Compilation can involve up to four stages: preprocessing, compilation proper, assembly and linking, always in that order. GCC is capable of preprocessing and compiling several files either into several assembler input files, or into one assembler input file; then each assembler input file produces an object file, and linking combines all the object files (those newly compiled, and those specified as input) into an executable file.
For any given input file, the file name suffix determines what kind of compilation is done:
file.cC source code that must be preprocessed.
file.iC source code that should not be preprocessed.
file.iiC++ source code that should not be preprocessed.
file.mObjective-C source code. Note that you must link with the libobjc library to make an Objective-C program work.
file.miObjective-C source code that should not be preprocessed.
file.mmfile.MObjective-C++ source code. Note that you must link with the libobjc library to make an Objective-C++ program work. Note that ‘.M’ refers to a literal capital M.
file.miiObjective-C++ source code that should not be preprocessed.
file.hC, C++, Objective-C or Objective-C++ header file to be turned into a precompiled header (default), or C, C++ header file to be turned into an Ada spec (via the -fdump-ada-spec switch).
file.ccfile.cpfile.cxxfile.cppfile.CPPfile.c++file.CC++ source code that must be preprocessed. Note that in ‘.cxx’, the last two letters must both be literally ‘x’. Likewise, ‘.C’ refers to a literal capital C.
file.mmfile.MObjective-C++ source code that must be preprocessed.
file.miiObjective-C++ source code that should not be preprocessed.
file.hhfile.Hfile.hpfile.hxxfile.hppfile.HPPfile.h++file.tccC++ header file to be turned into a precompiled header or Ada spec.
file.ffile.forfile.ftnFixed form Fortran source code that should not be preprocessed.
file.Ffile.FORfile.fppfile.FPPfile.FTNFixed form Fortran source code that must be preprocessed (with the traditional preprocessor).
file.f90file.f95file.f03file.f08Free form Fortran source code that should not be preprocessed.
file.F90file.F95file.F03file.F08Free form Fortran source code that must be preprocessed (with the traditional preprocessor).
file.goGo source code.
file.dD source code.
file.diD interface file.
file.ddD documentation code (Ddoc).
file.adsAda source code file that contains a library unit declaration (a declaration of a package, subprogram, or generic, or a generic instantiation), or a library unit renaming declaration (a package, generic, or subprogram renaming declaration). Such files are also called specs.
file.adbAda source code file containing a library unit body (a subprogram or package body). Such files are also called bodies.
file.sAssembler code.
file.Sfile.sxAssembler code that must be preprocessed.
otherAn object file to be fed straight into linking. Any file name with no recognized suffix is treated this way.
You can specify the input language explicitly with the -x option:
-x languageSpecify explicitly the language for the following input files (rather than letting the compiler choose a default based on the file name suffix). This option applies to all following input files until the next -x option. Possible values for language are:
c c-header cpp-output c++ c++-header c++-system-header c++-user-header c++-cpp-output objective-c objective-c-header objective-c-cpp-output objective-c++ objective-c++-header objective-c++-cpp-output assembler assembler-with-cpp ada d f77 f77-cpp-input f95 f95-cpp-input go
-x noneTurn off any specification of a language, so that subsequent files are handled according to their file name suffixes (as they are if -x has not been used at all).
If you only want some of the stages of compilation, you can use
-x (or filename suffixes) to tell gcc where to start, and
one of the options -c, -S, or -E to say where
gcc is to stop. Note that some combinations (for example,
‘-x cpp-output -E’) instruct gcc to do nothing at all.
-c ¶Compile or assemble the source files, but do not link. The linking stage simply is not done. The ultimate output is in the form of an object file for each source file.
By default, the object file name for a source file is made by replacing the suffix ‘.c’, ‘.i’, ‘.s’, etc., with ‘.o’.
Unrecognized input files, not requiring compilation or assembly, are ignored.
-S ¶Stop after the stage of compilation proper; do not assemble. The output is in the form of an assembler code file for each non-assembler input file specified.
By default, the assembler file name for a source file is made by replacing the suffix ‘.c’, ‘.i’, etc., with ‘.s’.
Input files that don’t require compilation are ignored.
-E ¶Stop after the preprocessing stage; do not run the compiler proper. The output is in the form of preprocessed source code, which is sent to the standard output.
Input files that don’t require preprocessing are ignored.
