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[PATCH], PowerPC #20, Add placeholder for 'future' scheduling
- From: Michael Meissner <meissner at linux dot ibm dot com>
- To: gcc-patches at gcc dot gnu dot org, segher at kernel dot crashing dot org, dje dot gcc at gmail dot com, meissner at linux dot ibm dot com
- Date: Thu, 25 Jul 2019 20:05:11 -0400
- Subject: [PATCH], PowerPC #20, Add placeholder for 'future' scheduling
This is patch #20. It adds a placeholder for scheduling on the 'future'
machine. This code currently uses the power9.md with all of the names changed
for 'future', and targetting off of 'tune=future'.
This placeholder hopefully will be filled in later when we can add more
accurate scheduling information.
I have a job queued up to do a bootstrap and make check run on a little endian
power8 system. Assuming this run has no regressions, can I check this into the
FSF trunk?
This is a series of separate patches to add functionality to the PowerPC
backend to support future processors. Here is a high level summary of the
patches:
* Patches 1-8, have already been applied
* Patch 9 has been rewritten in patches 12-13
* Patch 10 is withdrawn for now
* Patch 11 adds DS offset mode to rs6000.c's reg_addr
* Patch 12 adds a new enumeration for instruction format
* Patch 13 adds support for matching prefixed insns
* Patch 14 adds pc-relative support to load up addresses
* Patch 15 renamed some functions to be smaller
* Patch 16 updated a comment and moved a predicate
* Patch 17 adds the prefixed RTL attribute & emitting 'p' before prefixed
* Patch 18 adds prefixed support for scalar types
* Patch 19 uses a separate 'future' cost structure
* Patch 20 clones power9.md for initial scheduling on future.md.
The following patches have not yet been written, but I expect them to be:
* Patch 21 finish prefixed insn support for vectors & 128-bit int/floats
* Patch 22 enable pc-relative by default
* Patch 23 add pcrel linker optimization
* Patch 24 new tests
2019-07-25 Michael Meissner <meissner@linux.ibm.com>
* config/rs6000/future.md: New file, clone from power9.md and
change cpu=future. Place holder until future scheduling is done.
* config/rs6000/rs6000.md (toplevel): Include future.md.
* config/rs6000/t-rs6000 (MD_INCLUDES): Add future.md.
Index: gcc/config/rs6000/future.md
===================================================================
--- gcc/config/rs6000/future.md (revision 0)
+++ gcc/config/rs6000/future.md (working copy)
@@ -0,0 +1,519 @@
+;; Scheduling description for IBM POWER9 processor.
+;; Copyright (C) 2016-2019 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+;;
+;; Contributed by Pat Haugen (pthaugen@us.ibm.com).
+
+;; This file is part of GCC.
+;;
+;; GCC is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+;; under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published
+;; by the Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your
+;; option) any later version.
+;;
+;; GCC is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+;; ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
+;; or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public
+;; License for more details.
+;;
+;; You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+;; along with GCC; see the file COPYING3. If not see
+;; <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+;;
+;; This file was cloned from power9.md. In the future, we will have future
+;; specific optimizations here.
+
+(define_automaton "futuredsp,futurelsu,futurevsu,futurefpdiv,futuremisc")
+
+(define_cpu_unit "lsu0_future,lsu1_future,lsu2_future,lsu3_future" "futurelsu")
+(define_cpu_unit "vsu0_future,vsu1_future,vsu2_future,vsu3_future" "futurevsu")
+; Two vector permute units, part of vsu
+(define_cpu_unit "prm0_future,prm1_future" "futurevsu")
+; Two fixed point divide units, not pipelined
+(define_cpu_unit "fx_div0_future,fx_div1_future" "futuremisc")
+(define_cpu_unit "bru_future,cryptu_future,dfu_future" "futuremisc")
+; Create a false unit for use by non-pipelined FP div/sqrt
+(define_cpu_unit "fp_div0_future,fp_div1_future,fp_div2_future,fp_div3_future"
+ "futurefpdiv")
+
+
+(define_cpu_unit "x0_future,x1_future,xa0_future,xa1_future,
+ x2_future,x3_future,xb0_future,xb1_future,
+ br0_future,br1_future" "futuredsp")
+
+
+; Dispatch port reservations
+;
+; Future can dispatch a maximum of 6 iops per cycle with the following
+; general restrictions (other restrictions also apply):
+; 1) At most 2 iops per execution slice
+; 2) At most 2 iops to the branch unit
+; Note that insn position in a dispatch group of 6 insns does not infer which
+; execution slice the insn is routed to. The units are used to infer the
+; conflicts that exist (i.e. an 'even' requirement will preclude dispatch
+; with 2 insns with 'superslice' requirement).
