]> gcc.gnu.org Git - gcc.git/blobdiff - libstdc++-v3/include/std/ranges
libstdc++: Implement ranges::join_with_view from P2441R2
[gcc.git] / libstdc++-v3 / include / std / ranges
index 23a04d61174354f63cfe6b5583050a9ed2848211..d0d6ce61a87f434b205cf8edb9da2b579dbf291c 100644 (file)
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // <ranges> -*- C++ -*-
 
-// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
 //
 // This file is part of the GNU ISO C++ Library.  This library is free
 // software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@
 // permissions described in the GCC Runtime Library Exception, version
 // 3.1, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
 
-// You should have received __a copy of the GNU General Public License and
-// __a copy of the GCC Runtime Library Exception along with this program;
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and
+// a copy of the GCC Runtime Library Exception along with this program;
 // see the files COPYING3 and COPYING.RUNTIME respectively.  If not, see
 // <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 
 #if __cpp_lib_concepts
 
-#include <bits/refwrap.h>
 #include <compare>
 #include <initializer_list>
 #include <iterator>
 #include <optional>
+#include <span>
 #include <tuple>
+#if __cplusplus > 202002L
+#include <variant>
+#endif
+#include <bits/ranges_util.h>
+#include <bits/refwrap.h>
 
 /**
  * @defgroup ranges Ranges
@@ -56,410 +61,18 @@ namespace std _GLIBCXX_VISIBILITY(default)
 _GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_VERSION
 namespace ranges
 {
-  // [range.range] The range concept.
-  // [range.sized] The sized_range concept.
-  // Defined in <bits/range_access.h>
-
-  // [range.refinements]
-  // Defined in <bits/range_access.h>
-
-  struct view_base { };
-
-  template<typename _Tp>
-    inline constexpr bool enable_view = derived_from<_Tp, view_base>;
-
-  template<typename _Tp>
-    concept view
-      = range<_Tp> && movable<_Tp> && default_initializable<_Tp>
-       && enable_view<_Tp>;
-
-  /// A range which can be safely converted to a view.
-  template<typename _Tp>
-    concept viewable_range = range<_Tp>
-      && (borrowed_range<_Tp> || view<remove_cvref_t<_Tp>>);
-
-  namespace __detail
-  {
-    template<typename _Range>
-      concept __simple_view = view<_Range> && range<const _Range>
-       && same_as<iterator_t<_Range>, iterator_t<const _Range>>
-       && same_as<sentinel_t<_Range>, sentinel_t<const _Range>>;
-
-    template<typename _It>
-      concept __has_arrow = input_iterator<_It>
-       && (is_pointer_v<_It> || requires(_It __it) { __it.operator->(); });
-
-    template<typename _Tp, typename _Up>
-      concept __not_same_as
-       = !same_as<remove_cvref_t<_Tp>, remove_cvref_t<_Up>>;
-  } // namespace __detail
-
-  template<typename _Derived>
-    requires is_class_v<_Derived> && same_as<_Derived, remove_cv_t<_Derived>>
-    class view_interface : public view_base
-    {
-    private:
-      constexpr _Derived& _M_derived() noexcept
-      {
-       static_assert(derived_from<_Derived, view_interface<_Derived>>);
-       static_assert(view<_Derived>);
-       return static_cast<_Derived&>(*this);
-      }
-
-      constexpr const _Derived& _M_derived() const noexcept
-      {
-       static_assert(derived_from<_Derived, view_interface<_Derived>>);
-       static_assert(view<_Derived>);
-       return static_cast<const _Derived&>(*this);
-      }
-
-    public:
-      constexpr bool
-      empty() requires forward_range<_Derived>
-      { return ranges::begin(_M_derived()) == ranges::end(_M_derived()); }
-
-      constexpr bool
-      empty() const requires forward_range<const _Derived>
-      { return ranges::begin(_M_derived()) == ranges::end(_M_derived()); }
-
-      constexpr explicit
-      operator bool() requires requires { ranges::empty(_M_derived()); }
-      { return !ranges::empty(_M_derived()); }
-
-      constexpr explicit
-      operator bool() const requires requires { ranges::empty(_M_derived()); }
-      { return !ranges::empty(_M_derived()); }
-
-      constexpr auto
-      data() requires contiguous_iterator<iterator_t<_Derived>>
-      { return to_address(ranges::begin(_M_derived())); }
-
-      constexpr auto
-      data() const
-      requires range<const _Derived>
-       && contiguous_iterator<iterator_t<const _Derived>>
-      { return to_address(ranges::begin(_M_derived())); }
-
-      constexpr auto
-      size()
-      requires forward_range<_Derived>
-       && sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Derived>, iterator_t<_Derived>>
-      { return ranges::end(_M_derived()) - ranges::begin(_M_derived()); }
-
-      constexpr auto
-      size() const
-      requires forward_range<const _Derived>
-       && sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<const _Derived>,
-                             iterator_t<const _Derived>>
-      { return ranges::end(_M_derived()) - ranges::begin(_M_derived()); }
-
-      constexpr decltype(auto)
-      front() requires forward_range<_Derived>
-      {
-       __glibcxx_assert(!empty());
-       return *ranges::begin(_M_derived());
-      }
-
-      constexpr decltype(auto)
-      front() const requires forward_range<const _Derived>
-      {
-       __glibcxx_assert(!empty());
-       return *ranges::begin(_M_derived());
-      }
-
-      constexpr decltype(auto)
-      back()
-      requires bidirectional_range<_Derived> && common_range<_Derived>
-      {
-       __glibcxx_assert(!empty());
-       return *ranges::prev(ranges::end(_M_derived()));
-      }
-
-      constexpr decltype(auto)
-      back() const
-      requires bidirectional_range<const _Derived>
-       && common_range<const _Derived>
-      {
-       __glibcxx_assert(!empty());
-       return *ranges::prev(ranges::end(_M_derived()));
-      }
-
-      template<random_access_range _Range = _Derived>
-       constexpr decltype(auto)
-       operator[](range_difference_t<_Range> __n)
-       { return ranges::begin(_M_derived())[__n]; }
-
-      template<random_access_range _Range = const _Derived>
-       constexpr decltype(auto)
-       operator[](range_difference_t<_Range> __n) const
-       { return ranges::begin(_M_derived())[__n]; }
-    };
-
-  namespace __detail
-  {
-    template<class _From, class _To>
-      concept __convertible_to_non_slicing = convertible_to<_From, _To>
-       && !(is_pointer_v<decay_t<_From>> && is_pointer_v<decay_t<_To>>
-           && __not_same_as<remove_pointer_t<decay_t<_From>>,
-                            remove_pointer_t<decay_t<_To>>>);
-
-    template<typename _Tp>
-      concept __pair_like
-       = !is_reference_v<_Tp> && requires(_Tp __t)
-       {
-         typename tuple_size<_Tp>::type;
-         requires derived_from<tuple_size<_Tp>, integral_constant<size_t, 2>>;
-         typename tuple_element_t<0, remove_const_t<_Tp>>;
-         typename tuple_element_t<1, remove_const_t<_Tp>>;
-         { get<0>(__t) } -> convertible_to<const tuple_element_t<0, _Tp>&>;
-         { get<1>(__t) } -> convertible_to<const tuple_element_t<1, _Tp>&>;
-       };
-
-    template<typename _Tp, typename _Up, typename _Vp>
-      concept __pair_like_convertible_from
-       = !range<_Tp> && __pair_like<_Tp>
-       && constructible_from<_Tp, _Up, _Vp>
-       && __convertible_to_non_slicing<_Up, tuple_element_t<0, _Tp>>
-       && convertible_to<_Vp, tuple_element_t<1, _Tp>>;
-
-    template<typename _Tp>
-      concept __iterator_sentinel_pair
-       = !range<_Tp> && __pair_like<_Tp>
-       && sentinel_for<tuple_element_t<1, _Tp>, tuple_element_t<0, _Tp>>;
-
-  } // namespace __detail
-
-  enum class subrange_kind : bool { unsized, sized };
-
-  template<input_or_output_iterator _It, sentinel_for<_It> _Sent = _It,
-          subrange_kind _Kind = sized_sentinel_for<_Sent, _It>
-            ? subrange_kind::sized : subrange_kind::unsized>
-    requires (_Kind == subrange_kind::sized || !sized_sentinel_for<_Sent, _It>)
-    class subrange : public view_interface<subrange<_It, _Sent, _Kind>>
-    {
-    private:
-      // XXX: gcc complains when using constexpr here
-      static const bool _S_store_size
-       = _Kind == subrange_kind::sized && !sized_sentinel_for<_Sent, _It>;
-
-      _It _M_begin = _It();
-      _Sent _M_end = _Sent();
-
-      template<typename, bool = _S_store_size>
-       struct _Size
-       { };
-
-      template<typename _Tp>
-       struct _Size<_Tp, true>
-       { __detail::__make_unsigned_like_t<_Tp> _M_size; };
-
-      [[no_unique_address]] _Size<iter_difference_t<_It>> _M_size = {};
-
-    public:
-      subrange() = default;
-
-      constexpr
-      subrange(__detail::__convertible_to_non_slicing<_It> auto __i, _Sent __s)
-       requires (!_S_store_size)
-      : _M_begin(std::move(__i)), _M_end(__s)
-      { }
-
-      constexpr
-      subrange(__detail::__convertible_to_non_slicing<_It> auto __i, _Sent __s,
-              __detail::__make_unsigned_like_t<iter_difference_t<_It>> __n)
-       requires (_Kind == subrange_kind::sized)
-      : _M_begin(std::move(__i)), _M_end(__s)
-      {
-       using __detail::__to_unsigned_like;
-       __glibcxx_assert(__n == __to_unsigned_like(ranges::distance(__i, __s)));
-       if constexpr (_S_store_size)
-         _M_size._M_size = __n;
-      }
-
-      template<__detail::__not_same_as<subrange> _Rng>
-       requires borrowed_range<_Rng>
-         && __detail::__convertible_to_non_slicing<iterator_t<_Rng>, _It>
-         && convertible_to<sentinel_t<_Rng>, _Sent>
-       constexpr
-       subrange(_Rng&& __r) requires _S_store_size && sized_range<_Rng>
-       : subrange{__r, ranges::size(__r)}
-       { }
-
-      template<__detail::__not_same_as<subrange> _Rng>
-       requires borrowed_range<_Rng>
-         && __detail::__convertible_to_non_slicing<iterator_t<_Rng>, _It>
-         && convertible_to<sentinel_t<_Rng>, _Sent>
-       constexpr
-       subrange(_Rng&& __r) requires (!_S_store_size)
-       : subrange{ranges::begin(__r), ranges::end(__r)}
-       { }
-
-      template<borrowed_range _Rng>
-       requires __detail::__convertible_to_non_slicing<iterator_t<_Rng>, _It>
-         && convertible_to<sentinel_t<_Rng>, _Sent>
-       constexpr
-       subrange(_Rng&& __r,
-                __detail::__make_unsigned_like_t<iter_difference_t<_It>> __n)
-       requires (_Kind == subrange_kind::sized)
-       : subrange{ranges::begin(__r), ranges::end(__r), __n}
-       { }
-
-      template<__detail::__not_same_as<subrange> _PairLike>
-       requires __detail::__pair_like_convertible_from<_PairLike, const _It&,
-                                                       const _Sent&>
-      constexpr
-      operator _PairLike() const
-      { return _PairLike(_M_begin, _M_end); }
-
-      constexpr _It
-      begin() const requires copyable<_It>
-      { return _M_begin; }
-
-      [[nodiscard]] constexpr _It
-      begin() requires (!copyable<_It>)
-      { return std::move(_M_begin); }
-
-      constexpr _Sent end() const { return _M_end; }
-
-      constexpr bool empty() const { return _M_begin == _M_end; }
-
-      constexpr __detail::__make_unsigned_like_t<iter_difference_t<_It>>
-      size() const requires (_Kind == subrange_kind::sized)
-      {
-       if constexpr (_S_store_size)
-         return _M_size._M_size;
-       else
-         return __detail::__to_unsigned_like(_M_end - _M_begin);
-      }
-
-      [[nodiscard]] constexpr subrange
-      next(iter_difference_t<_It> __n = 1) const &
-       requires forward_iterator<_It>
-      {
-       auto __tmp = *this;
-       __tmp.advance(__n);
-       return __tmp;
-      }
-
-      [[nodiscard]] constexpr subrange
-      next(iter_difference_t<_It> __n = 1) &&
-      {
-       advance(__n);
-       return std::move(*this);
-      }
-
-      [[nodiscard]] constexpr subrange
-      prev(iter_difference_t<_It> __n = 1) const
-       requires bidirectional_iterator<_It>
-      {
-       auto __tmp = *this;
-       __tmp.advance(-__n);
-       return __tmp;
-      }
-
-      constexpr subrange&
-      advance(iter_difference_t<_It> __n)
-      {
-       // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
-       // 3433. subrange::advance(n) has UB when n < 0
-       if constexpr (bidirectional_iterator<_It>)
-         if (__n < 0)
-           {
-             ranges::advance(_M_begin, __n);
-             if constexpr (_S_store_size)
-               _M_size._M_size += __detail::__to_unsigned_like(-__n);
-             return *this;
-           }
-
-       __glibcxx_assert(__n >= 0);
-       auto __d = __n - ranges::advance(_M_begin, __n, _M_end);
-       if constexpr (_S_store_size)
-         _M_size._M_size -= __detail::__to_unsigned_like(__d);
-       return *this;
-      }
-    };
-
-  template<input_or_output_iterator _It, sentinel_for<_It> _Sent>
-    subrange(_It, _Sent) -> subrange<_It, _Sent>;
-
-  template<input_or_output_iterator _It, sentinel_for<_It> _Sent>
-    subrange(_It, _Sent,
-            __detail::__make_unsigned_like_t<iter_difference_t<_It>>)
-      -> subrange<_It, _Sent, subrange_kind::sized>;
-
-  template<__detail::__iterator_sentinel_pair _Pr>
-    subrange(_Pr)
-      -> subrange<tuple_element_t<0, _Pr>, tuple_element_t<1, _Pr>>;
-
-  template<__detail::__iterator_sentinel_pair _Pr>
-    subrange(_Pr, __detail::__make_unsigned_like_t<iter_difference_t<
-                                                    tuple_element_t<0, _Pr>>>)
-      -> subrange<tuple_element_t<0, _Pr>, tuple_element_t<1, _Pr>,
-                 subrange_kind::sized>;
-
-  template<borrowed_range _Rng>
-    subrange(_Rng&&)
-      -> subrange<iterator_t<_Rng>, sentinel_t<_Rng>,
-                (sized_range<_Rng>
-                 || sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Rng>, iterator_t<_Rng>>)
-                ? subrange_kind::sized : subrange_kind::unsized>;
-
-  template<borrowed_range _Rng>
-    subrange(_Rng&&,
-            __detail::__make_unsigned_like_t<range_difference_t<_Rng>>)
-      -> subrange<iterator_t<_Rng>, sentinel_t<_Rng>, subrange_kind::sized>;
-
-  template<size_t _Num, class _It, class _Sent, subrange_kind _Kind>
-    requires (_Num < 2)
-    constexpr auto
-    get(const subrange<_It, _Sent, _Kind>& __r)
-    {
-      if constexpr (_Num == 0)
-       return __r.begin();
-      else
-       return __r.end();
-    }
-
-  template<size_t _Num, class _It, class _Sent, subrange_kind _Kind>
-    requires (_Num < 2)
-    constexpr auto
-    get(subrange<_It, _Sent, _Kind>&& __r)
-    {
-      if constexpr (_Num == 0)
-       return __r.begin();
-      else
-       return __r.end();
-    }
-
-  template<input_or_output_iterator _It, sentinel_for<_It> _Sent,
-          subrange_kind _Kind>
-    inline constexpr bool
-      enable_borrowed_range<subrange<_It, _Sent, _Kind>> = true;
-
-} // namespace ranges
-
-  using ranges::get;
-
-namespace ranges
-{
-  /// Type returned by algorithms instead of a dangling iterator or subrange.
-  struct dangling
-  {
-    constexpr dangling() noexcept = default;
-    template<typename... _Args>
-      constexpr dangling(_Args&&...) noexcept { }
-  };
+  // [range.access] customization point objects
+  // [range.req] range and view concepts
+  // [range.dangling] dangling iterator handling
+  // Defined in <bits/ranges_base.h>
 
-  template<range _Range>
-    using borrowed_iterator_t = conditional_t<borrowed_range<_Range>,
-                                             iterator_t<_Range>,
-                                             dangling>;
+  // [view.interface] View interface
+  // [range.subrange] Sub-ranges
+  // Defined in <bits/ranges_util.h>
 
-  template<range _Range>
-    using borrowed_subrange_t = conditional_t<borrowed_range<_Range>,
-                                             subrange<iterator_t<_Range>>,
-                                             dangling>;
+  // C++20 24.6 [range.factories] Range factories
 
+  /// A view that contains no elements.
   template<typename _Tp> requires is_object_v<_Tp>
     class empty_view
     : public view_interface<empty_view<_Tp>>
@@ -477,7 +90,10 @@ namespace ranges
 
   namespace __detail
   {
-    template<copy_constructible _Tp> requires is_object_v<_Tp>
+    template<typename _Tp>
+      concept __boxable = copy_constructible<_Tp> && is_object_v<_Tp>;
+
+    template<__boxable _Tp>
       struct __box : std::optional<_Tp>
       {
        using std::optional<_Tp>::optional;
@@ -496,31 +112,125 @@ namespace ranges
 
        // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
        // 3477. Simplify constraints for semiregular-box
-       __box&
+       // 3572. copyable-box should be fully constexpr
+       constexpr __box&
        operator=(const __box& __that)
        noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Tp>)
        requires (!copyable<_Tp>)
        {
-         if ((bool)__that)
-           this->emplace(*__that);
-         else
-           this->reset();
+         if (this != std::__addressof(__that))
+           {
+             if ((bool)__that)
+               this->emplace(*__that);
+             else
+               this->reset();
+           }
          return *this;
        }
 
-       __box&
+       constexpr __box&
        operator=(__box&& __that)
        noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Tp>)
        requires (!movable<_Tp>)
        {
-         if ((bool)__that)
-           this->emplace(std::move(*__that));
-         else
-           this->reset();
+         if (this != std::__addressof(__that))
+           {
+             if ((bool)__that)
+               this->emplace(std::move(*__that));
+             else
+               this->reset();
+           }
          return *this;
        }
       };
 
+    // For types which are already copyable, this specialization of the
+    // copyable wrapper stores the object directly without going through
+    // std::optional.  It provides just the subset of the primary template's
+    // API that we currently use.
+    template<__boxable _Tp>
+      requires copyable<_Tp> || (is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Tp>
+                                && is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Tp>)
+      struct __box<_Tp>
+      {
+      private:
+       [[no_unique_address]] _Tp _M_value = _Tp();
+
+      public:
+       __box() requires default_initializable<_Tp> = default;
+
+       constexpr explicit
+       __box(const _Tp& __t)
+       noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Tp>)
+       : _M_value(__t)
+       { }
+
+       constexpr explicit
+       __box(_Tp&& __t)
+       noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Tp>)
+       : _M_value(std::move(__t))
+       { }
+
+       template<typename... _Args>
+         requires constructible_from<_Tp, _Args...>
+         constexpr explicit
+         __box(in_place_t, _Args&&... __args)
+         noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Tp, _Args...>)
+         : _M_value(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...)
+         { }
+
+       __box(const __box&) = default;
+       __box(__box&&) = default;
+       __box& operator=(const __box&) requires copyable<_Tp> = default;
+       __box& operator=(__box&&) requires copyable<_Tp> = default;
+
+       // When _Tp is nothrow_copy_constructible but not copy_assignable,
+       // copy assignment is implemented via destroy-then-copy-construct.
+       constexpr __box&
+       operator=(const __box& __that) noexcept
+       {
+         static_assert(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Tp>);
+         if (this != std::__addressof(__that))
+           {
+             _M_value.~_Tp();
+             std::construct_at(std::__addressof(_M_value), *__that);
+           }
+         return *this;
+       }
+
+       // Likewise for move assignment.
+       constexpr __box&
+       operator=(__box&& __that) noexcept
+       {
+         static_assert(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Tp>);
+         if (this != std::__addressof(__that))
+           {
+             _M_value.~_Tp();
+             std::construct_at(std::__addressof(_M_value), std::move(*__that));
+           }
+         return *this;
+       }
+
+       constexpr bool
+       has_value() const noexcept
+       { return true; };
+
+       constexpr _Tp&
+       operator*() noexcept
+       { return _M_value; }
+
+       constexpr const _Tp&
+       operator*() const noexcept
+       { return _M_value; }
+
+       constexpr _Tp*
+       operator->() noexcept
+       { return std::__addressof(_M_value); }
+
+       constexpr const _Tp*
+       operator->() const noexcept
+       { return std::__addressof(_M_value); }
+      };
   } // namespace __detail
 