-o file ¶Place the primary output in file file. This applies to whatever sort of output is being produced, whether it be an executable file, an object file, an assembler file or preprocessed C code.
If -o is not specified, the default is to put an executable file in a.out, the object file for source.suffix in source.o, its assembler file in source.s, a precompiled header file in source.suffix.gch, and all preprocessed C source on standard output.
Though -o names only the primary output, it also affects the naming of auxiliary and dump outputs. See the examples below. Unless overridden, both auxiliary outputs and dump outputs are placed in the same directory as the primary output. In auxiliary outputs, the suffix of the input file is replaced with that of the auxiliary output file type; in dump outputs, the suffix of the dump file is appended to the input file suffix. In compilation commands, the base name of both auxiliary and dump outputs is that of the primary output; in compile and link commands, the primary output name, minus the executable suffix, is combined with the input file name. If both share the same base name, disregarding the suffix, the result of the combination is that base name, otherwise, they are concatenated, separated by a dash.
gcc -c foo.c ...
will use foo.o as the primary output, and place aux outputs and dumps next to it, e.g., aux file foo.dwo for -gsplit-dwarf, and dump file foo.c.???r.final for -fdump-rtl-final.
If a non-linker output file is explicitly specified, aux and dump files by default take the same base name:
gcc -c foo.c -o dir/foobar.o ...
will name aux outputs dir/foobar.* and dump outputs dir/foobar.c.*.
A linker output will instead prefix aux and dump outputs:
gcc foo.c bar.c -o dir/foobar ...
will generally name aux outputs dir/foobar-foo.* and dir/foobar-bar.*, and dump outputs dir/foobar-foo.c.* and dir/foobar-bar.c.*.
The one exception to the above is when the executable shares the base name with the single input:
gcc foo.c -o dir/foo ...
in which case aux outputs are named dir/foo.* and dump outputs named dir/foo.c.*.
The location and the names of auxiliary and dump outputs can be adjusted by the options -dumpbase, -dumpbase-ext, -dumpdir, -save-temps=cwd, and -save-temps=obj.
-dumpbase dumpbase ¶This option sets the base name for auxiliary and dump output files. It does not affect the name of the primary output file. Intermediate outputs, when preserved, are not regarded as primary outputs, but as auxiliary outputs:
gcc -save-temps -S foo.c
saves the (no longer) temporary preprocessed file in foo.i, and then compiles to the (implied) output file foo.s, whereas:
gcc -save-temps -dumpbase save-foo -c foo.c
preprocesses to in save-foo.i, compiles to save-foo.s (now an intermediate, thus auxiliary output), and then assembles to the (implied) output file foo.o.
Absent this option, dump and aux files take their names from the input
file, or from the (non-linker) output file, if one is explicitly
specified: dump output files (e.g. those requested by -fdump-*
options) with the input name suffix, and aux output files (those
requested by other non-dump options, e.g. -save-temps,
-gsplit-dwarf, -fcallgraph-info) without it.
Similar suffix differentiation of dump and aux outputs can be attained for explicitly-given -dumpbase basename.suf by also specifying -dumpbase-ext .suf.
If dumpbase is explicitly specified with any directory component, any dumppfx specification (e.g. -dumpdir or -save-temps=*) is ignored, and instead of appending to it, dumpbase fully overrides it:
gcc foo.c -c -o dir/foo.o -dumpbase alt/foo \ -dumpdir pfx- -save-temps=cwd ...
creates auxiliary and dump outputs named alt/foo.*, disregarding dir/ in -o, the ./ prefix implied by -save-temps=cwd, and pfx- in -dumpdir.
When -dumpbase is specified in a command that compiles multiple inputs, or that compiles and then links, it may be combined with dumppfx, as specified under -dumpdir. Then, each input file is compiled using the combined dumppfx, and default values for dumpbase and auxdropsuf are computed for each input file:
gcc foo.c bar.c -c -dumpbase main ...
creates foo.o and bar.o as primary outputs, and avoids overwriting the auxiliary and dump outputs by using the dumpbase as a prefix, creating auxiliary and dump outputs named main-foo.* and main-bar.*.
An empty string specified as dumpbase avoids the influence of the output basename in the naming of auxiliary and dump outputs during compilation, computing default values :
gcc -c foo.c -o dir/foobar.o -dumpbase '' ...
will name aux outputs dir/foo.* and dump outputs dir/foo.c.*. Note how their basenames are taken from the input name, but the directory still defaults to that of the output.