+
+; The xa0/xa1 units really represent the 3rd dispatch port for a superslice but
+; are listed as separate units to allow those insns that preclude its use to
+; still be scheduled two to a superslice while reserving the 3rd slot. The
+; same applies for xb0/xb1.
+(define_reservation "DU_xa_future" "xa0_future+xa1_future")
+(define_reservation "DU_xb_future" "xb0_future+xb1_future")
+
+; Any execution slice dispatch
+(define_reservation "DU_any_future"
+ "x0_future|x1_future|DU_xa_future|x2_future|x3_future|
+ DU_xb_future")
+
+; Even slice, actually takes even/odd slots
+(define_reservation "DU_even_future" "x0_future+x1_future|x2_future+x3_future")
+
+; Slice plus 3rd slot
+(define_reservation "DU_slice_3_future"
+ "x0_future+xa0_future|x1_future+xa1_future|
+ x2_future+xb0_future|x3_future+xb1_future")
+
+; Superslice
+(define_reservation "DU_super_future"
+ "x0_future+x1_future|x2_future+x3_future")
+
+; 2-way cracked
+(define_reservation "DU_C2_future" "x0_future+x1_future|
+ x1_future+DU_xa_future|
+ x1_future+x2_future|
+ DU_xa_future+x2_future|
+ x2_future+x3_future|
+ x3_future+DU_xb_future")
+
+; 2-way cracked plus 3rd slot
+(define_reservation "DU_C2_3_future" "x0_future+x1_future+xa0_future|
+ x1_future+x2_future+xa1_future|
+ x2_future+x3_future+xb0_future")
+
+; 3-way cracked (consumes whole decode/dispatch cycle)
+(define_reservation "DU_C3_future"
+ "x0_future+x1_future+xa0_future+xa1_future+x2_future+
+ x3_future+xb0_future+xb1_future+br0_future+br1_future")
+
+; Branch ports
+(define_reservation "DU_branch_future" "br0_future|br1_future")
+
+
+; Execution unit reservations
+(define_reservation "LSU_future"
+ "lsu0_future|lsu1_future|lsu2_future|lsu3_future")
+
+(define_reservation "LSU_pair_future"
+ "lsu0_future+lsu1_future|lsu1_future+lsu2_future|
+ lsu2_future+lsu3_future|lsu3_future+lsu0_future")
+
+(define_reservation "VSU_future"
+ "vsu0_future|vsu1_future|vsu2_future|vsu3_future")
+
+(define_reservation "VSU_super_future"
+ "vsu0_future+vsu1_future|vsu2_future+vsu3_future")
+
+(define_reservation "VSU_PRM_future" "prm0_future|prm1_future")
+
+; Define the reservation to be used by FP div/sqrt which allows other insns
+; to be issued to the VSU, but blocks other div/sqrt for a number of cycles.
+; Note that the number of cycles blocked varies depending on insn, but we
+; just use the same number for all in order to keep the number of DFA states
+; reasonable.