   /// A view that contains exactly one element.
@@ -528,22 +238,27 @@ namespace ranges
     class single_view : public view_interface<single_view<_Tp>>
     {
     public:
-      single_view() = default;
+      single_view() requires default_initializable<_Tp> = default;
 
       constexpr explicit
       single_view(const _Tp& __t)
+      noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Tp>)
       : _M_value(__t)
       { }
 
       constexpr explicit
       single_view(_Tp&& __t)
+      noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Tp>)
       : _M_value(std::move(__t))
       { }
 
+      // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
+      // 3428. single_view's in place constructor should be explicit
       template<typename... _Args>
        requires constructible_from<_Tp, _Args...>
-       constexpr
+       constexpr explicit
        single_view(in_place_t, _Args&&... __args)
+       noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Tp, _Args...>)
        : _M_value{in_place, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...}
        { }
 
@@ -576,9 +291,12 @@ namespace ranges
       { return _M_value.operator->(); }
 
     private:
-      __detail::__box<_Tp> _M_value;
+      [[no_unique_address]] __detail::__box<_Tp> _M_value;
     };
 
+  template<typename _Tp>
+    single_view(_Tp) -> single_view<_Tp>;
+
   namespace __detail
   {
     template<typename _Wp>
@@ -623,22 +341,29 @@ namespace ranges
          { __j - __j } -> convertible_to<__iota_diff_t<_It>>;
        };
 
+    template<typename _Winc>
+      struct __iota_view_iter_cat
+      { };
+
+    template<incrementable _Winc>
+      struct __iota_view_iter_cat<_Winc>
+      { using iterator_category = input_iterator_tag; };
   } // namespace __detail
 
   template<weakly_incrementable _Winc,
           semiregular _Bound = unreachable_sentinel_t>
     requires std::__detail::__weakly_eq_cmp_with<_Winc, _Bound>
-      && semiregular<_Winc>
+      && copyable<_Winc>
     class iota_view : public view_interface<iota_view<_Winc, _Bound>>
     {
     private:
       struct _Sentinel;
 
-      struct _Iterator
+      struct _Iterator : __detail::__iota_view_iter_cat<_Winc>
       {
       private:
        static auto
-       _S_iter_cat()
+       _S_iter_concept()
        {
          using namespace __detail;
          if constexpr (__advanceable<_Winc>)
@@ -652,11 +377,12 @@ namespace ranges
        }
 
       public:
-       using iterator_category = decltype(_S_iter_cat());
+       using iterator_concept = decltype(_S_iter_concept());
+       // iterator_category defined in __iota_view_iter_cat
        using value_type = _Winc;
        using difference_type = __detail::__iota_diff_t<_Winc>;
 
-       _Iterator() = default;
+       _Iterator() requires default_initializable<_Winc> = default;
 
        constexpr explicit
        _Iterator(_Winc __value)
@@ -776,7 +502,10 @@ namespace ranges
        friend constexpr _Iterator
        operator+(_Iterator __i, difference_type __n)
          requires __detail::__advanceable<_Winc>
-       { return __i += __n; }
+       {
+         __i += __n;
+         return __i;
+       }
 
        friend constexpr _Iterator
        operator+(difference_type __n, _Iterator __i)
@@ -786,7 +515,10 @@ namespace ranges
        friend constexpr _Iterator
        operator-(_Iterator __i, difference_type __n)
          requires __detail::__advanceable<_Winc>
-       { return __i -= __n; }
+       {
+         __i -= __n;
+         return __i;
+       }
 
        friend constexpr difference_type
        operator-(const _Iterator& __x, const _Iterator& __y)
@@ -811,6 +543,7 @@ namespace ranges
       private:
        _Winc _M_value = _Winc();
 
+       friend iota_view;
         friend _Sentinel;
       };
 
@@ -821,6 +554,10 @@ namespace ranges
        _M_equal(const _Iterator& __x) const
        { return __x._M_value == _M_bound; }
 
+       constexpr auto
+       _M_distance_from(const _Iterator& __x) const
+       { return _M_bound - __x._M_value; }
+
        _Bound _M_bound = _Bound();
 
       public:
@@ -837,19 +574,21 @@ namespace ranges
        friend constexpr iter_difference_t<_Winc>
        operator-(const _Iterator& __x, const _Sentinel& __y)
          requires sized_sentinel_for<_Bound, _Winc>
-       { return __x._M_value - __y._M_bound; }
+       { return -__y._M_distance_from(__x); }
 
        friend constexpr iter_difference_t<_Winc>
        operator-(const _Sentinel& __x, const _Iterator& __y)
          requires sized_sentinel_for<_Bound, _Winc>
-       { return -(__y - __x); }
+       { return __x._M_distance_from(__y); }
+
+       friend iota_view;
       };
 
       _Winc _M_value = _Winc();
-      _Bound _M_bound = _Bound();
+      [[no_unique_address]] _Bound _M_bound = _Bound();
 
     public:
-      iota_view() = default;
+      iota_view() requires default_initializable<_Winc> = default;
 
       constexpr explicit
       iota_view(_Winc __value)
@@ -865,6 +604,24 @@ namespace ranges
          __glibcxx_assert( bool(__value <= __bound) );
       }
 
+      constexpr
+      iota_view(_Iterator __first, _Iterator __last)
+       requires same_as<_Winc, _Bound>
+       : iota_view(__first._M_value, __last._M_value)
+      { }
+
+      constexpr
+      iota_view(_Iterator __first, unreachable_sentinel_t __last)
+       requires same_as<_Bound, unreachable_sentinel_t>
+       : iota_view(__first._M_value, __last)
+      { }
+
+      constexpr
+      iota_view(_Iterator __first, _Sentinel __last)
+       requires (!same_as<_Winc, _Bound>) && (!same_as<_Bound, unreachable_sentinel_t>)
+       : iota_view(__first._M_value, __last._M_bound)
+      { }
+
       constexpr _Iterator
       begin() const { return _Iterator{_M_value}; }
 
@@ -908,7 +665,7 @@ namespace ranges
            == __detail::__is_signed_integer_like<_Bound>))
     iota_view(_Winc, _Bound) -> iota_view<_Winc, _Bound>;
 
-  template<weakly_incrementable _Winc, semiregular _Bound>
+  template<typename _Winc, typename _Bound>
     inline constexpr bool
       enable_borrowed_range<iota_view<_Winc, _Bound>> = true;
 
@@ -920,9 +677,11 @@ namespace views
   struct _Single
   {
     template<typename _Tp>
+      [[nodiscard]]
       constexpr auto
       operator()(_Tp&& __e) const
-      { return single_view{std::forward<_Tp>(__e)}; }
+      noexcept(noexcept(single_view<decay_t<_Tp>>(std::forward<_Tp>(__e))))
+      { return single_view<decay_t<_Tp>>(std::forward<_Tp>(__e)); }
   };
 
   inline constexpr _Single single{};
@@ -930,19 +689,22 @@ namespace views
   struct _Iota
   {
     template<typename _Tp>
+      [[nodiscard]]
       constexpr auto
       operator()(_Tp&& __e) const
-      { return iota_view{std::forward<_Tp>(__e)}; }
+      { return iota_view(std::forward<_Tp>(__e)); }
 
     template<typename _Tp, typename _Up>
+      [[nodiscard]]
       constexpr auto
       operator()(_Tp&& __e, _Up&& __f) const
-      { return iota_view{std::forward<_Tp>(__e), std::forward<_Up>(__f)}; }
+      { return iota_view(std::forward<_Tp>(__e), std::forward<_Up>(__f)); }
   };
 
   inline constexpr _Iota iota{};
 } // namespace views
 
+#if _GLIBCXX_HOSTED
   namespace __detail
   {
     template<typename _Val, typename _CharT, typename _Traits>
@@ -950,15 +712,14 @@ namespace views
        = requires(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& is, _Val& t) { is >> t; };
   } // namespace __detail
 
-  template<movable _Val, typename _CharT, typename _Traits>
+  template<movable _Val, typename _CharT,
+          typename _Traits = char_traits<_CharT>>
     requires default_initializable<_Val>
       && __detail::__stream_extractable<_Val, _CharT, _Traits>
     class basic_istream_view
     : public view_interface<basic_istream_view<_Val, _CharT, _Traits>>
     {
     public:
-      basic_istream_view() = default;
-
       constexpr explicit
       basic_istream_view(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __stream)
        : _M_stream(std::__addressof(__stream))
@@ -967,9 +728,8 @@ namespace views
       constexpr auto
       begin()
       {
-       if (_M_stream != nullptr)
-         *_M_stream >> _M_object;
-       return _Iterator{*this};
+       *_M_stream >> _M_object;
+       return _Iterator{this};
       }
 
       constexpr default_sentinel_t
@@ -977,7 +737,7 @@ namespace views
       { return default_sentinel; }
 
     private:
-      basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>* _M_stream = nullptr;
+      basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>* _M_stream;
       _Val _M_object = _Val();
 
       struct _Iterator
@@ -987,11 +747,9 @@ namespace views
        using difference_type = ptrdiff_t;
        using value_type = _Val;
 
-       _Iterator() = default;
-
        constexpr explicit
-       _Iterator(basic_istream_view& __parent) noexcept
-         : _M_parent(std::__addressof(__parent))
+       _Iterator(basic_istream_view* __parent) noexcept
+         : _M_parent(__parent)
        { }
 
        _Iterator(const _Iterator&) = delete;
@@ -1002,7 +760,6 @@ namespace views
        _Iterator&
        operator++()
        {
-         __glibcxx_assert(_M_parent->_M_stream != nullptr);
          *_M_parent->_M_stream >> _M_parent->_M_object;
          return *this;
        }
@@ -1013,30 +770,47 @@ namespace views
 
        _Val&
        operator*() const
-       {
-         __glibcxx_assert(_M_parent->_M_stream != nullptr);
-         return _M_parent->_M_object;
-       }
+       { return _M_parent->_M_object; }
 
        friend bool
        operator==(const _Iterator& __x, default_sentinel_t)
        { return __x._M_at_end(); }
 
       private:
-       basic_istream_view* _M_parent = nullptr;
+       basic_istream_view* _M_parent;
 
        bool
        _M_at_end() const
-       { return _M_parent == nullptr || !*_M_parent->_M_stream; }
+       { return !*_M_parent->_M_stream; }
       };
 
       friend _Iterator;
     };
 
-  template<typename _Val, typename _CharT, typename _Traits>
-    basic_istream_view<_Val, _CharT, _Traits>
-    istream_view(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __s)
-    { return basic_istream_view<_Val, _CharT, _Traits>{__s}; }
+  template<typename _Val>
+    using istream_view = basic_istream_view<_Val, char>;
+
+  template<typename _Val>
+    using wistream_view = basic_istream_view<_Val, wchar_t>;
+
+namespace views
+{
+  template<typename _Tp>
+    struct _Istream
+    {
+      template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits>
+       [[nodiscard]]
+       constexpr auto
+       operator()(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __e) const
+       { return basic_istream_view<_Tp, _CharT, _Traits>(__e); }
+    };
+
+  template<typename _Tp>
+    inline constexpr _Istream<_Tp> istream;
+}
+#endif // HOSTED
+
+  // C++20 24.7 [range.adaptors] Range adaptors
 
 namespace __detail
 {
@@ -1047,195 +821,300 @@ namespace __detail
   // Data members using this alias should use [[no_unique_address]] so that
   // they take no space when not needed.
   template<bool _Present, typename _Tp>
-    using __maybe_present_t = conditional_t<_Present, _Tp, _Empty>;
+    using __maybe_present_t = __conditional_t<_Present, _Tp, _Empty>;
 
   // Alias for a type that is conditionally const.
   template<bool _Const, typename _Tp>
-    using __maybe_const_t = conditional_t<_Const, const _Tp, _Tp>;
+    using __maybe_const_t = __conditional_t<_Const, const _Tp, _Tp>;
 
 } // namespace __detail
 
-namespace views
+namespace views::__adaptor
 {
-  namespace __adaptor
+  // True if the range adaptor _Adaptor can be applied with _Args.
+  template<typename _Adaptor, typename... _Args>
+    concept __adaptor_invocable
+      = requires { std::declval<_Adaptor>()(declval<_Args>()...); };
+
+  // True if the range adaptor non-closure _Adaptor can be partially applied
+  // with _Args.
+  template<typename _Adaptor, typename... _Args>
+    concept __adaptor_partial_app_viable = (_Adaptor::_S_arity > 1)
+      && (sizeof...(_Args) == _Adaptor::_S_arity - 1)
+      && (constructible_from<decay_t<_Args>, _Args> && ...);
+
+  template<typename _Adaptor, typename... _Args>
+    struct _Partial;
+
+  template<typename _Lhs, typename _Rhs>
+    struct _Pipe;
+
+  // The base class of every range adaptor closure.
+  //
+  // The derived class should define the optional static data member
+  // _S_has_simple_call_op to true if the behavior of this adaptor is
+  // independent of the constness/value category of the adaptor object.
+  struct _RangeAdaptorClosure
   {
-    template<typename _Tp>
-      inline constexpr auto
-      __maybe_refwrap(_Tp& __arg)
-      { return reference_wrapper<_Tp>{__arg}; }
-
-    template<typename _Tp>
-      inline constexpr auto
-      __maybe_refwrap(const _Tp& __arg)
-      { return reference_wrapper<const _Tp>{__arg}; }
-
-    template<typename _Tp>
-      inline constexpr decltype(auto)
-      __maybe_refwrap(_Tp&& __arg)
-      { return std::forward<_Tp>(__arg); }
-
-    template<typename _Callable>
-      struct _RangeAdaptorClosure;
+    // range | adaptor is equivalent to adaptor(range).
+    template<typename _Self, typename _Range>
+      requires derived_from<remove_cvref_t<_Self>, _RangeAdaptorClosure>
+       && __adaptor_invocable<_Self, _Range>
+      friend constexpr auto
+      operator|(_Range&& __r, _Self&& __self)
+      { return std::forward<_Self>(__self)(std::forward<_Range>(__r)); }
+
+    // Compose the adaptors __lhs and __rhs into a pipeline, returning
+    // another range adaptor closure object.
+    template<typename _Lhs, typename _Rhs>
+      requires derived_from<_Lhs, _RangeAdaptorClosure>
+       && derived_from<_Rhs, _RangeAdaptorClosure>
+      friend constexpr auto
+      operator|(_Lhs __lhs, _Rhs __rhs)
+      { return _Pipe<_Lhs, _Rhs>{std::move(__lhs), std::move(__rhs)}; }
+  };
 
-    template<typename _Callable>
-      struct _RangeAdaptor
-      {
-      protected:
-       [[no_unique_address]]
-         __detail::__maybe_present_t<!is_default_constructible_v<_Callable>,
-                                     _Callable> _M_callable;
+  // The base class of every range adaptor non-closure.
+  //
+  // The static data member _Derived::_S_arity must contain the total number of
+  // arguments that the adaptor takes, and the class _Derived must introduce
+  // _RangeAdaptor::operator() into the class scope via a using-declaration.
+  //
+  // The optional static data member _Derived::_S_has_simple_extra_args should
+  // be defined to true if the behavior of this adaptor is independent of the
+  // constness/value category of the extra arguments.  This data member could
+  // also be defined as a variable template parameterized by the types of the
+  // extra arguments.
+  template<typename _Derived>
+    struct _RangeAdaptor
+    {
+      // Partially apply the arguments __args to the range adaptor _Derived,
+      // returning a range adaptor closure object.
+      template<typename... _Args>
+       requires __adaptor_partial_app_viable<_Derived, _Args...>
+       constexpr auto
+       operator()(_Args&&... __args) const
+       {
+         return _Partial<_Derived, decay_t<_Args>...>{std::forward<_Args>(__args)...};
+       }
+    };
 
-      public:
-       constexpr
-       _RangeAdaptor(const _Callable& = {})
-         requires is_default_constructible_v<_Callable>
-       { }
+  // True if the range adaptor closure _Adaptor has a simple operator(), i.e.
+  // one that's not overloaded according to constness or value category of the
+  // _Adaptor object.
+  template<typename _Adaptor>
+    concept __closure_has_simple_call_op = _Adaptor::_S_has_simple_call_op;
+
+  // True if the behavior of the range adaptor non-closure _Adaptor is
+  // independent of the value category of its extra arguments _Args.
+  template<typename _Adaptor, typename... _Args>
+    concept __adaptor_has_simple_extra_args = _Adaptor::_S_has_simple_extra_args
+      || _Adaptor::template _S_has_simple_extra_args<_Args...>;
+
+  // A range adaptor closure that represents partial application of
+  // the range adaptor _Adaptor with arguments _Args.
+  template<typename _Adaptor, typename... _Args>
+    struct _Partial : _RangeAdaptorClosure
+    {
+      tuple<_Args...> _M_args;
 
-       constexpr
-       _RangeAdaptor(_Callable __callable)
-         requires (!is_default_constructible_v<_Callable>)
-         : _M_callable(std::move(__callable))
-       { }
+      constexpr
+      _Partial(_Args... __args)
+       : _M_args(std::move(__args)...)
+      { }
 
-       template<typename... _Args>
-         requires (sizeof...(_Args) >= 1)
-         constexpr auto
-         operator()(_Args&&... __args) const
-         {
-           // [range.adaptor.object]: If a range adaptor object accepts more
-           // than one argument, then the following expressions are equivalent:
-           //
-           //   (1) adaptor(range, args...)
-           //   (2) adaptor(args...)(range)
-           //   (3) range | adaptor(args...)
-           //
-           // In this case, adaptor(args...) is a range adaptor closure object.
-           //
-           // We handle (1) and (2) here, and (3) is just a special case of a
-           // more general case already handled by _RangeAdaptorClosure.
-           if constexpr (is_invocable_v<_Callable, _Args...>)
-             {
-               static_assert(sizeof...(_Args) != 1,
-                             "a _RangeAdaptor that accepts only one argument "
-                             "should be defined as a _RangeAdaptorClosure");
-               // Here we handle adaptor(range, args...) -- just forward all
-               // arguments to the underlying adaptor routine.
-               return _Callable{}(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
-             }
-           else
-             {
-               // Here we handle adaptor(args...)(range).
-               // Given args..., we return a _RangeAdaptorClosure that takes a
-               // range argument, such that (2) is equivalent to (1).
-               //
-               // We need to be careful about how we capture args... in this
-               // closure.  By using __maybe_refwrap, we capture lvalue
-               // references by reference (through a reference_wrapper) and
-               // otherwise capture by value.
-               auto __closure
-                 = [...__args(__maybe_refwrap(std::forward<_Args>(__args)))]
-                   <typename _Range> (_Range&& __r) {
-                     // This static_cast has two purposes: it forwards a
-                     // reference_wrapper<T> capture as a T&, and otherwise
-                     // forwards the captured argument as an rvalue.
-                     return _Callable{}(std::forward<_Range>(__r),
-                              (static_cast<unwrap_reference_t
-                                           <remove_const_t<decltype(__args)>>>
-                               (__args))...);
-                   };
-               using _ClosureType = decltype(__closure);
-               return _RangeAdaptorClosure<_ClosureType>(std::move(__closure));
-             }
-         }
-      };
+      // Invoke _Adaptor with arguments __r, _M_args... according to the
+      // value category of this _Partial object.
+      template<typename _Range>
+       requires __adaptor_invocable<_Adaptor, _Range, const _Args&...>
+       constexpr auto
+       operator()(_Range&& __r) const &
+       {
+         auto __forwarder = [&__r] (const auto&... __args) {
+           return _Adaptor{}(std::forward<_Range>(__r), __args...);
+         };
+         return std::apply(__forwarder, _M_args);
+       }
 