The empty-string dumpbase does not prevent the use of the output basename for outputs during linking:
gcc foo.c bar.c -o dir/foobar -dumpbase '' -flto ...
The compilation of the source files will name auxiliary outputs dir/foo.* and dir/bar.*, and dump outputs dir/foo.c.* and dir/bar.c.*. LTO recompilation during linking will use dir/foobar. as the prefix for dumps and auxiliary files.
-dumpbase-ext auxdropsuf ¶When forming the name of an auxiliary (but not a dump) output file, drop trailing auxdropsuf from dumpbase before appending any suffixes. If not specified, this option defaults to the suffix of a default dumpbase, i.e., the suffix of the input file when -dumpbase is not present in the command line, or dumpbase is combined with dumppfx.
gcc foo.c -c -o dir/foo.o -dumpbase x-foo.c -dumpbase-ext .c ...
creates dir/foo.o as the main output, and generates auxiliary outputs in dir/x-foo.*, taking the location of the primary output, and dropping the .c suffix from the dumpbase. Dump outputs retain the suffix: dir/x-foo.c.*.
This option is disregarded if it does not match the suffix of a specified dumpbase, except as an alternative to the executable suffix when appending the linker output base name to dumppfx, as specified below:
gcc foo.c bar.c -o main.out -dumpbase-ext .out ...
creates main.out as the primary output, and avoids overwriting the auxiliary and dump outputs by using the executable name minus auxdropsuf as a prefix, creating auxiliary outputs named main-foo.* and main-bar.* and dump outputs named main-foo.c.* and main-bar.c.*.
-dumpdir dumppfx ¶When forming the name of an auxiliary or dump output file, use dumppfx as a prefix:
gcc -dumpdir pfx- -c foo.c ...
creates foo.o as the primary output, and auxiliary outputs named pfx-foo.*, combining the given dumppfx with the default dumpbase derived from the default primary output, derived in turn from the input name. Dump outputs also take the input name suffix: pfx-foo.c.*.
If dumppfx is to be used as a directory name, it must end with a directory separator:
gcc -dumpdir dir/ -c foo.c -o obj/bar.o ...
creates obj/bar.o as the primary output, and auxiliary outputs named dir/bar.*, combining the given dumppfx with the default dumpbase derived from the primary output name. Dump outputs also take the input name suffix: dir/bar.c.*.
It defaults to the location of the output file, unless the output
file is a special file like /dev/null. Options
-save-temps=cwd and -save-temps=obj override this
default, just like an explicit -dumpdir option. In case
multiple such options are given, the last one prevails:
gcc -dumpdir pfx- -c foo.c -save-temps=obj ...
outputs foo.o, with auxiliary outputs named foo.* because -save-temps=* overrides the dumppfx given by the earlier -dumpdir option. It does not matter that =obj is the default for -save-temps, nor that the output directory is implicitly the current directory. Dump outputs are named foo.c.*.
When compiling from multiple input files, if -dumpbase is specified, dumpbase, minus a auxdropsuf suffix, and a dash are appended to (or override, if containing any directory components) an explicit or defaulted dumppfx, so that each of the multiple compilations gets differently-named aux and dump outputs.
gcc foo.c bar.c -c -dumpdir dir/pfx- -dumpbase main ...
outputs auxiliary dumps to dir/pfx-main-foo.* and dir/pfx-main-bar.*, appending dumpbase- to dumppfx. Dump outputs retain the input file suffix: dir/pfx-main-foo.c.* and dir/pfx-main-bar.c.*, respectively. Contrast with the single-input compilation:
gcc foo.c -c -dumpdir dir/pfx- -dumpbase main ...
that, applying -dumpbase to a single source, does not compute and append a separate dumpbase per input file. Its auxiliary and dump outputs go in dir/pfx-main.*.
When compiling and then linking from multiple input files, a defaulted or explicitly specified dumppfx also undergoes the dumpbase- transformation above (e.g. the compilation of foo.c and bar.c above, but without -c). If neither -dumpdir nor -dumpbase are given, the linker output base name, minus auxdropsuf, if specified, or the executable suffix otherwise, plus a dash is appended to the default dumppfx instead. Note, however, that unlike earlier cases of linking:
gcc foo.c bar.c -dumpdir dir/pfx- -o main ...
does not append the output name main to dumppfx, because -dumpdir is explicitly specified. The goal is that the explicitly-specified dumppfx may contain the specified output name as part of the prefix, if desired; only an explicitly-specified -dumpbase would be combined with it, in order to avoid simply discarding a meaningful option.
