharT __c, size_type __pos) const
    {
      size_type __size = this->size();
      if (__size)
    {
      if (--__size > __pos)
        __size = __pos;
      do
        {
          if (!traits_type::eq(_M_data()[__size], __c))
        return __size;
        }
      while (__size--);
    }
      return npos;
    }

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    int
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    compare(size_type __pos, size_type __n, const basic_string& __str) const
    {
      _M_check(__pos, "basic_string::compare");
      __n = _M_limit(__pos, __n);
      const size_type __osize = __str.size();
      const size_type __len = std::min(__n, __osize);
      int __r = traits_type::compare(_M_data() + __pos, __str.data(), __len);
      if (!__r)
    __r = __n - __osize;
      return __r;
    }

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    int
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    compare(size_type __pos1, size_type __n1, const basic_string& __str,
        size_type __pos2, size_type __n2) const
    {
      _M_check(__pos1, "basic_string::compare");
      __str._M_check(__pos2, "basic_string::compare");
      __n1 = _M_limit(__pos1, __n1);
      __n2 = __str._M_limit(__pos2, __n2);
      const size_type __len = std::min(__n1, __n2);
      int __r = traits_type::compare(_M_data() + __pos1,
                     __str.data() + __pos2, __len);
      if (!__r)
    __r = __n1 - __n2;
      return __r;
    }

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    int
    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    compare(const _CharT* __s) const
    {
      __glibcxx_requires_string(__s);
      const size_type __size = this->size();
      const size_type __osize = traits_type::length(__s);
      const size_type __len = std::min(__size, __osize);
      int __r = traits_type::compare(_M_data(), __s, __len);
      if (!__r)
    __r = __size - __osize;
      return __r;
    }

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    int
    basic_string <_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    compare(size_type __pos, size_type __n1, const _CharT* __s) const
    {
      __glibcxx_requires_string(__s);
      _M_check(__pos, "basic_string::compare");
      __n1 = _M_limit(__pos, __n1);
      const size_type __osize = traits_type::length(__s);
      const size_type __len = std::min(__n1, __osize);
      int __r = traits_type::compare(_M_data() + __pos, __s, __len);
      if (!__r)
    __r = __n1 - __osize;
      return __r;
    }

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    int
    basic_string <_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>::
    compare(size_type __pos, size_type __n1, const _CharT* __s,
        size_type __n2) const
    {
      __glibcxx_requires_string_len(__s, __n2);
      _M_check(__pos, "basic_string::compare");
      __n1 = _M_limit(__pos, __n1);
      const size_type __len = std::min(__n1, __n2);
      int __r = traits_type::compare(_M_data() + __pos, __s, __len);
      if (!__r)
    __r = __n1 - __n2;
      return __r;
    }

  // Inhibit implicit instantiations for required instantiations,
  // which are defined via explicit instantiations elsewhere.
  // NB: This syntax is a GNU extension.
#if _GLIBCXX_EXTERN_TEMPLATE
  extern template class basic_string<char>;
  extern template
    basic_istream<char>&
    operator>>(basic_istream<char>&, string&);
  extern template
    basic_ostream<char>&
    operator<<(basic_ostream<char>&, const string&);
  extern template
    basic_istream<char>&
    getline(basic_istream<char>&, string&, char);
  extern template
    basic_istream<char>&
    getline(basic_istream<char>&, string&);

#ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T
  extern template class basic_string<wchar_t>;
  extern template
    basic_istream<wchar_t>&
    operator>>(basic_istream<wchar_t>&, wstring&);
  extern template
    basic_ostream<wchar_t>&
    operator<<(basic_ostream<wchar_t>&, const wstring&);
  extern template
    basic_istream<wchar_t>&
    getline(basic_istream<wchar_t>&, wstring&, wchar_t);
  extern template
    basic_istream<wchar_t>&
    getline(basic_istream<wchar_t>&, wstring&);
#endif
#endif
} // namespace std

#endif

---