-    template<typename _Callable>
-      _RangeAdaptor(_Callable) -> _RangeAdaptor<_Callable>;
+      template<typename _Range>
+       requires __adaptor_invocable<_Adaptor, _Range, _Args...>
+       constexpr auto
+       operator()(_Range&& __r) &&
+       {
+         auto __forwarder = [&__r] (auto&... __args) {
+           return _Adaptor{}(std::forward<_Range>(__r), std::move(__args)...);
+         };
+         return std::apply(__forwarder, _M_args);
+       }
 
-    template<typename _Callable>
-      struct _RangeAdaptorClosure : public _RangeAdaptor<_Callable>
-      {
-       using _RangeAdaptor<_Callable>::_RangeAdaptor;
+      template<typename _Range>
+       constexpr auto
+       operator()(_Range&& __r) const && = delete;
+    };
 
-       template<viewable_range _Range>
-         requires requires { declval<_Callable>()(declval<_Range>()); }
-         constexpr auto
-         operator()(_Range&& __r) const
-         {
-           if constexpr (is_default_constructible_v<_Callable>)
-             return _Callable{}(std::forward<_Range>(__r));
-           else
-             return this->_M_callable(std::forward<_Range>(__r));
-         }
+  // A lightweight specialization of the above primary template for
+  // the common case where _Adaptor accepts a single extra argument.
+  template<typename _Adaptor, typename _Arg>
+    struct _Partial<_Adaptor, _Arg> : _RangeAdaptorClosure
+    {
+      _Arg _M_arg;
 
-       template<viewable_range _Range>
-         requires requires { declval<_Callable>()(declval<_Range>()); }
-         friend constexpr auto
-         operator|(_Range&& __r, const _RangeAdaptorClosure& __o)
-         { return __o(std::forward<_Range>(__r)); }
+      constexpr
+      _Partial(_Arg __arg)
+       : _M_arg(std::move(__arg))
+      { }
 
-       template<typename _Tp>
-         friend constexpr auto
-         operator|(const _RangeAdaptorClosure<_Tp>& __x,
-                   const _RangeAdaptorClosure& __y)
-         {
-           if constexpr (is_default_constructible_v<_Tp>
-                         && is_default_constructible_v<_Callable>)
-             {
-               auto __closure = [] <typename _Up> (_Up&& __e) {
-                 return std::forward<_Up>(__e) | decltype(__x){} | decltype(__y){};
-               };
-               return _RangeAdaptorClosure<decltype(__closure)>(__closure);
-             }
-           else if constexpr (is_default_constructible_v<_Tp>
-                              && !is_default_constructible_v<_Callable>)
-             {
-               auto __closure = [__y] <typename _Up> (_Up&& __e) {
-                 return std::forward<_Up>(__e) | decltype(__x){} | __y;
-               };
-               return _RangeAdaptorClosure<decltype(__closure)>(__closure);
-             }
-           else if constexpr (!is_default_constructible_v<_Tp>
-                              && is_default_constructible_v<_Callable>)
-             {
-               auto __closure = [__x] <typename _Up> (_Up&& __e) {
-                 return std::forward<_Up>(__e) | __x | decltype(__y){};
-               };
-               return _RangeAdaptorClosure<decltype(__closure)>(__closure);
-             }
-           else
-             {
-               auto __closure = [__x, __y] <typename _Up> (_Up&& __e) {
-                 return std::forward<_Up>(__e) | __x | __y;
-               };
-               return _RangeAdaptorClosure<decltype(__closure)>(__closure);
-             }
-         }
-      };
+      template<typename _Range>
+       requires __adaptor_invocable<_Adaptor, _Range, const _Arg&>
+       constexpr auto
+       operator()(_Range&& __r) const &
+       { return _Adaptor{}(std::forward<_Range>(__r), _M_arg); }
+
+      template<typename _Range>
+       requires __adaptor_invocable<_Adaptor, _Range, _Arg>
+       constexpr auto
+       operator()(_Range&& __r) &&
+       { return _Adaptor{}(std::forward<_Range>(__r), std::move(_M_arg)); }
+
+      template<typename _Range>
+       constexpr auto
+       operator()(_Range&& __r) const && = delete;
+    };
 
-    template<typename _Callable>
-      _RangeAdaptorClosure(_Callable) -> _RangeAdaptorClosure<_Callable>;
-  } // namespace __adaptor
-} // namespace views
+  // Partial specialization of the primary template for the case where the extra
+  // arguments of the adaptor can always be safely and efficiently forwarded by
+  // const reference.  This lets us get away with a single operator() overload,
+  // which makes overload resolution failure diagnostics more concise.
+  template<typename _Adaptor, typename... _Args>
+    requires __adaptor_has_simple_extra_args<_Adaptor, _Args...>
+      && (is_trivially_copyable_v<_Args> && ...)
+    struct _Partial<_Adaptor, _Args...> : _RangeAdaptorClosure
+    {
+      tuple<_Args...> _M_args;
+
+      constexpr
+      _Partial(_Args... __args)
+       : _M_args(std::move(__args)...)
+      { }
+
+      // Invoke _Adaptor with arguments __r, const _M_args&... regardless
+      // of the value category of this _Partial object.
+      template<typename _Range>
+       requires __adaptor_invocable<_Adaptor, _Range, const _Args&...>
+       constexpr auto
+       operator()(_Range&& __r) const
+       {
+         auto __forwarder = [&__r] (const auto&... __args) {
+           return _Adaptor{}(std::forward<_Range>(__r), __args...);
+         };
+         return std::apply(__forwarder, _M_args);
+       }
+
+      static constexpr bool _S_has_simple_call_op = true;
+    };
+
+  // A lightweight specialization of the above template for the common case
+  // where _Adaptor accepts a single extra argument.
+  template<typename _Adaptor, typename _Arg>
+    requires __adaptor_has_simple_extra_args<_Adaptor, _Arg>
+      && is_trivially_copyable_v<_Arg>
+    struct _Partial<_Adaptor, _Arg> : _RangeAdaptorClosure
+    {
+      _Arg _M_arg;
+
+      constexpr
+      _Partial(_Arg __arg)
+       : _M_arg(std::move(__arg))
+      { }
+
+      template<typename _Range>
+       requires __adaptor_invocable<_Adaptor, _Range, const _Arg&>
+       constexpr auto
+       operator()(_Range&& __r) const
+       { return _Adaptor{}(std::forward<_Range>(__r), _M_arg); }
+
+      static constexpr bool _S_has_simple_call_op = true;
+    };
+
+  template<typename _Lhs, typename _Rhs, typename _Range>
+    concept __pipe_invocable
+      = requires { std::declval<_Rhs>()(std::declval<_Lhs>()(std::declval<_Range>())); };
+
+  // A range adaptor closure that represents composition of the range
+  // adaptor closures _Lhs and _Rhs.
+  template<typename _Lhs, typename _Rhs>
+    struct _Pipe : _RangeAdaptorClosure
+    {
+      [[no_unique_address]] _Lhs _M_lhs;
+      [[no_unique_address]] _Rhs _M_rhs;
+
+      constexpr
+      _Pipe(_Lhs __lhs, _Rhs __rhs)
+       : _M_lhs(std::move(__lhs)), _M_rhs(std::move(__rhs))
+      { }
+
+      // Invoke _M_rhs(_M_lhs(__r)) according to the value category of this
+      // range adaptor closure object.
+      template<typename _Range>
+       requires __pipe_invocable<const _Lhs&, const _Rhs&, _Range>
+       constexpr auto
+       operator()(_Range&& __r) const &
+       { return _M_rhs(_M_lhs(std::forward<_Range>(__r))); }
+
+      template<typename _Range>
+       requires __pipe_invocable<_Lhs, _Rhs, _Range>
+       constexpr auto
+       operator()(_Range&& __r) &&
+       { return std::move(_M_rhs)(std::move(_M_lhs)(std::forward<_Range>(__r))); }
+
+      template<typename _Range>
+       constexpr auto
+       operator()(_Range&& __r) const && = delete;
+    };
+
+  // A partial specialization of the above primary template for the case where
+  // both adaptor operands have a simple operator().  This in turn lets us
+  // implement composition using a single simple operator(), which makes
+  // overload resolution failure diagnostics more concise.
+  template<typename _Lhs, typename _Rhs>
+    requires __closure_has_simple_call_op<_Lhs>
+      && __closure_has_simple_call_op<_Rhs>
+    struct _Pipe<_Lhs, _Rhs> : _RangeAdaptorClosure
+    {
+      [[no_unique_address]] _Lhs _M_lhs;
+      [[no_unique_address]] _Rhs _M_rhs;
+
+      constexpr
+      _Pipe(_Lhs __lhs, _Rhs __rhs)
+       : _M_lhs(std::move(__lhs)), _M_rhs(std::move(__rhs))
+      { }
+
+      template<typename _Range>
+       requires __pipe_invocable<const _Lhs&, const _Rhs&, _Range>
+       constexpr auto
+       operator()(_Range&& __r) const
+       { return _M_rhs(_M_lhs(std::forward<_Range>(__r))); }
+
+      static constexpr bool _S_has_simple_call_op = true;
+    };
+} // namespace views::__adaptor
 
   template<range _Range> requires is_object_v<_Range>
     class ref_view : public view_interface<ref_view<_Range>>
     {
     private:
-      _Range* _M_r = nullptr;
+      _Range* _M_r;
 
       static void _S_fun(_Range&); // not defined
       static void _S_fun(_Range&&) = delete;
 
     public:
-      constexpr
-      ref_view() noexcept = default;
-
-      template<__detail::__not_same_as<ref_view> _Tp>
+      template<__detail::__different_from<ref_view> _Tp>
        requires convertible_to<_Tp, _Range&>
          && requires { _S_fun(declval<_Tp>()); }
        constexpr
        ref_view(_Tp&& __t)
+       noexcept(noexcept(static_cast<_Range&>(std::declval<_Tp>())))
          : _M_r(std::__addressof(static_cast<_Range&>(std::forward<_Tp>(__t))))
        { }
 
@@ -1270,89 +1149,210 @@ namespace views
   template<typename _Tp>
     inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<ref_view<_Tp>> = true;
 
+  template<range _Range>
+    requires movable<_Range>
+      && (!__detail::__is_initializer_list<remove_cv_t<_Range>>)
+    class owning_view : public view_interface<owning_view<_Range>>
+    {
+    private:
+      _Range _M_r = _Range();
+
+    public:
+      owning_view() requires default_initializable<_Range> = default;
+
+      constexpr
+      owning_view(_Range&& __t)
+      noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Range>)
+       : _M_r(std::move(__t))
+      { }
+
+      owning_view(owning_view&&) = default;
+      owning_view& operator=(owning_view&&) = default;
+
+      constexpr _Range&
+      base() & noexcept
+      { return _M_r; }
+
+      constexpr const _Range&
+      base() const& noexcept
+      { return _M_r; }
+
+      constexpr _Range&&
+      base() && noexcept
+      { return std::move(_M_r); }
+
+      constexpr const _Range&&
+      base() const&& noexcept
+      { return std::move(_M_r); }
+
+      constexpr iterator_t<_Range>
+      begin()
+      { return ranges::begin(_M_r); }
+
+      constexpr sentinel_t<_Range>
+      end()
+      { return ranges::end(_M_r); }
+
+      constexpr auto
+      begin() const requires range<const _Range>
+      { return ranges::begin(_M_r); }
+
+      constexpr auto
+      end() const requires range<const _Range>
+      { return ranges::end(_M_r); }
+
+      constexpr bool
+      empty() requires requires { ranges::empty(_M_r); }
+      { return ranges::empty(_M_r); }
+
+      constexpr bool
+      empty() const requires requires { ranges::empty(_M_r); }
+      { return ranges::empty(_M_r); }
+
+      constexpr auto
+      size() requires sized_range<_Range>
+      { return ranges::size(_M_r); }
+
+      constexpr auto
+      size() const requires sized_range<const _Range>
+      { return ranges::size(_M_r); }
+
+      constexpr auto
+      data() requires contiguous_range<_Range>
+      { return ranges::data(_M_r); }
+
+      constexpr auto
+      data() const requires contiguous_range<const _Range>
+      { return ranges::data(_M_r); }
+    };
+
+  template<typename _Tp>
+    inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<owning_view<_Tp>>
+      = enable_borrowed_range<_Tp>;
+
   namespace views
   {
-    inline constexpr __adaptor::_RangeAdaptorClosure all
-      = [] <viewable_range _Range> (_Range&& __r)
-      {
-       if constexpr (view<decay_t<_Range>>)
-         return std::forward<_Range>(__r);
-       else if constexpr (requires { ref_view{std::forward<_Range>(__r)}; })
-         return ref_view{std::forward<_Range>(__r)};
-       else
-         return subrange{std::forward<_Range>(__r)};
-      };
+    namespace __detail
+    {
+      template<typename _Range>
+       concept __can_ref_view = requires { ref_view{std::declval<_Range>()}; };
+
+      template<typename _Range>
+       concept __can_owning_view = requires { owning_view{std::declval<_Range>()}; };
+    } // namespace __detail
+
+    struct _All : __adaptor::_RangeAdaptorClosure
+    {
+      template<typename _Range>
+       static constexpr bool
+       _S_noexcept()
+       {
+         if constexpr (view<decay_t<_Range>>)
+           return is_nothrow_constructible_v<decay_t<_Range>, _Range>;
+         else if constexpr (__detail::__can_ref_view<_Range>)
+           return true;
+         else
+           return noexcept(owning_view{std::declval<_Range>()});
+       }
+
+      template<viewable_range _Range>
+       requires view<decay_t<_Range>>
+         || __detail::__can_ref_view<_Range>
+         || __detail::__can_owning_view<_Range>
+       constexpr auto
+       operator() [[nodiscard]] (_Range&& __r) const
+       noexcept(_S_noexcept<_Range>())
+       {
+         if constexpr (view<decay_t<_Range>>)
+           return std::forward<_Range>(__r);
+         else if constexpr (__detail::__can_ref_view<_Range>)
+           return ref_view{std::forward<_Range>(__r)};
+         else
+           return owning_view{std::forward<_Range>(__r)};
+       }
+
+      static constexpr bool _S_has_simple_call_op = true;
+    };
+
+    inline constexpr _All all;
 
     template<viewable_range _Range>
       using all_t = decltype(all(std::declval<_Range>()));
-
   } // namespace views
 
-  // XXX: the following algos are copied from ranges_algo.h to avoid a circular
-  // dependency with that header.
   namespace __detail
   {
-    template<input_iterator _Iter, sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent,
-            typename _Proj = identity,
-            indirect_unary_predicate<projected<_Iter, _Proj>> _Pred>
-      constexpr _Iter
-      find_if(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _Pred __pred, _Proj __proj = {})
+    template<typename _Tp>
+      struct __non_propagating_cache
       {
-       while (__first != __last
-           && !(bool)std::__invoke(__pred, std::__invoke(__proj, *__first)))
-         ++__first;
-       return __first;
-      }
+       // When _Tp is not an object type (e.g. is a reference type), we make
+       // __non_propagating_cache<_Tp> empty rather than ill-formed so that
+       // users can easily conditionally declare data members with this type
+       // (such as join_view::_M_inner).
+      };
 
-    template<input_iterator _Iter, sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent,
-            typename _Proj = identity,
-            indirect_unary_predicate<projected<_Iter, _Proj>> _Pred>
-      constexpr _Iter
-      find_if_not(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _Pred __pred, _Proj __proj = {})
+    template<typename _Tp>
+      requires is_object_v<_Tp>
+      struct __non_propagating_cache<_Tp>
+      : protected _Optional_base<_Tp>
       {
-       while (__first != __last
-           && (bool)std::__invoke(__pred, std::__invoke(__proj, *__first)))
-         ++__first;
-       return __first;
-      }
+       __non_propagating_cache() = default;
 
-    template<typename _Tp, typename _Proj = identity,
-            indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<const _Tp*, _Proj>>
-              _Comp = ranges::less>
-      constexpr const _Tp&
-      min(const _Tp& __a, const _Tp& __b, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {})
-      {
-       if (std::__invoke(std::move(__comp),
-                         std::__invoke(__proj, __b),
-                         std::__invoke(__proj, __a)))
-         return __b;
-       else
-         return __a;
-      }
+       constexpr
+       __non_propagating_cache(const __non_propagating_cache&) noexcept
+       { }
 
-    template<input_iterator _Iter1, sentinel_for<_Iter1> _Sent1,
-            input_iterator _Iter2, sentinel_for<_Iter2> _Sent2,
-            typename _Pred = ranges::equal_to,
-            typename _Proj1 = identity, typename _Proj2 = identity>
-      requires indirectly_comparable<_Iter1, _Iter2, _Pred, _Proj1, _Proj2>
-      constexpr pair<_Iter1, _Iter2>
-      mismatch(_Iter1 __first1, _Sent1 __last1, _Iter2 __first2, _Sent2 __last2,
-              _Pred __pred = {}, _Proj1 __proj1 = {}, _Proj2 __proj2 = {})
-      {
-       while (__first1 != __last1 && __first2 != __last2
-              && (bool)std::__invoke(__pred,
-                                     std::__invoke(__proj1, *__first1),
-                                     std::__invoke(__proj2, *__first2)))
+       constexpr
+       __non_propagating_cache(__non_propagating_cache&& __other) noexcept
+       { __other._M_reset(); }
+
+       constexpr __non_propagating_cache&
+       operator=(const __non_propagating_cache& __other) noexcept
+       {
+         if (std::__addressof(__other) != this)
+           this->_M_reset();
+         return *this;
+       }
+
+       constexpr __non_propagating_cache&
+       operator=(__non_propagating_cache&& __other) noexcept
        {
-         ++__first1;
-         ++__first2;
+         this->_M_reset();
+         __other._M_reset();
+         return *this;
        }
-       return { std::move(__first1), std::move(__first2) };
-      }
-  } // namespace __detail
 