When compiling and then linking from a single input file, the linker output base name will only be appended to the default dumppfx as above if it does not share the base name with the single input file name. This has been covered in single-input linking cases above, but not with an explicit -dumpdir that inhibits the combination, even if overridden by -save-temps=*:
gcc foo.c -dumpdir alt/pfx- -o dir/main.exe -save-temps=cwd ...
Auxiliary outputs are named foo.*, and dump outputs foo.c.*, in the current working directory as ultimately requested by -save-temps=cwd.
Summing it all up for an intuitive though slightly imprecise data flow: the primary output name is broken into a directory part and a basename part; dumppfx is set to the former, unless overridden by -dumpdir or -save-temps=*, and dumpbase is set to the latter, unless overriden by -dumpbase. If there are multiple inputs or linking, this dumpbase may be combined with dumppfx and taken from each input file. Auxiliary output names for each input are formed by combining dumppfx, dumpbase minus suffix, and the auxiliary output suffix; dump output names are only different in that the suffix from dumpbase is retained.
When it comes to auxiliary and dump outputs created during LTO
recompilation, a combination of dumppfx and dumpbase, as
given or as derived from the linker output name but not from inputs,
even in cases in which this combination would not otherwise be used as
such, is passed down with a trailing period replacing the compiler-added
dash, if any, as a -dumpdir option to lto-wrapper;
being involved in linking, this program does not normally get any
-dumpbase and -dumpbase-ext, and it ignores them.
When running sub-compilers, lto-wrapper appends LTO stage
names to the received dumppfx, ensures it contains a directory
component so that it overrides any -dumpdir, and passes that as
-dumpbase to sub-compilers.
-v ¶Print (on standard error output) the commands executed to run the stages of compilation. Also print the version number of the compiler driver program and of the preprocessor and the compiler proper.
-### ¶Like -v except the commands are not executed and arguments
are quoted unless they contain only alphanumeric characters or ./-_.
This is useful for shell scripts to capture the driver-generated command lines.
--help ¶Print (on the standard output) a description of the command-line options
understood by gcc. If the -v option is also specified
then --help is also passed on to the various processes
invoked by gcc, so that they can display the command-line options
they accept. If the -Wextra option has also been specified
(prior to the --help option), then command-line options that
have no documentation associated with them are also displayed.
--target-help ¶Print (on the standard output) a description of target-specific command-line options for each tool. For some targets extra target-specific information may also be printed.
--help={class|[^]qualifier}[,…]Print (on the standard output) a description of the command-line options understood by the compiler that fit into all specified classes and qualifiers. These are the supported classes:
Display all of the optimization options supported by the compiler.
Display all of the options controlling warning messages produced by the compiler.
Display target-specific options. Unlike the --target-help option however, target-specific options of the linker and assembler are not displayed. This is because those tools do not currently support the extended --help= syntax.
Display the values recognized by the --param option.
Display the options supported for language, where language is the name of one of the languages supported in this version of GCC. If an option is supported by all languages, one needs to select ‘common’ class.
Display the options that are common to all languages.
These are the supported qualifiers:
Display only those options that are undocumented.
Display options taking an argument that appears after an equal sign in the same continuous piece of text, such as: ‘--help=target’.
Display options taking an argument that appears as a separate word following the original option, such as: ‘-o output-file’.
Thus for example to display all the undocumented target-specific switches supported by the compiler, use:
--help=target,undocumented
The sense of a qualifier can be inverted by prefixing it with the ‘^’ character, so for example to display all binary warning options (i.e., ones that are either on or off and that do not take an argument) that have a description, use:
--help=warnings,^joined,^undocumented
The argument to --help= should not consist solely of inverted qualifiers.
Combining several classes is possible, although this usually restricts the output so much that there is nothing to display. One case where it does work, however, is when one of the classes is target. For example, to display all the target-specific optimization options, use:
--help=target,optimizers
The --help= option can be repeated on the command line. Each successive use displays its requested class of options, skipping those that have already been displayed. If --help is also specified anywhere on the command line then this takes precedence over any --help= option.