+(define_reservation "FP_DIV_future"
+ "fp_div0_future*8|fp_div1_future*8|fp_div2_future*8|
+ fp_div3_future*8")
+(define_reservation "VEC_DIV_future"
+ "fp_div0_future*8+fp_div1_future*8|
+ fp_div2_future*8+fp_div3_future*8")
+
+
+; LS Unit
+(define_insn_reservation "future-load" 4
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "load")
+ (eq_attr "sign_extend" "no")
+ (eq_attr "update" "no")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_any_future,LSU_future")
+
+(define_insn_reservation "future-load-update" 4
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "load")
+ (eq_attr "sign_extend" "no")
+ (eq_attr "update" "yes")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_C2_future,LSU_future+VSU_future")
+
+(define_insn_reservation "future-load-ext" 6
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "load")
+ (eq_attr "sign_extend" "yes")
+ (eq_attr "update" "no")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_C2_future,LSU_future")
+
+(define_insn_reservation "future-load-ext-update" 6
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "load")
+ (eq_attr "sign_extend" "yes")
+ (eq_attr "update" "yes")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_C3_future,LSU_future+VSU_future")
+
+(define_insn_reservation "future-fpload-double" 4
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "fpload")
+ (eq_attr "update" "no")
+ (eq_attr "size" "64")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_slice_3_future,LSU_future")
+
+(define_insn_reservation "future-fpload-update-double" 4
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "fpload")
+ (eq_attr "update" "yes")
+ (eq_attr "size" "64")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_C2_3_future,LSU_future+VSU_future")
+
+; SFmode loads are cracked and have additional 2 cycles over DFmode
+(define_insn_reservation "future-fpload-single" 6
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "fpload")
+ (eq_attr "update" "no")
+ (eq_attr "size" "32")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_C2_3_future,LSU_future")
+
+(define_insn_reservation "future-fpload-update-single" 6
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "fpload")
+ (eq_attr "update" "yes")
+ (eq_attr "size" "32")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_C3_future,LSU_future+VSU_future")
+
+(define_insn_reservation "future-vecload" 5
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "vecload")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_any_future,LSU_pair_future")
+
+; Store data can issue 2 cycles after AGEN issue, 3 cycles for vector store
+(define_insn_reservation "future-store" 0
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "store")
+ (eq_attr "update" "no")
+ (eq_attr "indexed" "no")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_slice_3_future,LSU_future")
+
+(define_insn_reservation "future-store-indexed" 0
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "store")
+ (eq_attr "update" "no")
+ (eq_attr "indexed" "yes")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_slice_3_future,LSU_future")
+
+; Update forms have 2 cycle latency for updated addr reg
+(define_insn_reservation "future-store-update" 2
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "store")
+ (eq_attr "update" "yes")
+ (eq_attr "indexed" "no")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_C2_3_future,LSU_future+VSU_future")
+
+; Update forms have 2 cycle latency for updated addr reg
+(define_insn_reservation "future-store-update-indexed" 2
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "store")
+ (eq_attr "update" "yes")
+ (eq_attr "indexed" "yes")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_C2_3_future,LSU_future+VSU_future")
+
+(define_insn_reservation "future-fpstore" 0
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "fpstore")
+ (eq_attr "update" "no")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_slice_3_future,LSU_future")
+
+; Update forms have 2 cycle latency for updated addr reg
+(define_insn_reservation "future-fpstore-update" 2
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "fpstore")
+ (eq_attr "update" "yes")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_C2_3_future,LSU_future+VSU_future")
+
+(define_insn_reservation "future-vecstore" 0
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "vecstore")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_super_future,LSU_pair_future")
+
+(define_insn_reservation "future-larx" 4
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "load_l")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_any_future,LSU_future")
+
+(define_insn_reservation "future-stcx" 2
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "store_c")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_C2_3_future,LSU_future+VSU_future")
+
+(define_insn_reservation "future-sync" 4