-  namespace __detail
-  {
+       constexpr __non_propagating_cache&
+       operator=(_Tp __val)
+       {
+         this->_M_reset();
+         this->_M_payload._M_construct(std::move(__val));
+         return *this;
+       }
+
+       constexpr explicit
+       operator bool() const noexcept
+       { return this->_M_is_engaged(); }
+
+       constexpr _Tp&
+       operator*() noexcept
+       { return this->_M_get(); }
+
+       constexpr const _Tp&
+       operator*() const noexcept
+       { return this->_M_get(); }
+
+       template<typename _Iter>
+         constexpr _Tp&
+         _M_emplace_deref(const _Iter& __i)
+         {
+           this->_M_reset();
+           auto __f = [] (auto& __x) { return *__x; };
+           this->_M_payload._M_apply(_Optional_func{__f}, __i);
+           return this->_M_get();
+         }
+      };
+
     template<range _Range>
       struct _CachedPosition
       {
@@ -1364,7 +1364,7 @@ namespace views
        _M_get(const _Range&) const
        {
          __glibcxx_assert(false);
-         return {};
+         __builtin_unreachable();
        }
 
        constexpr void
@@ -1374,27 +1374,26 @@ namespace views
 
     template<forward_range _Range>
       struct _CachedPosition<_Range>
+       : protected __non_propagating_cache<iterator_t<_Range>>
       {
-      private:
-       iterator_t<_Range> _M_iter{};
-
-      public:
        constexpr bool
        _M_has_value() const
-       { return _M_iter != iterator_t<_Range>{}; }
+       { return this->_M_is_engaged(); }
 
        constexpr iterator_t<_Range>
        _M_get(const _Range&) const
        {
          __glibcxx_assert(_M_has_value());
-         return _M_iter;
+         return **this;
        }
 
        constexpr void
        _M_set(const _Range&, const iterator_t<_Range>& __it)
        {
          __glibcxx_assert(!_M_has_value());
-         _M_iter = __it;
+         std::construct_at(std::__addressof(this->_M_payload._M_payload),
+                           in_place, __it);
+         this->_M_payload._M_engaged = true;
        }
       };
 
@@ -1407,6 +1406,27 @@ namespace views
        range_difference_t<_Range> _M_offset = -1;
 
       public:
+       _CachedPosition() = default;
+
+       constexpr
+       _CachedPosition(const _CachedPosition&) = default;
+
+       constexpr
+       _CachedPosition(_CachedPosition&& __other) noexcept
+       { *this = std::move(__other); }
+
+       constexpr _CachedPosition&
+       operator=(const _CachedPosition&) = default;
+
+       constexpr _CachedPosition&
+       operator=(_CachedPosition&& __other) noexcept
+       {
+         // Propagate the cached offset, but invalidate the source.
+         _M_offset = __other._M_offset;
+         __other._M_offset = -1;
+         return *this;
+       }
+
        constexpr bool
        _M_has_value() const
        { return _M_offset >= 0; }
@@ -1425,7 +1445,32 @@ namespace views
          _M_offset = __it - ranges::begin(__r);
        }
       };
+  } // namespace __detail
+
+  namespace __detail
+  {
+    template<typename _Base>
+      struct __filter_view_iter_cat
+      { };
 
+    template<forward_range _Base>
+      struct __filter_view_iter_cat<_Base>
+      {
+      private:
+       static auto
+       _S_iter_cat()
+       {
+         using _Cat = typename iterator_traits<iterator_t<_Base>>::iterator_category;
+         if constexpr (derived_from<_Cat, bidirectional_iterator_tag>)
+           return bidirectional_iterator_tag{};
+         else if constexpr (derived_from<_Cat, forward_iterator_tag>)
+           return forward_iterator_tag{};
+         else
+           return _Cat{};
+       }
+      public:
+       using iterator_category = decltype(_S_iter_cat());
+      };
   } // namespace __detail
 
   template<input_range _Vp,
@@ -1436,7 +1481,7 @@ namespace views
     private:
       struct _Sentinel;
 
-      struct _Iterator
+      struct _Iterator : __detail::__filter_view_iter_cat<_Vp>
       {
       private:
        static constexpr auto
@@ -1450,18 +1495,6 @@ namespace views
            return input_iterator_tag{};
        }
 
-       static constexpr auto
-       _S_iter_cat()
-       {
-         using _Cat = typename iterator_traits<_Vp_iter>::iterator_category;
-         if constexpr (derived_from<_Cat, bidirectional_iterator_tag>)
-           return bidirectional_iterator_tag{};
-         else if constexpr (derived_from<_Cat, forward_iterator_tag>)
-           return forward_iterator_tag{};
-         else
-           return _Cat{};
-       }
-
        friend filter_view;
 
        using _Vp_iter = iterator_t<_Vp>;
@@ -1471,21 +1504,20 @@ namespace views
 
       public:
        using iterator_concept = decltype(_S_iter_concept());
-       using iterator_category = decltype(_S_iter_cat());
+       // iterator_category defined in __filter_view_iter_cat
        using value_type = range_value_t<_Vp>;
        using difference_type = range_difference_t<_Vp>;
 
-       _Iterator() = default;
+       _Iterator() requires default_initializable<_Vp_iter> = default;
 
        constexpr
-       _Iterator(filter_view& __parent, _Vp_iter __current)
+       _Iterator(filter_view* __parent, _Vp_iter __current)
          : _M_current(std::move(__current)),
-           _M_parent(std::__addressof(__parent))
+           _M_parent(__parent)
        { }
 
-       constexpr _Vp_iter
-       base() const &
-         requires copyable<_Vp_iter>
+       constexpr const _Vp_iter&
+       base() const & noexcept
        { return _M_current; }
 
        constexpr _Vp_iter
@@ -1505,9 +1537,9 @@ namespace views
        constexpr _Iterator&
        operator++()
        {
-         _M_current = __detail::find_if(std::move(++_M_current),
-                                        ranges::end(_M_parent->_M_base),
-                                        std::ref(*_M_parent->_M_pred));
+         _M_current = ranges::find_if(std::move(++_M_current),
+                                      ranges::end(_M_parent->_M_base),
+                                      std::ref(*_M_parent->_M_pred));
          return *this;
        }
 
@@ -1570,8 +1602,8 @@ namespace views
        _Sentinel() = default;
 
        constexpr explicit
-       _Sentinel(filter_view& __parent)
-         : _M_end(ranges::end(__parent._M_base))
+       _Sentinel(filter_view* __parent)
+         : _M_end(ranges::end(__parent->_M_base))
        { }
 
        constexpr sentinel_t<_Vp>
@@ -1584,11 +1616,13 @@ namespace views
       };
 
       _Vp _M_base = _Vp();
-      __detail::__box<_Pred> _M_pred;
+      [[no_unique_address]] __detail::__box<_Pred> _M_pred;
       [[no_unique_address]] __detail::_CachedPosition<_Vp> _M_cached_begin;
 
     public:
-      filter_view() = default;
+      filter_view() requires (default_initializable<_Vp>
+                             && default_initializable<_Pred>)
+       = default;
 
       constexpr
       filter_view(_Vp __base, _Pred __pred)
@@ -1611,23 +1645,23 @@ namespace views
       begin()
       {
        if (_M_cached_begin._M_has_value())
-         return {*this, _M_cached_begin._M_get(_M_base)};
+         return {this, _M_cached_begin._M_get(_M_base)};
 
        __glibcxx_assert(_M_pred.has_value());
-       auto __it = __detail::find_if(ranges::begin(_M_base),
-                                     ranges::end(_M_base),
-                                     std::ref(*_M_pred));
+       auto __it = ranges::find_if(ranges::begin(_M_base),
+                                   ranges::end(_M_base),
+                                   std::ref(*_M_pred));
        _M_cached_begin._M_set(_M_base, __it);
-       return {*this, std::move(__it)};
+       return {this, std::move(__it)};
       }
 
       constexpr auto
       end()
       {
        if constexpr (common_range<_Vp>)
-         return _Iterator{*this, ranges::end(_M_base)};
+         return _Iterator{this, ranges::end(_M_base)};
        else
-         return _Sentinel{*this};
+         return _Sentinel{this};
       }
     };
 
@@ -1636,11 +1670,29 @@ namespace views
 
   namespace views
   {
-    inline constexpr __adaptor::_RangeAdaptor filter
-      = [] <viewable_range _Range, typename _Pred> (_Range&& __r, _Pred&& __p)
-      {
-       return filter_view{std::forward<_Range>(__r), std::forward<_Pred>(__p)};
-      };
+    namespace __detail
+    {
+      template<typename _Range, typename _Pred>
+       concept __can_filter_view
+         = requires { filter_view(std::declval<_Range>(), std::declval<_Pred>()); };
+    } // namespace __detail
+
+    struct _Filter : __adaptor::_RangeAdaptor<_Filter>
+    {
+      template<viewable_range _Range, typename _Pred>
+       requires __detail::__can_filter_view<_Range, _Pred>
+       constexpr auto
+       operator() [[nodiscard]] (_Range&& __r, _Pred&& __p) const
+       {
+         return filter_view(std::forward<_Range>(__r), std::forward<_Pred>(__p));
+       }
+
+      using _RangeAdaptor<_Filter>::operator();
+      static constexpr int _S_arity = 2;
+      static constexpr bool _S_has_simple_extra_args = true;
+    };
+
+    inline constexpr _Filter filter;
   } // namespace views
 
   template<input_range _Vp, copy_constructible _Fp>
@@ -1652,36 +1704,26 @@ namespace views
     {
     private:
       template<bool _Const>
-       struct _Sentinel;
+       using _Base = __detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, _Vp>;
+
+      template<bool _Const>
+       struct __iter_cat
+       { };
 
       template<bool _Const>
-       struct _Iterator
+       requires forward_range<_Base<_Const>>
+       struct __iter_cat<_Const>
        {
        private:
-         using _Parent = __detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, transform_view>;
-         using _Base = __detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, _Vp>;
-
-         static constexpr auto
-         _S_iter_concept()
-         {
-           if constexpr (random_access_range<_Vp>)
-             return random_access_iterator_tag{};
-           else if constexpr (bidirectional_range<_Vp>)
-             return bidirectional_iterator_tag{};
-           else if constexpr (forward_range<_Vp>)
-             return forward_iterator_tag{};
-           else
-             return input_iterator_tag{};
-         }
-
-         static constexpr auto
-         _S_iter_cat()
+         static auto
+         _S_iter_cat()
          {
+           using _Base = transform_view::_Base<_Const>;
            using _Res = invoke_result_t<_Fp&, range_reference_t<_Base>>;
            if constexpr (is_lvalue_reference_v<_Res>)
              {
                using _Cat
-                 = typename iterator_traits<_Base_iter>::iterator_category;
+                 = typename iterator_traits<iterator_t<_Base>>::iterator_category;
                if constexpr (derived_from<_Cat, contiguous_iterator_tag>)
                  return random_access_iterator_tag{};
                else
@@ -1690,6 +1732,32 @@ namespace views
            else
              return input_iterator_tag{};
          }
+       public:
+         using iterator_category = decltype(_S_iter_cat());
+       };
+
+      template<bool _Const>
+       struct _Sentinel;
+
+      template<bool _Const>
+       struct _Iterator : __iter_cat<_Const>
+       {
+       private:
+         using _Parent = __detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, transform_view>;
+         using _Base = transform_view::_Base<_Const>;
+
+         static auto
+         _S_iter_concept()
+         {
+           if constexpr (random_access_range<_Base>)
+             return random_access_iterator_tag{};
+           else if constexpr (bidirectional_range<_Base>)
+             return bidirectional_iterator_tag{};
+           else if constexpr (forward_range<_Base>)
+             return forward_iterator_tag{};
+           else
+             return input_iterator_tag{};
+         }
 
          using _Base_iter = iterator_t<_Base>;
 
@@ -1698,17 +1766,17 @@ namespace views
 
        public:
          using iterator_concept = decltype(_S_iter_concept());
-         using iterator_category = decltype(_S_iter_cat());
+         // iterator_category defined in __transform_view_iter_cat
          using value_type
            = remove_cvref_t<invoke_result_t<_Fp&, range_reference_t<_Base>>>;
          using difference_type = range_difference_t<_Base>;
 
-         _Iterator() = default;
+         _Iterator() requires default_initializable<_Base_iter> = default;
 
          constexpr
-         _Iterator(_Parent& __parent, _Base_iter __current)
+         _Iterator(_Parent* __parent, _Base_iter __current)
            : _M_current(std::move(__current)),
-             _M_parent(std::__addressof(__parent))
+             _M_parent(__parent)
          { }
 
          constexpr
@@ -1718,9 +1786,8 @@ namespace views
            : _M_current(std::move(__i._M_current)), _M_parent(__i._M_parent)
          { }
 
-         constexpr _Base_iter
-         base() const &
-           requires copyable<_Base_iter>
+         constexpr const _Base_iter&
+         base() const & noexcept
          { return _M_current; }
 
          constexpr _Base_iter
@@ -1821,21 +1888,23 @@ namespace views
          friend constexpr _Iterator
          operator+(_Iterator __i, difference_type __n)
            requires random_access_range<_Base>
-         { return {*__i._M_parent, __i._M_current + __n}; }
+         { return {__i._M_parent, __i._M_current + __n}; }
 
          friend constexpr _Iterator
          operator+(difference_type __n, _Iterator __i)
            requires random_access_range<_Base>
-         { return {*__i._M_parent, __i._M_current + __n}; }
+         { return {__i._M_parent, __i._M_current + __n}; }
 
          friend constexpr _Iterator
          operator-(_Iterator __i, difference_type __n)
            requires random_access_range<_Base>
-         { return {*__i._M_parent, __i._M_current - __n}; }
+         { return {__i._M_parent, __i._M_current - __n}; }
 
+         // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
+         // 3483. transform_view::iterator's difference is overconstrained
          friend constexpr difference_type
          operator-(const _Iterator& __x, const _Iterator& __y)
-           requires random_access_range<_Base>
+           requires sized_sentinel_for<iterator_t<_Base>, iterator_t<_Base>>
          { return __x._M_current - __y._M_current; }
 
          friend constexpr decltype(auto)
@@ -1847,12 +1916,6 @@ namespace views
              return *__i;
          }
 
-         friend constexpr void
-         iter_swap(const _Iterator& __x, const _Iterator& __y)
-           noexcept(noexcept(ranges::iter_swap(__x._M_current, __y._M_current)))
-           requires indirectly_swappable<_Base_iter>
-         { return ranges::iter_swap(__x._M_current, __y._M_current); }
-
          friend _Iterator<!_Const>;
          template<bool> friend struct _Sentinel;
        };
@@ -1862,7 +1925,7 @@ namespace views
        {
        private:
          using _Parent = __detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, transform_view>;
-         using _Base = __detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, _Vp>;
+         using _Base = transform_view::_Base<_Const>;
 
          template<bool _Const2>
            constexpr auto
@@ -1920,10 +1983,12 @@ namespace views
        };
 
       _Vp _M_base = _Vp();
-      __detail::__box<_Fp> _M_fun;
+      [[no_unique_address]] __detail::__box<_Fp> _M_fun;
 
     public:
-      transform_view() = default;
+      transform_view() requires (default_initializable<_Vp>
+                                && default_initializable<_Fp>)
+       = default;
 
       constexpr
       transform_view(_Vp __base, _Fp __fun)
@@ -1940,13 +2005,13 @@ namespace views
 
       constexpr _Iterator<false>
       begin()
-      { return _Iterator<false>{*this, ranges::begin(_M_base)}; }
+      { return _Iterator<false>{this, ranges::begin(_M_base)}; }
 
       constexpr _Iterator<true>
       begin() const
        requires range<const _Vp>
          && regular_invocable<const _Fp&, range_reference_t<const _Vp>>
-      { return _Iterator<true>{*this, ranges::begin(_M_base)}; }
+      { return _Iterator<true>{this, ranges::begin(_M_base)}; }
 
       constexpr _Sentinel<false>
       end()
@@ -1954,7 +2019,7 @@ namespace views
 
       constexpr _Iterator<false>
       end() requires common_range<_Vp>
-      { return _Iterator<false>{*this, ranges::end(_M_base)}; }
+      { return _Iterator<false>{this, ranges::end(_M_base)}; }
 
       constexpr _Sentinel<true>
       end() const
@@ -1966,7 +2031,7 @@ namespace views
       end() const
        requires common_range<const _Vp>
          && regular_invocable<const _Fp&, range_reference_t<const _Vp>>
-      { return _Iterator<true>{*this, ranges::end(_M_base)}; }
+      { return _Iterator<true>{this, ranges::end(_M_base)}; }
 
       constexpr auto
       size() requires sized_range<_Vp>
@@ -1982,24 +2047,44 @@ namespace views
 
   namespace views
   {
-    inline constexpr __adaptor::_RangeAdaptor transform
-      = [] <viewable_range _Range, typename _Fp> (_Range&& __r, _Fp&& __f)
-      {
-       return transform_view{std::forward<_Range>(__r), std::forward<_Fp>(__f)};
-      };
+    namespace __detail
+    {
+      template<typename _Range, typename _Fp>
+       concept __can_transform_view
+         = requires { transform_view(std::declval<_Range>(), std::declval<_Fp>()); };
+    } // namespace __detail
+
+    struct _Transform : __adaptor::_RangeAdaptor<_Transform>
+    {
+      template<viewable_range _Range, typename _Fp>
+       requires __detail::__can_transform_view<_Range, _Fp>
+       constexpr auto
+       operator() [[nodiscard]] (_Range&& __r, _Fp&& __f) const
+       {
+         return transform_view(std::forward<_Range>(__r), std::forward<_Fp>(__f));
+       }
+
+      using _RangeAdaptor<_Transform>::operator();
+      static constexpr int _S_arity = 2;
+      static constexpr bool _S_has_simple_extra_args = true;
+    };
+
+    inline constexpr _Transform transform;
   } // namespace views
 
   template<view _Vp>
     class take_view : public view_interface<take_view<_Vp>>
     {
     private:
+      template<bool _Const>
+       using _CI = counted_iterator<
+         iterator_t<__detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, _Vp>>>;
+
       template<bool _Const>
        struct _Sentinel
        {
        private:
          using _Base = __detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, _Vp>;
-         using _CI = counted_iterator<iterator_t<_Base>>;
-
          sentinel_t<_Base> _M_end = sentinel_t<_Base>();
 
        public:
@@ -2020,7 +2105,15 @@ namespace views
          base() const
          { return _M_end; }
 
-         friend constexpr bool operator==(const _CI& __y, const _Sentinel& __x)
+         friend constexpr bool
+         operator==(const _CI<_Const>& __y, const _Sentinel& __x)
+         { return __y.count() == 0 || __y.base() == __x._M_end; }
+
+         template<bool _OtherConst = !_Const,
+                  typename _Base2 = __detail::__maybe_const_t<_OtherConst, _Vp>>
+           requires sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Base>, iterator_t<_Base2>>
+         friend constexpr bool
+         operator==(const _CI<_OtherConst>& __y, const _Sentinel& __x)
          { return __y.count() == 0 || __y.base() == __x._M_end; }
 
          friend _Sentinel<!_Const>;
@@ -2030,11 +2123,11 @@ namespace views
       range_difference_t<_Vp> _M_count = 0;
 
     public:
-      take_view() = default;
+      take_view() requires default_initializable<_Vp> = default;
 
       constexpr
-      take_view(_Vp base, range_difference_t<_Vp> __count)
-       : _M_base(std::move(base)), _M_count(std::move(__count))
+      take_view(_Vp __base, range_difference_t<_Vp> __count)
+       : _M_base(std::move(__base)), _M_count(std::move(__count))
       { }
 
       constexpr _Vp
@@ -2055,11 +2148,11 @@ namespace views
            else
              {
                auto __sz = size();
-               return counted_iterator{ranges::begin(_M_base), __sz};
+               return counted_iterator(ranges::begin(_M_base), __sz);
              }
          }
        else
-         return counted_iterator{ranges::begin(_M_base), _M_count};
+         return counted_iterator(ranges::begin(_M_base), _M_count);
       }
 
       constexpr auto
@@ -2072,11 +2165,11 @@ namespace views
            else
              {
                auto __sz = size();
-               return counted_iterator{ranges::begin(_M_base), __sz};
+               return counted_iterator(ranges::begin(_M_base), __sz);
              }
          }
        else
-         return counted_iterator{ranges::begin(_M_base), _M_count};
+         return counted_iterator(ranges::begin(_M_base), _M_count);
       }
 
       constexpr auto
@@ -2111,28 +2204,108 @@ namespace views
       size() requires sized_range<_Vp>
       {
        auto __n = ranges::size(_M_base);
-       return __detail::min(__n, static_cast<decltype(__n)>(_M_count));
+       return std::min(__n, static_cast<decltype(__n)>(_M_count));
       }
 
       constexpr auto
       size() const requires sized_range<const _Vp>
       {
        auto __n = ranges::size(_M_base);
-       return __detail::min(__n, static_cast<decltype(__n)>(_M_count));
+       return std::min(__n, static_cast<decltype(__n)>(_M_count));
       }
     };
 