If the -Q option appears on the command line before the --help= option, then the descriptive text displayed by --help= is changed. Instead of describing the displayed options, an indication is given as to whether the option is enabled, disabled or set to a specific value (assuming that the compiler knows this at the point where the --help= option is used).
Here is a truncated example from the ARM port of gcc:
% gcc -Q -mabi=2 --help=target -c The following options are target specific: -mabi= 2 -mabort-on-noreturn [disabled] -mapcs [disabled]
The output is sensitive to the effects of previous command-line options, so for example it is possible to find out which optimizations are enabled at -O2 by using:
-Q -O2 --help=optimizers
Alternatively you can discover which binary optimizations are enabled by -O3 by using:
gcc -c -Q -O3 --help=optimizers > /tmp/O3-opts gcc -c -Q -O2 --help=optimizers > /tmp/O2-opts diff /tmp/O2-opts /tmp/O3-opts | grep enabled
--version ¶Display the version number and copyrights of the invoked GCC.
-pass-exit-codes ¶Normally the gcc program exits with the code of 1 if any
phase of the compiler returns a non-success return code. If you specify
-pass-exit-codes, the gcc program instead returns with
the numerically highest error produced by any phase returning an error
indication. The C, C++, and Fortran front ends return 4 if an internal
compiler error is encountered.
-pipe ¶Use pipes rather than temporary files for communication between the various stages of compilation. This fails to work on some systems where the assembler is unable to read from a pipe; but the GNU assembler has no trouble.
-specs=file ¶Process file after the compiler reads in the standard specs
file, in order to override the defaults which the gcc driver
program uses when determining what switches to pass to cc1,
cc1plus, as, ld, etc. More than one
-specs=file can be specified on the command line, and they
are processed in order, from left to right. See Specifying Subprocesses and the Switches to Pass to Them, for
information about the format of the file.
-wrapper ¶Invoke all subcommands under a wrapper program. The name of the wrapper program and its parameters are passed as a comma separated list.
gcc -c t.c -wrapper gdb,--args
This invokes all subprograms of gcc under
‘gdb --args’, thus the invocation of cc1 is
‘gdb --args cc1 …’.
-ffile-prefix-map=old=new ¶When compiling files residing in directory old, record any references to them in the result of the compilation as if the files resided in directory new instead. Specifying this option is equivalent to specifying all the individual -f*-prefix-map options. This can be used to make reproducible builds that are location independent. Directories referenced by directives are not affected by these options. See also -fmacro-prefix-map, -fdebug-prefix-map, -fprofile-prefix-map and -fcanon-prefix-map.
-fcanon-prefix-map ¶For the -f*-prefix-map options normally comparison of old prefix against the filename that would be normally referenced in the result of the compilation is done using textual comparison of the prefixes, or ignoring character case for case insensitive filesystems and considering slashes and backslashes as equal on DOS based filesystems. The -fcanon-prefix-map causes such comparisons to be done on canonicalized paths of old and the referenced filename.
-fplugin=name.so ¶Load the plugin code in file name.so, assumed to be a shared object to be dlopen’d by the compiler. The base name of the shared object file is used to identify the plugin for the purposes of argument parsing (See -fplugin-arg-name-key=value below). Each plugin should define the callback functions specified in the Plugins API.
-fplugin-arg-name-key=value ¶Define an argument called key with a value of value for the plugin called name.
-fdump-ada-spec[-slim] ¶For C and C++ source and include files, generate corresponding Ada specs. See Generating Ada Bindings for C and C++ headers in GNAT User’s Guide, which provides detailed documentation on this feature.
-fada-spec-parent=unit ¶In conjunction with -fdump-ada-spec[-slim] above, generate Ada specs as child units of parent unit.
-fdump-go-spec=file ¶For input files in any language, generate corresponding Go
declarations in file. This generates Go const,
type, var, and func declarations which may be a
useful way to start writing a Go interface to code written in some
other language.
@fileRead command-line options from file. The options read are inserted in place of the original @file option. If file does not exist, or cannot be read, then the option will be treated literally, and not removed.
Options in file are separated by whitespace. A whitespace character may be included in an option by surrounding the entire option in either single or double quotes. Any character (including a backslash) may be included by prefixing the character to be included with a backslash. The file may itself contain additional @file options; any such options will be processed recursively.