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "sync,isync")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_any_future,LSU_future")
+
+
+; VSU Execution Unit
+
+; Fixed point ops
+
+; Most ALU insns are simple 2 cycle, including record form
+(define_insn_reservation "future-alu" 2
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "add,exts,integer,logical,isel")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_any_future,VSU_future")
+; 5 cycle CR latency
+(define_bypass 5 "future-alu"
+ "future-crlogical,future-mfcr,future-mfcrf")
+
+; Rotate/shift prevent use of third slot
+(define_insn_reservation "future-rot" 2
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "insert,shift")
+ (eq_attr "dot" "no")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_slice_3_future,VSU_future")
+
+; Record form rotate/shift are cracked
+(define_insn_reservation "future-cracked-alu" 2
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "insert,shift")
+ (eq_attr "dot" "yes")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_C2_3_future,VSU_future")
+; 7 cycle CR latency
+(define_bypass 7 "future-cracked-alu"
+ "future-crlogical,future-mfcr,future-mfcrf")
+
+(define_insn_reservation "future-alu2" 3
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "cntlz,popcnt,trap")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_any_future,VSU_future")
+; 6 cycle CR latency
+(define_bypass 6 "future-alu2"
+ "future-crlogical,future-mfcr,future-mfcrf")
+
+(define_insn_reservation "future-cmp" 2
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "cmp")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_any_future,VSU_future")
+
+
+; Treat 'two' and 'three' types as 2 or 3 way cracked
+(define_insn_reservation "future-two" 4
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "two")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_C2_future,VSU_future")
+
+(define_insn_reservation "future-three" 6
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "three")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_C3_future,VSU_future")
+
+(define_insn_reservation "future-mul" 5
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "mul")
+ (eq_attr "dot" "no")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_slice_3_future,VSU_future")
+
+(define_insn_reservation "future-mul-compare" 5
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "mul")
+ (eq_attr "dot" "yes")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_C2_3_future,VSU_future")
+; 10 cycle CR latency
+(define_bypass 10 "future-mul-compare"
+ "future-crlogical,future-mfcr,future-mfcrf")
+
+; Fixed point divides reserve the divide units for a minimum of 8 cycles
+(define_insn_reservation "future-idiv" 16
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "div")
+ (eq_attr "size" "32")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_even_future,fx_div0_future*8|fx_div1_future*8")
+
+(define_insn_reservation "future-ldiv" 24
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "div")
+ (eq_attr "size" "64")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_even_future,fx_div0_future*8|fx_div1_future*8")
+
+(define_insn_reservation "future-crlogical" 2
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "cr_logical")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_any_future,VSU_future")
+
+(define_insn_reservation "future-mfcrf" 2
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "mfcrf")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_any_future,VSU_future")
+
+(define_insn_reservation "future-mfcr" 6
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "mfcr")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_C3_future,VSU_future")
+
+; Should differentiate between 1 cr field and > 1 since target of > 1 cr
+; is cracked
+(define_insn_reservation "future-mtcr" 2
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "mtcr")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_any_future,VSU_future")
+
+; Move to LR/CTR are executed in VSU
+(define_insn_reservation "future-mtjmpr" 5
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "mtjmpr")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_any_future,VSU_future")
+
+; Floating point/Vector ops
+(define_insn_reservation "future-fpsimple" 2
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "fpsimple")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_slice_3_future,VSU_future")
+
+(define_insn_reservation "future-fp" 5
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "fp,dmul")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_slice_3_future,VSU_future")
+
+(define_insn_reservation "future-fpcompare" 3
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "fpcompare")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_slice_3_future,VSU_future")
+
+; FP div/sqrt are executed in the VSU slices. They are not pipelined wrt other
+; div/sqrt insns, but for the most part do not block pipelined ops.