-  template<range _Range>
+  // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
+  // 3447. Deduction guides for take_view and drop_view have different
+  // constraints
+  template<typename _Range>
     take_view(_Range&&, range_difference_t<_Range>)
       -> take_view<views::all_t<_Range>>;
 
+  template<typename _Tp>
+    inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<take_view<_Tp>>
+      = enable_borrowed_range<_Tp>;
+
   namespace views
   {
-    inline constexpr __adaptor::_RangeAdaptor take
-      = [] <viewable_range _Range, typename _Tp> (_Range&& __r, _Tp&& __n)
-      {
-       return take_view{std::forward<_Range>(__r), std::forward<_Tp>(__n)};
-      };
+    namespace __detail
+    {
+      template<typename _Range>
+       inline constexpr bool __is_empty_view = false;
+
+      template<typename _Tp>
+       inline constexpr bool __is_empty_view<empty_view<_Tp>> = true;
+
+      template<typename _Range>
+       inline constexpr bool __is_basic_string_view = false;
+
+#if _GLIBCXX_HOSTED
+      template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits>
+       inline constexpr bool __is_basic_string_view<basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>>
+         = true;
+#endif
+
+      template<typename _Range>
+       inline constexpr bool __is_subrange = false;
+
+      template<typename _Iter, typename _Sent, subrange_kind _Kind>
+       inline constexpr bool __is_subrange<subrange<_Iter, _Sent, _Kind>> = true;
+
+      template<typename _Range>
+       inline constexpr bool __is_iota_view = false;
+
+      template<typename _Winc, typename _Bound>
+       inline constexpr bool __is_iota_view<iota_view<_Winc, _Bound>> = true;
+
+      template<typename _Range, typename _Dp>
+       concept __can_take_view
+         = requires { take_view(std::declval<_Range>(), std::declval<_Dp>()); };
+    } // namespace __detail
+
+    struct _Take : __adaptor::_RangeAdaptor<_Take>
+    {
+      template<viewable_range _Range, typename _Dp = range_difference_t<_Range>>
+       requires __detail::__can_take_view<_Range, _Dp>
+       constexpr auto
+       operator() [[nodiscard]] (_Range&& __r, type_identity_t<_Dp> __n) const
+       {
+         using _Tp = remove_cvref_t<_Range>;
+         if constexpr (__detail::__is_empty_view<_Tp>)
+           return _Tp();
+         else if constexpr (random_access_range<_Tp>
+                            && sized_range<_Tp>
+                            && (std::__detail::__is_span<_Tp>
+                                || __detail::__is_basic_string_view<_Tp>
+                                || __detail::__is_subrange<_Tp>
+                                || __detail::__is_iota_view<_Tp>))
+           {
+             __n = std::min<_Dp>(ranges::distance(__r), __n);
+             auto __begin = ranges::begin(__r);
+             auto __end = __begin + __n;
+             if constexpr (std::__detail::__is_span<_Tp>)
+               return span<typename _Tp::element_type>(__begin, __end);
+             else if constexpr (__detail::__is_basic_string_view<_Tp>)
+               return _Tp(__begin, __end);
+             else if constexpr (__detail::__is_subrange<_Tp>)
+               return subrange<iterator_t<_Tp>>(__begin, __end);
+             else
+               return iota_view(*__begin, *__end);
+           }
+         else
+           return take_view(std::forward<_Range>(__r), __n);
+       }
+
+      using _RangeAdaptor<_Take>::operator();
+      static constexpr int _S_arity = 2;
+      // The count argument of views::take is not always simple -- it can be
+      // e.g. a move-only class that's implicitly convertible to the difference
+      // type.  But an integer-like count argument is surely simple.
+      template<typename _Tp>
+       static constexpr bool _S_has_simple_extra_args
+         = ranges::__detail::__is_integer_like<_Tp>;
+    };
+
+    inline constexpr _Take take;
   } // namespace views
 
   template<view _Vp, typename _Pred>
@@ -2170,20 +2343,28 @@ namespace views
          operator==(const iterator_t<_Base>& __x, const _Sentinel& __y)
          { return __y._M_end == __x || !std::__invoke(*__y._M_pred, *__x); }
 
+         template<bool _OtherConst = !_Const,
+                  typename _Base2 = __detail::__maybe_const_t<_OtherConst, _Vp>>
+           requires sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Base>, iterator_t<_Base2>>
+         friend constexpr bool
+         operator==(const iterator_t<_Base2>& __x, const _Sentinel& __y)
+         { return __y._M_end == __x || !std::__invoke(*__y._M_pred, *__x); }
+
          friend _Sentinel<!_Const>;
        };
 
       _Vp _M_base = _Vp();
-      __detail::__box<_Pred> _M_pred;
+      [[no_unique_address]] __detail::__box<_Pred> _M_pred;
 
     public:
-      take_while_view() = default;
+      take_while_view() requires (default_initializable<_Vp>
+                                 && default_initializable<_Pred>)
+       = default;
 
       constexpr
-      take_while_view(_Vp base, _Pred __pred)
-       : _M_base(std::move(base)), _M_pred(std::move(__pred))
-      {
-      }
+      take_while_view(_Vp __base, _Pred __pred)
+       : _M_base(std::move(__base)), _M_pred(std::move(__pred))
+      { }
 
       constexpr _Vp
       base() const& requires copy_constructible<_Vp>
@@ -2203,6 +2384,7 @@ namespace views
 
       constexpr auto
       begin() const requires range<const _Vp>
+       && indirect_unary_predicate<const _Pred, iterator_t<const _Vp>>
       { return ranges::begin(_M_base); }
 
       constexpr auto
@@ -2212,6 +2394,7 @@ namespace views
 
       constexpr auto
       end() const requires range<const _Vp>
+       && indirect_unary_predicate<const _Pred, iterator_t<const _Vp>>
       { return _Sentinel<true>(ranges::end(_M_base),
                               std::__addressof(*_M_pred)); }
     };
@@ -2222,11 +2405,29 @@ namespace views
 
   namespace views
   {
-    inline constexpr __adaptor::_RangeAdaptor take_while
-      = [] <viewable_range _Range, typename _Pred> (_Range&& __r, _Pred&& __p)
-      {
-       return take_while_view{std::forward<_Range>(__r), std::forward<_Pred>(__p)};
-      };
+    namespace __detail
+    {
+      template<typename _Range, typename _Pred>
+       concept __can_take_while_view
+         = requires { take_while_view(std::declval<_Range>(), std::declval<_Pred>()); };
+    } // namespace __detail
+
+    struct _TakeWhile : __adaptor::_RangeAdaptor<_TakeWhile>
+    {
+      template<viewable_range _Range, typename _Pred>
+       requires __detail::__can_take_while_view<_Range, _Pred>
+       constexpr auto
+       operator() [[nodiscard]] (_Range&& __r, _Pred&& __p) const
+       {
+         return take_while_view(std::forward<_Range>(__r), std::forward<_Pred>(__p));
+       }
+
+      using _RangeAdaptor<_TakeWhile>::operator();
+      static constexpr int _S_arity = 2;
+      static constexpr bool _S_has_simple_extra_args = true;
+    };
+
+    inline constexpr _TakeWhile take_while;
   } // namespace views
 
   template<view _Vp>
@@ -2236,14 +2437,17 @@ namespace views
       _Vp _M_base = _Vp();
       range_difference_t<_Vp> _M_count = 0;
 
-      static constexpr bool _S_needs_cached_begin = !random_access_range<_Vp>;
+      // ranges::next(begin(base), count, end(base)) is O(1) if _Vp satisfies
+      // both random_access_range and sized_range. Otherwise, cache its result.
+      static constexpr bool _S_needs_cached_begin
+       = !(random_access_range<const _Vp> && sized_range<const _Vp>);
       [[no_unique_address]]
        __detail::__maybe_present_t<_S_needs_cached_begin,
                                    __detail::_CachedPosition<_Vp>>
                                      _M_cached_begin;
 
     public:
-      drop_view() = default;
+      drop_view() requires default_initializable<_Vp> = default;
 
       constexpr
       drop_view(_Vp __base, range_difference_t<_Vp> __count)
@@ -2258,9 +2462,12 @@ namespace views
       base() &&
       { return std::move(_M_base); }
 
+      // This overload is disabled for simple views with constant-time begin().
       constexpr auto
-      begin() requires (!(__detail::__simple_view<_Vp>
-                         && random_access_range<_Vp>))
+      begin()
+       requires (!(__detail::__simple_view<_Vp>
+                   && random_access_range<const _Vp>
+                   && sized_range<const _Vp>))
       {
        if constexpr (_S_needs_cached_begin)
          if (_M_cached_begin._M_has_value())
@@ -2273,8 +2480,11 @@ namespace views
        return __it;
       }
 
+      // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
+      // 3482. drop_view's const begin should additionally require sized_range
       constexpr auto
-      begin() const requires random_access_range<const _Vp>
+      begin() const
+       requires random_access_range<const _Vp> && sized_range<const _Vp>
       {
        return ranges::next(ranges::begin(_M_base), _M_count,
                            ranges::end(_M_base));
@@ -2309,13 +2519,67 @@ namespace views
     drop_view(_Range&&, range_difference_t<_Range>)
       -> drop_view<views::all_t<_Range>>;
 
+  template<typename _Tp>
+    inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<drop_view<_Tp>>
+      = enable_borrowed_range<_Tp>;
+
   namespace views
   {
-    inline constexpr __adaptor::_RangeAdaptor drop
-      = [] <viewable_range _Range, typename _Tp> (_Range&& __r, _Tp&& __n)
-      {
-       return drop_view{std::forward<_Range>(__r), std::forward<_Tp>(__n)};
-      };
+    namespace __detail
+    {
+      template<typename _Range, typename _Dp>
+       concept __can_drop_view
+         = requires { drop_view(std::declval<_Range>(), std::declval<_Dp>()); };
+    } // namespace __detail
+
+    struct _Drop : __adaptor::_RangeAdaptor<_Drop>
+    {
+      template<viewable_range _Range, typename _Dp = range_difference_t<_Range>>
+       requires __detail::__can_drop_view<_Range, _Dp>
+       constexpr auto
+       operator() [[nodiscard]] (_Range&& __r, type_identity_t<_Dp> __n) const
+       {
+         using _Tp = remove_cvref_t<_Range>;
+         if constexpr (__detail::__is_empty_view<_Tp>)
+           return _Tp();
+         else if constexpr (random_access_range<_Tp>
+                            && sized_range<_Tp>
+                            && (std::__detail::__is_span<_Tp>
+                                || __detail::__is_basic_string_view<_Tp>
+                                || __detail::__is_iota_view<_Tp>
+                                || __detail::__is_subrange<_Tp>))
+           {
+             __n = std::min<_Dp>(ranges::distance(__r), __n);
+             auto __begin = ranges::begin(__r) + __n;
+             auto __end = ranges::end(__r);
+             if constexpr (std::__detail::__is_span<_Tp>)
+               return span<typename _Tp::element_type>(__begin, __end);
+             else if constexpr (__detail::__is_subrange<_Tp>)
+               {
+                 if constexpr (_Tp::_S_store_size)
+                   {
+                     using ranges::__detail::__to_unsigned_like;
+                     auto __m = ranges::distance(__r) - __n;
+                     return _Tp(__begin, __end, __to_unsigned_like(__m));
+                   }
+                 else
+                   return _Tp(__begin, __end);
+               }
+             else
+               return _Tp(__begin, __end);
+           }
+         else
+           return drop_view(std::forward<_Range>(__r), __n);
+       }
+
+      using _RangeAdaptor<_Drop>::operator();
+      static constexpr int _S_arity = 2;
+      template<typename _Tp>
+       static constexpr bool _S_has_simple_extra_args
+         = _Take::_S_has_simple_extra_args<_Tp>;
+    };
+
+    inline constexpr _Drop drop;
   } // namespace views
 
   template<view _Vp, typename _Pred>
@@ -2325,11 +2589,13 @@ namespace views
     {
     private:
       _Vp _M_base = _Vp();
-      __detail::__box<_Pred> _M_pred;
+      [[no_unique_address]] __detail::__box<_Pred> _M_pred;
       [[no_unique_address]] __detail::_CachedPosition<_Vp> _M_cached_begin;
 
     public:
-      drop_while_view() = default;
+      drop_while_view() requires (default_initializable<_Vp>
+                                 && default_initializable<_Pred>)
+       = default;
 
       constexpr
       drop_while_view(_Vp __base, _Pred __pred)
@@ -2354,9 +2620,10 @@ namespace views
        if (_M_cached_begin._M_has_value())
          return _M_cached_begin._M_get(_M_base);
 
-       auto __it = __detail::find_if_not(ranges::begin(_M_base),
-                                         ranges::end(_M_base),
-                                         std::cref(*_M_pred));
+       __glibcxx_assert(_M_pred.has_value());
+       auto __it = ranges::find_if_not(ranges::begin(_M_base),
+                                       ranges::end(_M_base),
+                                       std::cref(*_M_pred));
        _M_cached_begin._M_set(_M_base, __it);
        return __it;
       }
@@ -2370,59 +2637,123 @@ namespace views
     drop_while_view(_Range&&, _Pred)
       -> drop_while_view<views::all_t<_Range>, _Pred>;
 
+  template<typename _Tp, typename _Pred>
+    inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<drop_while_view<_Tp, _Pred>>
+      = enable_borrowed_range<_Tp>;
+
   namespace views
   {
-    inline constexpr __adaptor::_RangeAdaptor drop_while
-      = [] <viewable_range _Range, typename _Pred> (_Range&& __r, _Pred&& __p)
-      {
-       return drop_while_view{std::forward<_Range>(__r),
-                              std::forward<_Pred>(__p)};
-      };
+    namespace __detail
+    {
+      template<typename _Range, typename _Pred>
+       concept __can_drop_while_view
+         = requires { drop_while_view(std::declval<_Range>(), std::declval<_Pred>()); };
+    } // namespace __detail
+
+    struct _DropWhile : __adaptor::_RangeAdaptor<_DropWhile>
+    {
+      template<viewable_range _Range, typename _Pred>
+       requires __detail::__can_drop_while_view<_Range, _Pred>
+       constexpr auto
+       operator() [[nodiscard]] (_Range&& __r, _Pred&& __p) const
+       {
+         return drop_while_view(std::forward<_Range>(__r),
+                                std::forward<_Pred>(__p));
+       }
+
+      using _RangeAdaptor<_DropWhile>::operator();
+      static constexpr int _S_arity = 2;
+      static constexpr bool _S_has_simple_extra_args = true;
+    };
+
+    inline constexpr _DropWhile drop_while;
   } // namespace views
 
   template<input_range _Vp>
     requires view<_Vp> && input_range<range_reference_t<_Vp>>
-      && (is_reference_v<range_reference_t<_Vp>>
-         || view<range_value_t<_Vp>>)
     class join_view : public view_interface<join_view<_Vp>>
     {
     private:
       using _InnerRange = range_reference_t<_Vp>;
 
+      template<bool _Const>
+       using _Base = __detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, _Vp>;
+
+      template<bool _Const>
+       using _Outer_iter = iterator_t<_Base<_Const>>;
+
+      template<bool _Const>
+       using _Inner_iter = iterator_t<range_reference_t<_Base<_Const>>>;
+
+      template<bool _Const>
+       static constexpr bool _S_ref_is_glvalue
+         = is_reference_v<range_reference_t<_Base<_Const>>>;
+
+      template<bool _Const>
+       struct __iter_cat
+       { };
+
+      template<bool _Const>
+       requires _S_ref_is_glvalue<_Const>
+         && forward_range<_Base<_Const>>
+         && forward_range<range_reference_t<_Base<_Const>>>
+       struct __iter_cat<_Const>
+       {
+       private:
+         static constexpr auto
+         _S_iter_cat()
+         {
+           using _Outer_iter = join_view::_Outer_iter<_Const>;
+           using _Inner_iter = join_view::_Inner_iter<_Const>;
+           using _OuterCat = typename iterator_traits<_Outer_iter>::iterator_category;
+           using _InnerCat = typename iterator_traits<_Inner_iter>::iterator_category;
+           if constexpr (derived_from<_OuterCat, bidirectional_iterator_tag>
+                         && derived_from<_InnerCat, bidirectional_iterator_tag>
+                         && common_range<range_reference_t<_Base<_Const>>>)
+             return bidirectional_iterator_tag{};
+           else if constexpr (derived_from<_OuterCat, forward_iterator_tag>
+                              && derived_from<_InnerCat, forward_iterator_tag>)
+             return forward_iterator_tag{};
+           else
+             return input_iterator_tag{};
+         }
+       public:
+         using iterator_category = decltype(_S_iter_cat());
+       };
+
       template<bool _Const>
        struct _Sentinel;
 
       template<bool _Const>
-       struct _Iterator
+       struct _Iterator : __iter_cat<_Const>
        {
        private:
          using _Parent = __detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, join_view>;
-         using _Base = __detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, _Vp>;
+         using _Base = join_view::_Base<_Const>;
 
          static constexpr bool _S_ref_is_glvalue
-           = is_reference_v<range_reference_t<_Base>>;
+           = join_view::_S_ref_is_glvalue<_Const>;
 
          constexpr void
          _M_satisfy()
          {
-           auto __update_inner = [this] (range_reference_t<_Base> __x) -> auto&
-           {
+           auto __update_inner = [this] (const iterator_t<_Base>& __x) -> auto&& {
              if constexpr (_S_ref_is_glvalue)
-               return __x;
+               return *__x;
              else
-               return (_M_parent->_M_inner = views::all(std::move(__x)));
+               return _M_parent->_M_inner._M_emplace_deref(__x);
            };
 
            for (; _M_outer != ranges::end(_M_parent->_M_base); ++_M_outer)
              {
-               auto& inner = __update_inner(*_M_outer);
-               _M_inner = ranges::begin(inner);
-               if (_M_inner != ranges::end(inner))
+               auto&& __inner = __update_inner(_M_outer);
+               _M_inner = ranges::begin(__inner);
+               if (_M_inner != ranges::end(__inner))
                  return;
              }
 
            if constexpr (_S_ref_is_glvalue)
-             _M_inner = _Inner_iter();
+             _M_inner.reset();
          }
 
          static constexpr auto
@@ -2430,7 +2761,8 @@ namespace views
          {
            if constexpr (_S_ref_is_glvalue
                          && bidirectional_range<_Base>
-                         && bidirectional_range<range_reference_t<_Base>>)
+                         && bidirectional_range<range_reference_t<_Base>>
+                         && common_range<range_reference_t<_Base>>)
              return bidirectional_iterator_tag{};
            else if constexpr (_S_ref_is_glvalue
                               && forward_range<_Base>
@@ -2440,49 +2772,27 @@ namespace views
              return input_iterator_tag{};
          }
 
