Often large projects have many header files that are included in every source file. The time the compiler takes to process these header files over and over again can account for nearly all of the time required to build the project. To make builds faster, GCC allows you to precompile a header file.
To create a precompiled header file, simply compile it as you would any
other file, if necessary using the -x option to make the driver
treat it as a C or C++ header file. You may want to use a
tool like make
to keep the precompiled header up-to-date when
the headers it contains change.
A precompiled header file is searched for when #include
is
seen in the compilation. As it searches for the included file
(see Search Path in The C Preprocessor) the
compiler looks for a precompiled header in each directory just before it
looks for the include file in that directory. The name searched for is
the name specified in the #include
with ‘.gch’ appended. If
the precompiled header file cannot be used, it is ignored.
For instance, if you have #include "all.h"
, and you have
all.h.gch in the same directory as all.h, then the
precompiled header file is used if possible, and the original
header is used otherwise.
Alternatively, you might decide to put the precompiled header file in a
directory and use -I to ensure that directory is searched
before (or instead of) the directory containing the original header.
Then, if you want to check that the precompiled header file is always
used, you can put a file of the same name as the original header in this
directory containing an #error
command.
This also works with -include. So yet another way to use precompiled headers, good for projects not designed with precompiled header files in mind, is to simply take most of the header files used by a project, include them from another header file, precompile that header file, and -include the precompiled header. If the header files have guards against multiple inclusion, they are skipped because they’ve already been included (in the precompiled header).
If you need to precompile the same header file for different languages, targets, or compiler options, you can instead make a directory named like all.h.gch, and put each precompiled header in the directory, perhaps using -o. It doesn’t matter what you call the files in the directory; every precompiled header in the directory is considered. The first precompiled header encountered in the directory that is valid for this compilation is used; they’re searched in no particular order.
There are many other possibilities, limited only by your imagination, good sense, and the constraints of your build system.
A precompiled header file can be used only when these conditions apply:
The -D option is one way to define a macro before a
precompiled header is included; using a #define
can also do it.
There are also some options that define macros implicitly, like
-O and -Wdeprecated; the same rule applies to macros
defined this way.
-fexceptions
-fmessage-length= -fpreprocessed -fsched-interblock -fsched-spec -fsched-spec-load -fsched-spec-load-dangerous -fsched-verbose=number -fschedule-insns -fvisibility= -pedantic-errors
For all of these except the last, the compiler automatically ignores the precompiled header if the conditions aren’t met. If you find an option combination that doesn’t work and doesn’t cause the precompiled header to be ignored, please consider filing a bug report, see Reporting Bugs.
If you do use differing options when generating and using the precompiled header, the actual behavior is a mixture of the behavior for the options. For instance, if you use -g to generate the precompiled header but not when using it, you may or may not get debugging information for routines in the precompiled header.