+(define_insn_reservation "future-sdiv" 22
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "sdiv")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_slice_3_future,VSU_future,FP_DIV_future")
+
+(define_insn_reservation "future-ddiv" 27
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "ddiv")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_slice_3_future,VSU_future,FP_DIV_future")
+
+(define_insn_reservation "future-sqrt" 26
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "ssqrt")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_slice_3_future,VSU_future,FP_DIV_future")
+
+(define_insn_reservation "future-dsqrt" 36
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "dsqrt")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_slice_3_future,VSU_future,FP_DIV_future")
+
+(define_insn_reservation "future-vec-2cyc" 2
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "vecmove,veclogical,vecexts,veccmpfx")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_super_future,VSU_super_future")
+
+(define_insn_reservation "future-veccmp" 3
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "veccmp")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_super_future,VSU_super_future")
+
+(define_insn_reservation "future-vecsimple" 3
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "vecsimple")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_super_future,VSU_super_future")
+
+(define_insn_reservation "future-vecnormal" 7
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "vecfloat,vecdouble")
+ (eq_attr "size" "!128")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_super_future,VSU_super_future")
+
+; Quad-precision FP ops, execute in DFU
+(define_insn_reservation "future-qp" 12
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "vecfloat,vecdouble")
+ (eq_attr "size" "128")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_super_future,dfu_future")
+
+(define_insn_reservation "future-vecperm" 3
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "vecperm")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_super_future,VSU_PRM_future")
+
+(define_insn_reservation "future-veccomplex" 7
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "veccomplex")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_super_future,VSU_super_future")
+
+(define_insn_reservation "future-vecfdiv" 24
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "vecfdiv")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_super_future,VSU_super_future,VEC_DIV_future")
+
+(define_insn_reservation "future-vecdiv" 27
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "vecdiv")
+ (eq_attr "size" "!128")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_super_future,VSU_super_future,VEC_DIV_future")
+
+; Use 8 for DFU reservation on QP div/mul to limit DFA state size
+(define_insn_reservation "future-qpdiv" 56
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "vecdiv")
+ (eq_attr "size" "128")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_super_future,dfu_future*8")
+
+(define_insn_reservation "future-qpmul" 24
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "qmul")
+ (eq_attr "size" "128")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_super_future,dfu_future*8")
+
+(define_insn_reservation "future-mffgpr" 2
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "mffgpr")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_slice_3_future,VSU_future")
+
+(define_insn_reservation "future-mftgpr" 2
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "mftgpr")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_slice_3_future,VSU_future")
+
+
+; Branch Unit
+; Move from LR/CTR are executed in BRU but consume a writeback port from an
+; execution slice.
+(define_insn_reservation "future-mfjmpr" 6
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "mfjmpr")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_branch_future,bru_future+VSU_future")
+
+; Branch is 2 cycles
+(define_insn_reservation "future-branch" 2
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "jmpreg,branch")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_branch_future,bru_future")
+
+
+; Crypto Unit
+(define_insn_reservation "future-crypto" 6
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "crypto")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_super_future,cryptu_future")
+
+
+; HTM Unit
+(define_insn_reservation "future-htm" 4
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "htm")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_C2_future,LSU_future")
+
+(define_insn_reservation "future-htm-simple" 2
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "htmsimple")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_any_future,VSU_future")
+
+
+; DFP Unit
+(define_insn_reservation "future-dfp" 12
+ (and (eq_attr "type" "dfp")
+ (eq_attr "cpu" "future"))
+ "DU_even_future,dfu_future")
+
Index: gcc/config/rs6000/rs6000.md
===================================================================
--- gcc/config/rs6000/rs6000.md (revision 273815)
+++ gcc/config/rs6000/rs6000.md (working copy)
@@ -403,6 +403,7 @@ (define_attr "cell_micro" "not,condition
(include "power7.md")
(include "power8.md")
(include "power9.md")
+(include "future.md")
(include "cell.md")
(include "a2.md")
(include "titan.md")
Index: gcc/config/rs6000/t-rs6000
===================================================================
--- gcc/config/rs6000/t-rs6000 (revision 273807)
+++ gcc/config/rs6000/t-rs6000 (working copy)
@@ -77,6 +77,7 @@ MD_INCLUDES = $(srcdir)/config/rs6000/rs
$(srcdir)/config/rs6000/power7.md \
$(srcdir)/config/rs6000/power8.md \
$(srcdir)/config/rs6000/power9.md \
+ $(srcdir)/config/rs6000/future.md \
$(srcdir)/config/rs6000/cell.md \
$(srcdir)/config/rs6000/a2.md \
$(srcdir)/config/rs6000/predicates.md \
--
Michael Meissner, IBM
IBM, M/S 2506R, 550 King Street, Littleton, MA 01460-6245, USA
email: meissner@linux.ibm.com, phone: +1 (978) 899-4797