-         static constexpr auto
-         _S_iter_cat()
-         {
-           using _OuterCat
-             = typename iterator_traits<_Outer_iter>::iterator_category;
-           using _InnerCat
-             = typename iterator_traits<_Inner_iter>::iterator_category;
-           if constexpr (_S_ref_is_glvalue
-                         && derived_from<_OuterCat, bidirectional_iterator_tag>
-                         && derived_from<_InnerCat, bidirectional_iterator_tag>)
-             return bidirectional_iterator_tag{};
-           else if constexpr (_S_ref_is_glvalue
-                              && derived_from<_OuterCat, forward_iterator_tag>
-                              && derived_from<_InnerCat, forward_iterator_tag>)
-             return forward_iterator_tag{};
-           else if constexpr (derived_from<_OuterCat, input_iterator_tag>
-                              && derived_from<_InnerCat, input_iterator_tag>)
-             return input_iterator_tag{};
-           else
-             return output_iterator_tag{};
-         }
-
-         using _Outer_iter = iterator_t<_Base>;
-         using _Inner_iter = iterator_t<range_reference_t<_Base>>;
+         using _Outer_iter = join_view::_Outer_iter<_Const>;
+         using _Inner_iter = join_view::_Inner_iter<_Const>;
 
          _Outer_iter _M_outer = _Outer_iter();
-         _Inner_iter _M_inner = _Inner_iter();
+         optional<_Inner_iter> _M_inner;
          _Parent* _M_parent = nullptr;
 
        public:
          using iterator_concept = decltype(_S_iter_concept());
-         using iterator_category = decltype(_S_iter_cat());
+         // iterator_category defined in __join_view_iter_cat
          using value_type = range_value_t<range_reference_t<_Base>>;
          using difference_type
            = common_type_t<range_difference_t<_Base>,
                            range_difference_t<range_reference_t<_Base>>>;
 
-         _Iterator() = default;
+         _Iterator() requires default_initializable<_Outer_iter> = default;
 
          constexpr
-         _Iterator(_Parent& __parent, _Outer_iter __outer)
+         _Iterator(_Parent* __parent, _Outer_iter __outer)
            : _M_outer(std::move(__outer)),
-             _M_parent(std::__addressof(__parent))
+             _M_parent(__parent)
          { _M_satisfy(); }
 
          constexpr
@@ -2490,30 +2800,32 @@ namespace views
            requires _Const
              && convertible_to<iterator_t<_Vp>, _Outer_iter>
              && convertible_to<iterator_t<_InnerRange>, _Inner_iter>
-           : _M_outer(std::move(__i._M_outer)), _M_inner(__i._M_inner),
+           : _M_outer(std::move(__i._M_outer)), _M_inner(std::move(__i._M_inner)),
              _M_parent(__i._M_parent)
          { }
 
          constexpr decltype(auto)
          operator*() const
-         { return *_M_inner; }
+         { return **_M_inner; }
 
-         constexpr _Outer_iter
+         // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
+         // 3500. join_view::iterator::operator->() is bogus
+         constexpr _Inner_iter
          operator->() const
-           requires __detail::__has_arrow<_Outer_iter>
-             && copyable<_Outer_iter>
-         { return _M_inner; }
+           requires __detail::__has_arrow<_Inner_iter>
+             && copyable<_Inner_iter>
+         { return *_M_inner; }
 
          constexpr _Iterator&
          operator++()
          {
-           auto&& __inner_range = [this] () -> decltype(auto) {
+           auto&& __inner_range = [this] () -> auto&& {
              if constexpr (_S_ref_is_glvalue)
                return *_M_outer;
              else
-               return _M_parent->_M_inner;
+               return *_M_parent->_M_inner;
            }();
-           if (++_M_inner == ranges::end(__inner_range))
+           if (++*_M_inner == ranges::end(__inner_range))
              {
                ++_M_outer;
                _M_satisfy();
@@ -2543,9 +2855,9 @@ namespace views
          {
            if (_M_outer == ranges::end(_M_parent->_M_base))
              _M_inner = ranges::end(*--_M_outer);
-           while (_M_inner == ranges::begin(*_M_outer))
-             _M_inner = ranges::end(*--_M_outer);
-           --_M_inner;
+           while (*_M_inner == ranges::begin(*_M_outer))
+             *_M_inner = ranges::end(*--_M_outer);
+           --*_M_inner;
            return *this;
          }
 
@@ -2572,13 +2884,14 @@ namespace views
 
          friend constexpr decltype(auto)
          iter_move(const _Iterator& __i)
-         noexcept(noexcept(ranges::iter_move(__i._M_inner)))
-         { return ranges::iter_move(__i._M_inner); }
+         noexcept(noexcept(ranges::iter_move(*__i._M_inner)))
+         { return ranges::iter_move(*__i._M_inner); }
 
          friend constexpr void
          iter_swap(const _Iterator& __x, const _Iterator& __y)
-           noexcept(noexcept(ranges::iter_swap(__x._M_inner, __y._M_inner)))
-         { return ranges::iter_swap(__x._M_inner, __y._M_inner); }
+           noexcept(noexcept(ranges::iter_swap(*__x._M_inner, *__y._M_inner)))
+           requires indirectly_swappable<_Inner_iter>
+         { return ranges::iter_swap(*__x._M_inner, *__y._M_inner); }
 
          friend _Iterator<!_Const>;
          template<bool> friend struct _Sentinel;
@@ -2589,7 +2902,7 @@ namespace views
        {
        private:
          using _Parent = __detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, join_view>;
-         using _Base = __detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, _Vp>;
+         using _Base = join_view::_Base<_Const>;
 
          template<bool _Const2>
            constexpr bool
@@ -2602,8 +2915,8 @@ namespace views
          _Sentinel() = default;
 
          constexpr explicit
-         _Sentinel(_Parent& __parent)
-           : _M_end(ranges::end(__parent._M_base))
+         _Sentinel(_Parent* __parent)
+           : _M_end(ranges::end(__parent->_M_base))
          { }
 
          constexpr
@@ -2623,14 +2936,11 @@ namespace views
        };
 
       _Vp _M_base = _Vp();
-
-      // XXX: _M_inner is "present only when !is_reference_v<_InnerRange>"
       [[no_unique_address]]
-       __detail::__maybe_present_t<!is_reference_v<_InnerRange>,
-                                   views::all_t<_InnerRange>> _M_inner;
+       __detail::__non_propagating_cache<remove_cv_t<_InnerRange>> _M_inner;
 
     public:
-      join_view() = default;
+      join_view() requires default_initializable<_Vp> = default;
 
       constexpr explicit
       join_view(_Vp __base)
@@ -2651,7 +2961,7 @@ namespace views
        constexpr bool __use_const
          = (__detail::__simple_view<_Vp>
             && is_reference_v<range_reference_t<_Vp>>);
-       return _Iterator<__use_const>{*this, ranges::begin(_M_base)};
+       return _Iterator<__use_const>{this, ranges::begin(_M_base)};
       }
 
       constexpr auto
@@ -2659,7 +2969,7 @@ namespace views
        requires input_range<const _Vp>
          && is_reference_v<range_reference_t<const _Vp>>
       {
-       return _Iterator<true>{*this, ranges::begin(_M_base)};
+       return _Iterator<true>{this, ranges::begin(_M_base)};
       }
 
       constexpr auto
@@ -2668,10 +2978,10 @@ namespace views
        if constexpr (forward_range<_Vp> && is_reference_v<_InnerRange>
                      && forward_range<_InnerRange>
                      && common_range<_Vp> && common_range<_InnerRange>)
-         return _Iterator<__detail::__simple_view<_Vp>>{*this,
+         return _Iterator<__detail::__simple_view<_Vp>>{this,
                                                         ranges::end(_M_base)};
        else
-         return _Sentinel<__detail::__simple_view<_Vp>>{*this};
+         return _Sentinel<__detail::__simple_view<_Vp>>{this};
       }
 
       constexpr auto
@@ -2684,27 +2994,40 @@ namespace views
                      && forward_range<range_reference_t<const _Vp>>
                      && common_range<const _Vp>
                      && common_range<range_reference_t<const _Vp>>)
-         return _Iterator<true>{*this, ranges::end(_M_base)};
+         return _Iterator<true>{this, ranges::end(_M_base)};
        else
-         return _Sentinel<true>{*this};
+         return _Sentinel<true>{this};
       }
     };
 
   template<typename _Range>
     explicit join_view(_Range&&) -> join_view<views::all_t<_Range>>;
 
-    // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
-    // 3474. Nesting join_views is broken because of CTAD
-  template<typename _View>
-    explicit join_view(join_view<_View>) -> join_view<join_view<_View>>;
-
   namespace views
   {
-    inline constexpr __adaptor::_RangeAdaptorClosure join
-      = [] <viewable_range _Range> (_Range&& __r)
-      {
-       return join_view{std::forward<_Range>(__r)};
-      };
+    namespace __detail
+    {
+      template<typename _Range>
+       concept __can_join_view
+         = requires { join_view<all_t<_Range>>{std::declval<_Range>()}; };
+    } // namespace __detail
+
+    struct _Join : __adaptor::_RangeAdaptorClosure
+    {
+      template<viewable_range _Range>
+       requires __detail::__can_join_view<_Range>
+       constexpr auto
+       operator() [[nodiscard]] (_Range&& __r) const
+       {
+         // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
+         // 3474. Nesting join_views is broken because of CTAD
+         return join_view<all_t<_Range>>{std::forward<_Range>(__r)};
+       }
+
+      static constexpr bool _S_has_simple_call_op = true;
+    };
+
+    inline constexpr _Join join;
   } // namespace views
 
   namespace __detail
@@ -2717,6 +3040,35 @@ namespace views
        && requires
           { typename __require_constant<remove_reference_t<_Range>::size()>; }
        && (remove_reference_t<_Range>::size() <= 1);
+
+    template<typename _Base>
+      struct __lazy_split_view_outer_iter_cat
+      { };
+
+    template<forward_range _Base>
+      struct __lazy_split_view_outer_iter_cat<_Base>
+      { using iterator_category = input_iterator_tag; };
+
+    template<typename _Base>
+      struct __lazy_split_view_inner_iter_cat
+      { };
+
+    template<forward_range _Base>
+      struct __lazy_split_view_inner_iter_cat<_Base>
+      {
+      private:
+       static constexpr auto
+       _S_iter_cat()
+       {
+         using _Cat = typename iterator_traits<iterator_t<_Base>>::iterator_category;
+         if constexpr (derived_from<_Cat, forward_iterator_tag>)
+           return forward_iterator_tag{};
+         else
+           return _Cat{};
+       }
+      public:
+       using iterator_category = decltype(_S_iter_cat());
+      };
   }
 
   template<input_range _Vp, forward_range _Pattern>
@@ -2724,24 +3076,28 @@ namespace views
       && indirectly_comparable<iterator_t<_Vp>, iterator_t<_Pattern>,
                               ranges::equal_to>
       && (forward_range<_Vp> || __detail::__tiny_range<_Pattern>)
-    class split_view : public view_interface<split_view<_Vp, _Pattern>>
+    class lazy_split_view : public view_interface<lazy_split_view<_Vp, _Pattern>>
     {
     private:
+      template<bool _Const>
+       using _Base = __detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, _Vp>;
+
       template<bool _Const>
        struct _InnerIter;
 
       template<bool _Const>
        struct _OuterIter
+         : __detail::__lazy_split_view_outer_iter_cat<_Base<_Const>>
        {
        private:
-         using _Parent = __detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, split_view>;
-         using _Base = __detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, _Vp>;
+         using _Parent = __detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, lazy_split_view>;
+         using _Base = lazy_split_view::_Base<_Const>;
 
          constexpr bool
          __at_end() const
-         { return __current() == ranges::end(_M_parent->_M_base); }
+         { return __current() == ranges::end(_M_parent->_M_base) && !_M_trailing_empty; }
 
-         // [range.split.outer] p1
+         // [range.lazy.split.outer] p1
          //  Many of the following specifications refer to the notional member
          //  current of outer-iterator.  current is equivalent to current_ if
          //  V models forward_range, and parent_->current_ otherwise.
@@ -2751,7 +3107,7 @@ namespace views
            if constexpr (forward_range<_Vp>)
              return _M_current;
            else
-             return _M_parent->_M_current;
+             return *_M_parent->_M_current;
          }
 
          constexpr auto&
@@ -2760,21 +3116,21 @@ namespace views
            if constexpr (forward_range<_Vp>)
              return _M_current;
            else
-             return _M_parent->_M_current;
+             return *_M_parent->_M_current;
          }
 
          _Parent* _M_parent = nullptr;
 
-         // XXX: _M_current is present only if "V models forward_range"
          [[no_unique_address]]
            __detail::__maybe_present_t<forward_range<_Vp>,
                                        iterator_t<_Base>> _M_current;
+         bool _M_trailing_empty = false;
 
        public:
-         using iterator_concept = conditional_t<forward_range<_Base>,
-                                                forward_iterator_tag,
-                                                input_iterator_tag>;
-         using iterator_category = input_iterator_tag;
+         using iterator_concept = __conditional_t<forward_range<_Base>,
+                                                  forward_iterator_tag,
+                                                  input_iterator_tag>;
+         // iterator_category defined in __lazy_split_view_outer_iter_cat
          using difference_type = range_difference_t<_Base>;
 
          struct value_type : view_interface<value_type>
@@ -2792,30 +3148,24 @@ namespace views
 
            constexpr _InnerIter<_Const>
            begin() const
-             requires copyable<_OuterIter>
            { return _InnerIter<_Const>{_M_i}; }
 
-           constexpr _InnerIter<_Const>
-           begin()
-             requires (!copyable<_OuterIter>)
-           { return _InnerIter<_Const>{std::move(_M_i)}; }
-
            constexpr default_sentinel_t
-           end() const
+           end() const noexcept
            { return default_sentinel; }
          };
 
          _OuterIter() = default;
 
          constexpr explicit
-         _OuterIter(_Parent& __parent) requires (!forward_range<_Base>)
-           : _M_parent(std::__addressof(__parent))
+         _OuterIter(_Parent* __parent) requires (!forward_range<_Base>)
+           : _M_parent(__parent)
          { }
 
          constexpr
-         _OuterIter(_Parent& __parent, iterator_t<_Base> __current)
+         _OuterIter(_Parent* __parent, iterator_t<_Base> __current)
            requires forward_range<_Base>
-           : _M_parent(std::__addressof(__parent)),
+           : _M_parent(__parent),
              _M_current(std::move(__current))
          { }
 
@@ -2833,21 +3183,40 @@ namespace views
          constexpr _OuterIter&
          operator++()
          {
+           // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
+           // 3505. lazy_split_view::outer-iterator::operator++ misspecified
            const auto __end = ranges::end(_M_parent->_M_base);
            if (__current() == __end)
-             return *this;
+             {
+               _M_trailing_empty = false;
+               return *this;
+             }
            const auto [__pbegin, __pend] = subrange{_M_parent->_M_pattern};
            if (__pbegin == __pend)
              ++__current();
+           else if constexpr (__detail::__tiny_range<_Pattern>)
+             {
+               __current() = ranges::find(std::move(__current()), __end,
+                                          *__pbegin);
+               if (__current() != __end)
+                 {
+                   ++__current();
+                   if (__current() == __end)
+                     _M_trailing_empty = true;
+                 }
+             }
            else
              do
                {
                  auto [__b, __p]
-                   = __detail::mismatch(std::move(__current()), __end,
-                                        __pbegin, __pend);
-                 __current() = std::move(__b);
+                   = ranges::mismatch(__current(), __end, __pbegin, __pend);
                  if (__p == __pend)
-                   break;
+                   {
+                     __current() = __b;
+                     if (__current() == __end)
+                       _M_trailing_empty = true;
+                     break;
+                   }
                } while (++__current() != __end);
            return *this;
          }
@@ -2868,7 +3237,10 @@ namespace views
          friend constexpr bool
          operator==(const _OuterIter& __x, const _OuterIter& __y)
            requires forward_range<_Base>
-         { return __x._M_current == __y._M_current; }
+         {
+           return __x._M_current == __y._M_current
+             && __x._M_trailing_empty == __y._M_trailing_empty;
+         }
 
          friend constexpr bool
          operator==(const _OuterIter& __x, default_sentinel_t)
@@ -2880,9 +3252,10 @@ namespace views
 
       template<bool _Const>
        struct _InnerIter
+         : __detail::__lazy_split_view_inner_iter_cat<_Base<_Const>>
        {
        private:
-         using _Base = __detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, _Vp>;
+         using _Base = lazy_split_view::_Base<_Const>;
 
          constexpr bool
          __at_end() const
@@ -2916,17 +3289,6 @@ namespace views
              }
          }
 
-         static constexpr auto
-         _S_iter_cat()
-         {
-           using _Cat
-              = typename iterator_traits<iterator_t<_Base>>::iterator_category;
-           if constexpr (derived_from<_Cat, forward_iterator_tag>)
-             return forward_iterator_tag{};
-           else
-             return _Cat{};
-         }
-
          constexpr auto&
          _M_i_current() noexcept
          { return _M_i.__current(); }
@@ -2941,7 +3303,7 @@ namespace views
        public:
          using iterator_concept
            = typename _OuterIter<_Const>::iterator_concept;
-         using iterator_category = decltype(_S_iter_cat());
+         // iterator_category defined in __lazy_split_view_inner_iter_cat
          using value_type = range_value_t<_Base>;
          using difference_type = range_difference_t<_Base>;
 
@@ -2952,6 +3314,14 @@ namespace views
            : _M_i(std::move(__i))
          { }
 
+         constexpr const iterator_t<_Base>&
+         base() const& noexcept
+         { return _M_i_current(); }
+
+         constexpr iterator_t<_Base>
+         base() && requires forward_range<_Vp>
+         { return std::move(_M_i_current()); }
+
          constexpr decltype(auto)
          operator*() const
          { return *_M_i_current(); }
@@ -2970,7 +3340,7 @@ namespace views
          constexpr decltype(auto)
          operator++(int)
          {
-           if constexpr (forward_range<_Vp>)
+           if constexpr (forward_range<_Base>)
              {
                auto __tmp = *this;
                ++*this;
@@ -3004,18 +3374,18 @@ namespace views
 
       _Vp _M_base = _Vp();
       _Pattern _M_pattern = _Pattern();
-
-      // XXX: _M_current is "present only if !forward_range<V>"
       [[no_unique_address]]
-       __detail::__maybe_present_t<!forward_range<_Vp>, iterator_t<_Vp>>
-         _M_current;
+       __detail::__maybe_present_t<!forward_range<_Vp>,
+         __detail::__non_propagating_cache<iterator_t<_Vp>>> _M_current;
 
 
     public:
-      split_view() = default;
+      lazy_split_view() requires (default_initializable<_Vp>
+                                 && default_initializable<_Pattern>)
+       = default;
 
       constexpr
-      split_view(_Vp __base, _Pattern __pattern)
+      lazy_split_view(_Vp __base, _Pattern __pattern)
        : _M_base(std::move(__base)), _M_pattern(std::move(__pattern))
       { }
 
@@ -3023,9 +3393,9 @@ namespace views
        requires constructible_from<_Vp, views::all_t<_Range>>
          && constructible_from<_Pattern, single_view<range_value_t<_Range>>>
        constexpr
-       split_view(_Range&& __r, range_value_t<_Range> __e)
+       lazy_split_view(_Range&& __r, range_value_t<_Range> __e)
          : _M_base(views::all(std::forward<_Range>(__r))),
-           _M_pattern(std::move(__e))
+           _M_pattern(views::single(std::move(__e)))
        { }
 
       constexpr _Vp
@@ -3040,26 +3410,30 @@ namespace views
       begin()
       {
        if constexpr (forward_range<_Vp>)
-         return _OuterIter<__detail::__simple_view<_Vp>>{
-             *this, ranges::begin(_M_base)};
+         {
+           constexpr bool __simple
+             = __detail::__simple_view<_Vp> && __detail::__simple_view<_Pattern>;
+           return _OuterIter<__simple>{this, ranges::begin(_M_base)};
+         }
        else
          {
            _M_current = ranges::begin(_M_base);
-           return _OuterIter<false>{*this};
+           return _OuterIter<false>{this};
          }
       }
 
       constexpr auto
       begin() const requires forward_range<_Vp> && forward_range<const _Vp>
       {
-       return _OuterIter<true>{*this, ranges::begin(_M_base)};
+       return _OuterIter<true>{this, ranges::begin(_M_base)};
       }
 
       constexpr auto
       end() requires forward_range<_Vp> && common_range<_Vp>
       {
-       return _OuterIter<__detail::__simple_view<_Vp>>{
-           *this, ranges::end(_M_base)};
+       constexpr bool __simple
+         = __detail::__simple_view<_Vp> && __detail::__simple_view<_Pattern>;
+       return _OuterIter<__simple>{this, ranges::end(_M_base)};
       }
 
       constexpr auto
@@ -3068,42 +3442,271 @@ namespace views
        if constexpr (forward_range<_Vp>
                      && forward_range<const _Vp>
                      && common_range<const _Vp>)
-         return _OuterIter<true>{*this, ranges::end(_M_base)};
+         return _OuterIter<true>{this, ranges::end(_M_base)};
        else
          return default_sentinel;
       }
     };
 
-  template<typename _Range, typename _Pred>
-    split_view(_Range&&, _Pred&&)
-      -> split_view<views::all_t<_Range>, views::all_t<_Pred>>;
+  template<typename _Range, typename _Pattern>
+    lazy_split_view(_Range&&, _Pattern&&)
+      -> lazy_split_view<views::all_t<_Range>, views::all_t<_Pattern>>;
 
   template<input_range _Range>
-    split_view(_Range&&, range_value_t<_Range>)
-      -> split_view<views::all_t<_Range>, single_view<range_value_t<_Range>>>;
+    lazy_split_view(_Range&&, range_value_t<_Range>)
+      -> lazy_split_view<views::all_t<_Range>, single_view<range_value_t<_Range>>>;
 
   namespace views
   {
-    inline constexpr __adaptor::_RangeAdaptor split
-      = [] <viewable_range _Range, typename _Fp> (_Range&& __r, _Fp&& __f)
-      {
-       return split_view{std::forward<_Range>(__r), std::forward<_Fp>(__f)};
-      };
-  } // namespace views
+    namespace __detail
+    {
+      template<typename _Range, typename _Pattern>
+       concept __can_lazy_split_view
+         = requires { lazy_split_view(std::declval<_Range>(), std::declval<_Pattern>()); };
+    } // namespace __detail
 
-  namespace views
-  {
+    struct _LazySplit : __adaptor::_RangeAdaptor<_LazySplit>
+    {
+      template<viewable_range _Range, typename _Pattern>
+       requires __detail::__can_lazy_split_view<_Range, _Pattern>
+       constexpr auto
+       operator() [[nodiscard]] (_Range&& __r, _Pattern&& __f) const
+       {
+         return lazy_split_view(std::forward<_Range>(__r), std::forward<_Pattern>(__f));
+       }
+
+      using _RangeAdaptor<_LazySplit>::operator();
+      static constexpr int _S_arity = 2;
+      // The pattern argument of views::lazy_split is not always simple -- it can be
+      // a non-view range, the value category of which affects whether the call
+      // is well-formed.  But a scalar or a view pattern argument is surely
+      // simple.
+      template<typename _Pattern>
+       static constexpr bool _S_has_simple_extra_args
+         = is_scalar_v<_Pattern> || (view<_Pattern>
+                                     && copy_constructible<_Pattern>);
+    };
+
+    inline constexpr _LazySplit lazy_split;
+  } // namespace views
+
+  template<forward_range _Vp, forward_range _Pattern>
+    requires view<_Vp> && view<_Pattern>
+      && indirectly_comparable<iterator_t<_Vp>, iterator_t<_Pattern>,
+                              ranges::equal_to>
+  class split_view : public view_interface<split_view<_Vp, _Pattern>>
+  {
+  private:
+    _Vp _M_base = _Vp();
+    _Pattern _M_pattern = _Pattern();
+    __detail::__non_propagating_cache<subrange<iterator_t<_Vp>>> _M_cached_begin;
+
+    struct _Iterator;
+    struct _Sentinel;
+
+  public:
+    split_view() requires (default_initializable<_Vp>
+                          && default_initializable<_Pattern>)
+      = default;
+
+    constexpr
+    split_view(_Vp __base, _Pattern __pattern)
+      : _M_base(std::move(__base)), _M_pattern(std::move(__pattern))
+    { }
+
+    template<forward_range _Range>
+      requires constructible_from<_Vp, views::all_t<_Range>>
+       && constructible_from<_Pattern, single_view<range_value_t<_Range>>>
+    constexpr
+    split_view(_Range&& __r, range_value_t<_Range> __e)
+      : _M_base(views::all(std::forward<_Range>(__r))),
+       _M_pattern(views::single(std::move(__e)))
+    { }
+
+    constexpr _Vp
+    base() const& requires copy_constructible<_Vp>
+    { return _M_base; }
+
+    constexpr _Vp
+    base() &&
+    { return std::move(_M_base); }
+
+    constexpr _Iterator
+    begin()
+    {
+      if (!_M_cached_begin)
+       _M_cached_begin = _M_find_next(ranges::begin(_M_base));
+      return {this, ranges::begin(_M_base), *_M_cached_begin};
+    }
+
+    constexpr auto
+    end()
+    {
+      if constexpr (common_range<_Vp>)
+       return _Iterator{this, ranges::end(_M_base), {}};
+      else
+       return _Sentinel{this};
+    }
+
+    constexpr subrange<iterator_t<_Vp>>
+    _M_find_next(iterator_t<_Vp> __it)
+    {
+      auto [__b, __e] = ranges::search(subrange(__it, ranges::end(_M_base)), _M_pattern);
+      if (__b != ranges::end(_M_base) && ranges::empty(_M_pattern))
+       {
+         ++__b;
+         ++__e;
+       }
+      return {__b, __e};
+    }
+
+  private:
+    struct _Iterator
+    {
+    private:
+      split_view* _M_parent = nullptr;
+      iterator_t<_Vp> _M_cur = iterator_t<_Vp>();
+      subrange<iterator_t<_Vp>> _M_next = subrange<iterator_t<_Vp>>();
+      bool _M_trailing_empty = false;
+
+      friend struct _Sentinel;
+
+    public:
+      using iterator_concept = forward_iterator_tag;
+      using iterator_category = input_iterator_tag;
+      using value_type = subrange<iterator_t<_Vp>>;
+      using difference_type = range_difference_t<_Vp>;
+
+      _Iterator() = default;
+
+      constexpr
+      _Iterator(split_view* __parent,
+               iterator_t<_Vp> __current,
+               subrange<iterator_t<_Vp>> __next)
+       : _M_parent(__parent),
+         _M_cur(std::move(__current)),
+         _M_next(std::move(__next))
+      { }
+
+      constexpr iterator_t<_Vp>
+      base() const
+      { return _M_cur; }
+
+      constexpr value_type
+      operator*() const
+      { return {_M_cur, _M_next.begin()}; }
+
+      constexpr _Iterator&
+      operator++()
+      {
+       _M_cur = _M_next.begin();
+       if (_M_cur != ranges::end(_M_parent->_M_base))
+         {
+           _M_cur = _M_next.end();
+           if (_M_cur == ranges::end(_M_parent->_M_base))
+             {
+               _M_trailing_empty = true;
+               _M_next = {_M_cur, _M_cur};
+             }
+           else
+             _M_next = _M_parent->_M_find_next(_M_cur);
+         }
+       else
+         _M_trailing_empty = false;
+       return *this;
+      }
+
+      constexpr _Iterator
+      operator++(int)
+      {
+       auto __tmp = *this;
+       ++*this;
+       return __tmp;
+      }
+
+      friend constexpr bool
+      operator==(const _Iterator& __x, const _Iterator& __y)
+      {
+       return __x._M_cur == __y._M_cur
+         && __x._M_trailing_empty == __y._M_trailing_empty;
+      }
+    };
+
+    struct _Sentinel
+    {
+    private:
+      sentinel_t<_Vp> _M_end = sentinel_t<_Vp>();
+
+      constexpr bool
+      _M_equal(const _Iterator& __x) const
+      { return __x._M_cur == _M_end && !__x._M_trailing_empty; }
+
+    public:
+      _Sentinel() = default;
+
+      constexpr explicit
+      _Sentinel(split_view* __parent)
+       : _M_end(ranges::end(__parent->_M_base))
+      { }
+
+      friend constexpr bool
+      operator==(const _Iterator& __x, const _Sentinel& __y)
+      { return __y._M_equal(__x); }
+    };
+  };
+
+  template<typename _Range, typename _Pattern>
+    split_view(_Range&&, _Pattern&&)
+      -> split_view<views::all_t<_Range>, views::all_t<_Pattern>>;
+
+  template<forward_range _Range>
+    split_view(_Range&&, range_value_t<_Range>)
+      -> split_view<views::all_t<_Range>, single_view<range_value_t<_Range>>>;
+
+  namespace views
+  {
+    namespace __detail
+    {
+      template<typename _Range, typename _Pattern>
+       concept __can_split_view
+         = requires { split_view(std::declval<_Range>(), std::declval<_Pattern>()); };
+    } // namespace __detail
+
+    struct _Split : __adaptor::_RangeAdaptor<_Split>
+    {
+      template<viewable_range _Range, typename _Pattern>
+       requires __detail::__can_split_view<_Range, _Pattern>
+       constexpr auto
+       operator() [[nodiscard]] (_Range&& __r, _Pattern&& __f) const
+       {
+         return split_view(std::forward<_Range>(__r), std::forward<_Pattern>(__f));
+       }
+
+      using _RangeAdaptor<_Split>::operator();
+      static constexpr int _S_arity = 2;
+      template<typename _Pattern>
+       static constexpr bool _S_has_simple_extra_args
+         = _LazySplit::_S_has_simple_extra_args<_Pattern>;
+    };
+
+    inline constexpr _Split split;
+  } // namespace views
+
+  namespace views
+  {
     struct _Counted
     {
       template<input_or_output_iterator _Iter>
       constexpr auto
-      operator()(_Iter __i, iter_difference_t<_Iter> __n) const
+      operator() [[nodiscard]] (_Iter __i, iter_difference_t<_Iter> __n) const
       {
-       if constexpr (random_access_iterator<_Iter>)
-         return subrange{__i, __i + __n};
+       if constexpr (contiguous_iterator<_Iter>)
+         return span(std::__to_address(__i), __n);
+       else if constexpr (random_access_iterator<_Iter>)
+         return subrange(__i, __i + __n);
        else
-         return subrange{counted_iterator{std::move(__i), __n},
-                         default_sentinel};
+         return subrange(counted_iterator(std::move(__i), __n),
+                         default_sentinel);
       }
     };
 
@@ -3118,23 +3721,13 @@ namespace views
       _Vp _M_base = _Vp();
 
     public:
-      common_view() = default;
+      common_view() requires default_initializable<_Vp> = default;
 
       constexpr explicit
       common_view(_Vp __r)
        : _M_base(std::move(__r))
       { }
 
-      /* XXX: LWG 3280 didn't remove this constructor, but I think it should?
-      template<viewable_range _Range>
-       requires (!common_range<_Range>)
-         && constructible_from<_Vp, views::all_t<_Range>>
-       constexpr explicit
-       common_view(_Range&& __r)
-         : _M_base(views::all(std::forward<_Range>(__r)))
-       { }
-      */
-
       constexpr _Vp
       base() const& requires copy_constructible<_Vp>
       { return _M_base; }
@@ -3195,18 +3788,41 @@ namespace views
   template<typename _Range>
     common_view(_Range&&) -> common_view<views::all_t<_Range>>;
 
+  template<typename _Tp>
+    inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<common_view<_Tp>>
+      = enable_borrowed_range<_Tp>;
+
   namespace views
   {
-    inline constexpr __adaptor::_RangeAdaptorClosure common
-      = [] <viewable_range _Range> (_Range&& __r)
-      {
-       if constexpr (common_range<_Range>
-                     && requires { views::all(std::forward<_Range>(__r)); })
-         return views::all(std::forward<_Range>(__r));
-       else
-         return common_view{std::forward<_Range>(__r)};
-      };
+    namespace __detail
+    {
+      template<typename _Range>
+       concept __already_common = common_range<_Range>
+         && requires { views::all(std::declval<_Range>()); };
+
+      template<typename _Range>
+       concept __can_common_view
+         = requires { common_view{std::declval<_Range>()}; };
+    } // namespace __detail
+
+    struct _Common : __adaptor::_RangeAdaptorClosure
+    {
+      template<viewable_range _Range>
+       requires __detail::__already_common<_Range>
+         || __detail::__can_common_view<_Range>
+       constexpr auto
+       operator() [[nodiscard]] (_Range&& __r) const
+       {
+         if constexpr (__detail::__already_common<_Range>)
+           return views::all(std::forward<_Range>(__r));
+         else
+           return common_view{std::forward<_Range>(__r)};
+       }
+
+      static constexpr bool _S_has_simple_call_op = true;
+    };
 
+    inline constexpr _Common common;
   } // namespace views
 
   template<view _Vp>
@@ -3214,17 +3830,19 @@ namespace views
     class reverse_view : public view_interface<reverse_view<_Vp>>
     {
     private:
-      _Vp _M_base = _Vp();
-
       static constexpr bool _S_needs_cached_begin
-       = !common_range<_Vp> && !random_access_range<_Vp>;
+       = !common_range<_Vp> && !(random_access_range<_Vp>
+                                 && sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Vp>,
+                                                       iterator_t<_Vp>>);
+
+      _Vp _M_base = _Vp();
       [[no_unique_address]]
        __detail::__maybe_present_t<_S_needs_cached_begin,
                                    __detail::_CachedPosition<_Vp>>
                                      _M_cached_begin;
 
     public:
-      reverse_view() = default;
+      reverse_view() requires default_initializable<_Vp> = default;
 
       constexpr explicit
       reverse_view(_Vp __r)
@@ -3244,29 +3862,29 @@ namespace views
       {
        if constexpr (_S_needs_cached_begin)
          if (_M_cached_begin._M_has_value())
-           return make_reverse_iterator(_M_cached_begin._M_get(_M_base));
+           return std::make_reverse_iterator(_M_cached_begin._M_get(_M_base));
 
        auto __it = ranges::next(ranges::begin(_M_base), ranges::end(_M_base));
        if constexpr (_S_needs_cached_begin)
          _M_cached_begin._M_set(_M_base, __it);
-       return make_reverse_iterator(std::move(__it));
+       return std::make_reverse_iterator(std::move(__it));
       }
 
       constexpr auto
       begin() requires common_range<_Vp>
-      { return make_reverse_iterator(ranges::end(_M_base)); }
+      { return std::make_reverse_iterator(ranges::end(_M_base)); }
 
       constexpr auto
       begin() const requires common_range<const _Vp>
-      { return make_reverse_iterator(ranges::end(_M_base)); }
+      { return std::make_reverse_iterator(ranges::end(_M_base)); }
 
       constexpr reverse_iterator<iterator_t<_Vp>>
       end()
-      { return make_reverse_iterator(ranges::begin(_M_base)); }
+      { return std::make_reverse_iterator(ranges::begin(_M_base)); }
 
       constexpr auto
       end() const requires common_range<const _Vp>
-      { return make_reverse_iterator(ranges::begin(_M_base)); }
+      { return std::make_reverse_iterator(ranges::begin(_M_base)); }
 
       constexpr auto
       size() requires sized_range<_Vp>
@@ -3280,6 +3898,10 @@ namespace views
   template<typename _Range>
     reverse_view(_Range&&) -> reverse_view<views::all_t<_Range>>;
 
+  template<typename _Tp>
+    inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<reverse_view<_Tp>>
+      = enable_borrowed_range<_Tp>;
+
   namespace views
   {
     namespace __detail
@@ -3298,27 +3920,42 @@ namespace views
 
       template<typename _Vp>
        inline constexpr bool __is_reverse_view<reverse_view<_Vp>> = true;
-    }
 
-    inline constexpr __adaptor::_RangeAdaptorClosure reverse
-      = [] <viewable_range _Range> (_Range&& __r)
-      {
-       using _Tp = remove_cvref_t<_Range>;
-       if constexpr (__detail::__is_reverse_view<_Tp>)
-         return std::forward<_Range>(__r).base();
-       else if constexpr (__detail::__is_reversible_subrange<_Tp>)
-         {
-           using _Iter = decltype(ranges::begin(__r).base());
-           if constexpr (sized_range<_Tp>)
-             return subrange<_Iter, _Iter, subrange_kind::sized>
-                     (__r.end().base(), __r.begin().base(), __r.size());
-           else
-             return subrange<_Iter, _Iter, subrange_kind::unsized>
-                     (__r.end().base(), __r.begin().base());
-         }
-       else
-         return reverse_view{std::forward<_Range>(__r)};
-      };
+      template<typename _Range>
+       concept __can_reverse_view
+         = requires { reverse_view{std::declval<_Range>()}; };
+    } // namespace __detail
+
+    struct _Reverse : __adaptor::_RangeAdaptorClosure
+    {
+      template<viewable_range _Range>
+       requires __detail::__is_reverse_view<remove_cvref_t<_Range>>
+         || __detail::__is_reversible_subrange<remove_cvref_t<_Range>>
+         || __detail::__can_reverse_view<_Range>
+       constexpr auto
+       operator() [[nodiscard]] (_Range&& __r) const
+       {
+         using _Tp = remove_cvref_t<_Range>;
+         if constexpr (__detail::__is_reverse_view<_Tp>)
+           return std::forward<_Range>(__r).base();
+         else if constexpr (__detail::__is_reversible_subrange<_Tp>)
+           {
+             using _Iter = decltype(ranges::begin(__r).base());
+             if constexpr (sized_range<_Tp>)
+               return subrange<_Iter, _Iter, subrange_kind::sized>
+                       {__r.end().base(), __r.begin().base(), __r.size()};
+             else
+               return subrange<_Iter, _Iter, subrange_kind::unsized>
+                       {__r.end().base(), __r.begin().base()};
+           }
+         else
+           return reverse_view{std::forward<_Range>(__r)};
+       }
+
+      static constexpr bool _S_has_simple_call_op = true;
+    };
+
+    inline constexpr _Reverse reverse;
   } // namespace views
 
   namespace __detail
@@ -3332,6 +3969,10 @@ namespace views
        { std::get<_Nm>(__t) }
          -> convertible_to<const tuple_element_t<_Nm, _Tp>&>;
       };
+
+    template<typename _Tp, size_t _Nm>
+      concept __returnable_element
+       = is_reference_v<_Tp> || move_constructible<tuple_element_t<_Nm, _Tp>>;
   }
 
   template<input_range _Vp, size_t _Nm>
@@ -3339,14 +3980,15 @@ namespace views
       && __detail::__has_tuple_element<range_value_t<_Vp>, _Nm>
       && __detail::__has_tuple_element<remove_reference_t<range_reference_t<_Vp>>,
                                       _Nm>
+      && __detail::__returnable_element<range_reference_t<_Vp>, _Nm>
     class elements_view : public view_interface<elements_view<_Vp, _Nm>>
     {
     public:
-      elements_view() = default;
+      elements_view() requires default_initializable<_Vp> = default;
 
       constexpr explicit
-      elements_view(_Vp base)
-       : _M_base(std::move(base))
+      elements_view(_Vp __base)
+       : _M_base(std::move(__base))
       { }
 
       constexpr _Vp
@@ -3390,41 +4032,94 @@ namespace views
       { return ranges::size(_M_base); }
 
     private:
+      template<bool _Const>
+       using _Base = __detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, _Vp>;
+
+      template<bool _Const>
+       struct __iter_cat
+       { };
+
+      template<bool _Const>
+       requires forward_range<_Base<_Const>>
+       struct __iter_cat<_Const>
+       {
+       private:
+         static auto _S_iter_cat()
+         {
+           using _Base = elements_view::_Base<_Const>;
+           using _Cat = typename iterator_traits<iterator_t<_Base>>::iterator_category;
+           using _Res = decltype((std::get<_Nm>(*std::declval<iterator_t<_Base>>())));
+           if constexpr (!is_lvalue_reference_v<_Res>)
+             return input_iterator_tag{};
+           else if constexpr (derived_from<_Cat, random_access_iterator_tag>)
+             return random_access_iterator_tag{};
+           else
+             return _Cat{};
+         }
+       public:
+         using iterator_category = decltype(_S_iter_cat());
+       };
+
       template<bool _Const>
        struct _Sentinel;
 
       template<bool _Const>
-       struct _Iterator
+       struct _Iterator : __iter_cat<_Const>
        {
-         using _Base = __detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, _Vp>;
+       private:
+         using _Base = elements_view::_Base<_Const>;
 
          iterator_t<_Base> _M_current = iterator_t<_Base>();
 
+         static constexpr decltype(auto)
+         _S_get_element(const iterator_t<_Base>& __i)
+         {
+           if constexpr (is_reference_v<range_reference_t<_Base>>)
+             return std::get<_Nm>(*__i);
+           else
+             {
+               using _Et = remove_cv_t<tuple_element_t<_Nm, range_reference_t<_Base>>>;
+               return static_cast<_Et>(std::get<_Nm>(*__i));
+             }
+         }
+
+         static auto
+         _S_iter_concept()
+         {
+           if constexpr (random_access_range<_Base>)
+             return random_access_iterator_tag{};
+           else if constexpr (bidirectional_range<_Base>)
+             return bidirectional_iterator_tag{};
+           else if constexpr (forward_range<_Base>)
+             return forward_iterator_tag{};
+           else
+             return input_iterator_tag{};
+         }
+
          friend _Iterator<!_Const>;
 
        public:
-         using iterator_category
-           = typename iterator_traits<iterator_t<_Base>>::iterator_category;
+         using iterator_concept = decltype(_S_iter_concept());
+         // iterator_category defined in elements_view::__iter_cat
          using value_type
            = remove_cvref_t<tuple_element_t<_Nm, range_value_t<_Base>>>;
          using difference_type = range_difference_t<_Base>;
 
-         _Iterator() = default;
+         _Iterator() requires default_initializable<iterator_t<_Base>> = default;
 
          constexpr explicit
-         _Iterator(iterator_t<_Base> current)
-           : _M_current(std::move(current))
+         _Iterator(iterator_t<_Base> __current)
+           : _M_current(std::move(__current))
          { }
 
          constexpr
-         _Iterator(_Iterator<!_Const> i)
+         _Iterator(_Iterator<!_Const> __i)
            requires _Const && convertible_to<iterator_t<_Vp>, iterator_t<_Base>>
-           : _M_current(std::move(i._M_current))
+           : _M_current(std::move(__i._M_current))
          { }
 
-         constexpr iterator_t<_Base>
-         base() const&
-           requires copyable<iterator_t<_Base>>
+         constexpr const iterator_t<_Base>&
+         base() const& noexcept
          { return _M_current; }
 
          constexpr iterator_t<_Base>
@@ -3432,8 +4127,8 @@ namespace views
          { return std::move(_M_current); }
 
          constexpr decltype(auto)
-           operator*() const
-         { return std::get<_Nm>(*_M_current); }
+         operator*() const
+         { return _S_get_element(_M_current); }
 
          constexpr _Iterator&
          operator++()
@@ -3443,7 +4138,7 @@ namespace views
          }
 
          constexpr void
-         operator++(int) requires (!forward_range<_Base>)
+         operator++(int)
          { ++_M_current; }
 
          constexpr _Iterator
@@ -3488,7 +4183,7 @@ namespace views
          constexpr decltype(auto)
          operator[](difference_type __n) const
            requires random_access_range<_Base>
-         { return std::get<_Nm>(*(_M_current + __n)); }
+         { return _S_get_element(_M_current + __n); }
 
          friend constexpr bool
          operator==(const _Iterator& __x, const _Iterator& __y)
@@ -3538,23 +4233,31 @@ namespace views
            requires random_access_range<_Base>
          { return _Iterator{__x} -= __y; }
 
+         // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
+         // 3483. transform_view::iterator's difference is overconstrained
          friend constexpr difference_type
          operator-(const _Iterator& __x, const _Iterator& __y)
-           requires random_access_range<_Base>
+           requires sized_sentinel_for<iterator_t<_Base>, iterator_t<_Base>>
          { return __x._M_current - __y._M_current; }
 
-         friend _Sentinel<_Const>;
+         template <bool> friend struct _Sentinel;
        };
 
       template<bool _Const>
        struct _Sentinel
        {
        private:
-         constexpr bool
-         _M_equal(const _Iterator<_Const>& __x) const
-         { return __x._M_current == _M_end; }
+         template<bool _Const2>
+           constexpr bool
+           _M_equal(const _Iterator<_Const2>& __x) const
+           { return __x._M_current == _M_end; }
 
-         using _Base = __detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, _Vp>;
+         template<bool _Const2>
+           constexpr auto
+           _M_distance_from(const _Iterator<_Const2>& __i) const
+           { return _M_end - __i._M_current; }
+
+         using _Base = elements_view::_Base<_Const>;
          sentinel_t<_Base> _M_end = sentinel_t<_Base>();
 
        public:
@@ -3588,14 +4291,14 @@ namespace views
            requires sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Base>, iterator_t<_Base2>>
            friend constexpr range_difference_t<_Base2>
            operator-(const _Iterator<_Const2>& __x, const _Sentinel& __y)
-           { return __x._M_current - __y._M_end; }
+           { return -__y._M_distance_from(__x); }
 
          template<bool _Const2,
                   typename _Base2 = __detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const2, _Vp>>
            requires sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Base>, iterator_t<_Base2>>
-           friend constexpr range_difference_t<_Base>
+           friend constexpr range_difference_t<_Base2>
            operator-(const _Sentinel& __x, const _Iterator<_Const2>& __y)
-           { return __x._M_end - __y._M_current; }
+           { return __x._M_distance_from(__y); }
 
          friend _Sentinel<!_Const>;
        };
@@ -3603,6 +4306,10 @@ namespace views
       _Vp _M_base = _Vp();
     };
 
+  template<typename _Tp, size_t _Nm>
+    inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<elements_view<_Tp, _Nm>>
+      = enable_borrowed_range<_Tp>;
+
   template<typename _Range>
     using keys_view = elements_view<views::all_t<_Range>, 0>;
 
@@ -3611,42 +4318,3023 @@ namespace views
 
   namespace views
   {
+    namespace __detail
+    {
+      template<size_t _Nm, typename _Range>
+       concept __can_elements_view
+         = requires { elements_view<all_t<_Range>, _Nm>{std::declval<_Range>()}; };
+    } // namespace __detail
+
     template<size_t _Nm>
-    inline constexpr __adaptor::_RangeAdaptorClosure elements
-      = [] <viewable_range _Range> (_Range&& __r)
+      struct _Elements : __adaptor::_RangeAdaptorClosure
       {
-       using _El = elements_view<views::all_t<_Range>, _Nm>;
-       return _El{std::forward<_Range>(__r)};
+       template<viewable_range _Range>
+         requires __detail::__can_elements_view<_Nm, _Range>
+         constexpr auto
+         operator() [[nodiscard]] (_Range&& __r) const
+         {
+           return elements_view<all_t<_Range>, _Nm>{std::forward<_Range>(__r)};
+         }
+
+       static constexpr bool _S_has_simple_call_op = true;
       };
 
-    inline constexpr __adaptor::_RangeAdaptorClosure keys = elements<0>;
-    inline constexpr __adaptor::_RangeAdaptorClosure values = elements<1>;
+    template<size_t _Nm>
+      inline constexpr _Elements<_Nm> elements;
+    inline constexpr auto keys = elements<0>;
+    inline constexpr auto values = elements<1>;
   } // namespace views
 
-} // namespace ranges
+#if __cplusplus > 202002L
+  namespace __detail
+  {
+    template<typename... _Rs>
+      concept __zip_is_common = (sizeof...(_Rs) == 1 && (common_range<_Rs> && ...))
+       || (!(bidirectional_range<_Rs> && ...) && (common_range<_Rs> && ...))
+       || ((random_access_range<_Rs> && ...) && (sized_range<_Rs> && ...));
 
-  namespace views = ranges::views;
+    template<typename... _Ts>
+      struct __tuple_or_pair
+      { using type = std::tuple<_Ts...>; };
 
-  template<typename _Iter, typename _Sent, ranges::subrange_kind _Kind>
-    struct tuple_size<ranges::subrange<_Iter, _Sent, _Kind>>
-    : integral_constant<size_t, 2>
-    { };
+    template<typename _Tp, typename _Up>
+      struct __tuple_or_pair<_Tp, _Up>
+      { using type = pair<_Tp, _Up>; };
+
+    template<typename... _Ts>
+      using __tuple_or_pair_t = typename __tuple_or_pair<_Ts...>::type;
+
+    template<typename _Fp, typename _Tuple>
+      constexpr auto
+      __tuple_transform(_Fp&& __f, _Tuple&& __tuple)
+      {
+       return std::apply([&]<typename... _Ts>(_Ts&&... __elts) {
+         return __tuple_or_pair_t<invoke_result_t<_Fp&, _Ts>...>
+           (std::__invoke(__f, std::forward<_Ts>(__elts))...);
+       }, std::forward<_Tuple>(__tuple));
+      }
+
+    template<typename _Fp, typename _Tuple>
+      constexpr void
+      __tuple_for_each(_Fp&& __f, _Tuple&& __tuple)
+      {
+       std::apply([&]<typename... _Ts>(_Ts&&... __elts) {
+         (std::__invoke(__f, std::forward<_Ts>(__elts)), ...);
+       }, std::forward<_Tuple>(__tuple));
+      }
+  } // namespace __detail
+
+  template<input_range... _Vs>
+    requires (view<_Vs> && ...) && (sizeof...(_Vs) > 0)
+  class zip_view : public view_interface<zip_view<_Vs...>>
+  {
+    tuple<_Vs...> _M_views;
+
+    template<bool> class _Iterator;
+    template<bool> class _Sentinel;
+
+  public:
+    zip_view() = default;
+
+    constexpr explicit
+    zip_view(_Vs... __views)
+      : _M_views(std::move(__views)...)
+    { }
+
+    constexpr auto
+    begin() requires (!(__detail::__simple_view<_Vs> && ...))
+    { return _Iterator<false>(__detail::__tuple_transform(ranges::begin, _M_views)); }
+
+    constexpr auto
+    begin() const requires (range<const _Vs> && ...)
+    { return _Iterator<true>(__detail::__tuple_transform(ranges::begin, _M_views)); }
+
+    constexpr auto
+    end() requires (!(__detail::__simple_view<_Vs> && ...))
+    {
+      if constexpr (!__detail::__zip_is_common<_Vs...>)
+        return _Sentinel<false>(__detail::__tuple_transform(ranges::end, _M_views));
+      else if constexpr ((random_access_range<_Vs> && ...))
+        return begin() + iter_difference_t<_Iterator<false>>(size());
+      else
+        return _Iterator<false>(__detail::__tuple_transform(ranges::end, _M_views));
+    }
+
+    constexpr auto
+    end() const requires (range<const _Vs> && ...)
+    {
+      if constexpr (!__detail::__zip_is_common<const _Vs...>)
+        return _Sentinel<true>(__detail::__tuple_transform(ranges::end, _M_views));
+      else if constexpr ((random_access_range<const _Vs> && ...))
+        return begin() + iter_difference_t<_Iterator<true>>(size());
+      else
+        return _Iterator<true>(__detail::__tuple_transform(ranges::end, _M_views));
+    }
+
+    constexpr auto
+    size() requires (sized_range<_Vs> && ...)
+    {
+      return std::apply([](auto... sizes) {
+       using _CT = __detail::__make_unsigned_like_t<common_type_t<decltype(sizes)...>>;
+       return ranges::min({_CT(sizes)...});
+      }, __detail::__tuple_transform(ranges::size, _M_views));
+    }
+
+    constexpr auto
+    size() const requires (sized_range<const _Vs> && ...)
+    {
+      return std::apply([](auto... sizes) {
+       using _CT = __detail::__make_unsigned_like_t<common_type_t<decltype(sizes)...>>;
+       return ranges::min({_CT(sizes)...});
+      }, __detail::__tuple_transform(ranges::size, _M_views));
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<typename... _Rs>
+    zip_view(_Rs&&...) -> zip_view<views::all_t<_Rs>...>;
+
+  template<typename... _Views>
+    inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<zip_view<_Views...>>
+      = (enable_borrowed_range<_Views> && ...);
 
-  template<typename _Iter, typename _Sent, ranges::subrange_kind _Kind>
-    struct tuple_element<0, ranges::subrange<_Iter, _Sent, _Kind>>
-    { using type = _Iter; };
+  namespace __detail
+  {
+    template<bool _Const, typename... _Vs>
+      concept __all_random_access
+       = (random_access_range<__maybe_const_t<_Const, _Vs>> && ...);
+
+    template<bool _Const, typename... _Vs>
+      concept __all_bidirectional
+       = (bidirectional_range<__maybe_const_t<_Const, _Vs>> && ...);
+
+    template<bool _Const, typename... _Vs>
+      concept __all_forward
+       = (forward_range<__maybe_const_t<_Const, _Vs>> && ...);
+
+    template<bool _Const, typename... _Views>
+      struct __zip_view_iter_cat
+      { };
+
+    template<bool _Const, typename... _Views>
+      requires __all_forward<_Const, _Views...>
+      struct __zip_view_iter_cat<_Const, _Views...>
+      { using iterator_category = input_iterator_tag; };
+  } // namespace __detail
+
+  template<input_range... _Vs>
+    requires (view<_Vs> && ...) && (sizeof...(_Vs) > 0)
+  template<bool _Const>
+  class zip_view<_Vs...>::_Iterator
+    : public __detail::__zip_view_iter_cat<_Const, _Vs...>
+  {
+    __detail::__tuple_or_pair_t<iterator_t<__detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, _Vs>>...> _M_current;
 
-  template<typename _Iter, typename _Sent, ranges::subrange_kind _Kind>
-    struct tuple_element<1, ranges::subrange<_Iter, _Sent, _Kind>>
-    { using type = _Sent; };
+    constexpr explicit
+    _Iterator(decltype(_M_current) __current)
+      : _M_current(std::move(__current))
+    { }
 
-  template<typename _Iter, typename _Sent, ranges::subrange_kind _Kind>
-    struct tuple_element<0, const ranges::subrange<_Iter, _Sent, _Kind>>
-    { using type = _Iter; };
+    static auto
+    _S_iter_concept()
+    {
+      if constexpr (__detail::__all_random_access<_Const, _Vs...>)
+       return random_access_iterator_tag{};
+      else if constexpr (__detail::__all_bidirectional<_Const, _Vs...>)
+       return bidirectional_iterator_tag{};
+      else if constexpr (__detail::__all_forward<_Const, _Vs...>)
+       return forward_iterator_tag{};
+      else
+       return input_iterator_tag{};
+    }
 
-  template<typename _Iter, typename _Sent, ranges::subrange_kind _Kind>
-    struct tuple_element<1, const ranges::subrange<_Iter, _Sent, _Kind>>
-    { using type = _Sent; };
+    template<copy_constructible _Fp, input_range... _Ws>
+      requires (view<_Ws> && ...) && (sizeof...(_Ws) > 0) && is_object_v<_Fp>
+       && regular_invocable<_Fp&, range_reference_t<_Ws>...>
+       && std::__detail::__can_reference<invoke_result_t<_Fp&, range_reference_t<_Ws>...>>
+      friend class zip_transform_view;
+
+  public:
+    // iterator_category defined in __zip_view_iter_cat
+    using iterator_concept = decltype(_S_iter_concept());
+    using value_type
+      = __detail::__tuple_or_pair_t<range_value_t<__detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, _Vs>>...>;
+    using difference_type
+      = common_type_t<range_difference_t<__detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, _Vs>>...>;
+
+    _Iterator() = default;
+
+    constexpr
+    _Iterator(_Iterator<!_Const> __i)
+      requires _Const
+       && (convertible_to<iterator_t<_Vs>,
+                          iterator_t<__detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, _Vs>>> && ...)
+      : _M_current(std::move(__i._M_current))
+    { }
+
+    constexpr auto
+    operator*() const
+    {
+      auto __f = [](auto& __i) -> decltype(auto) {
+       return *__i;
+      };
+      return __detail::__tuple_transform(__f, _M_current);
+    }
+
+    constexpr _Iterator&
+    operator++()
+    {
+      __detail::__tuple_for_each([](auto& __i) { ++__i; }, _M_current);
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    constexpr void
+    operator++(int)
+    { ++*this; }
+
+    constexpr _Iterator
+    operator++(int)
+      requires __detail::__all_forward<_Const, _Vs...>
+    {
+      auto __tmp = *this;
+      ++*this;
+      return __tmp;
+    }
+
+    constexpr _Iterator&
+    operator--()
+      requires __detail::__all_bidirectional<_Const, _Vs...>
+    {
+      __detail::__tuple_for_each([](auto& __i) { --__i; }, _M_current);
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    constexpr _Iterator
+    operator--(int)
+      requires __detail::__all_bidirectional<_Const, _Vs...>
+    {
+      auto __tmp = *this;
+      --*this;
+      return __tmp;
+    }
+
+    constexpr _Iterator&
+    operator+=(difference_type __x)
+      requires __detail::__all_random_access<_Const, _Vs...>
+    {
+      auto __f = [&]<typename _It>(_It& __i) {
+       __i += iter_difference_t<_It>(__x);
+      };
+      __detail::__tuple_for_each(__f, _M_current);
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    constexpr _Iterator&
+    operator-=(difference_type __x)
+      requires __detail::__all_random_access<_Const, _Vs...>
+    {
+      auto __f = [&]<typename _It>(_It& __i) {
+       __i -= iter_difference_t<_It>(__x);
+      };
+      __detail::__tuple_for_each(__f, _M_current);
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    constexpr auto
+    operator[](difference_type __n) const
+      requires __detail::__all_random_access<_Const, _Vs...>
+    {
+      auto __f = [&]<typename _It>(_It& __i) -> decltype(auto) {
+       return __i[iter_difference_t<_It>(__n)];
+      };
+      return __detail::__tuple_transform(__f, _M_current);
+    }
+
+    friend constexpr bool
+    operator==(const _Iterator& __x, const _Iterator& __y)
+      requires (equality_comparable<iterator_t<__detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, _Vs>>> && ...)
+    {
+      if constexpr (__detail::__all_bidirectional<_Const, _Vs...>)
+       return __x._M_current == __y._M_current;
+      else
+       return [&]<size_t... _Is>(index_sequence<_Is...>) {
+         return ((std::get<_Is>(__x._M_current) == std::get<_Is>(__y._M_current)) || ...);
+       }(make_index_sequence<sizeof...(_Vs)>{});
+    }
+
+    friend constexpr auto
+    operator<=>(const _Iterator& __x, const _Iterator& __y)
+      requires __detail::__all_random_access<_Const, _Vs...>
+    { return __x._M_current <=> __y._M_current; }
+
+    friend constexpr _Iterator
+    operator+(const _Iterator& __i, difference_type __n)
+      requires __detail::__all_random_access<_Const, _Vs...>
+    {
+      auto __r = __i;
+      __r += __n;
+      return __r;
+    }
+
+    friend constexpr _Iterator
+    operator+(difference_type __n, const _Iterator& __i)
+      requires __detail::__all_random_access<_Const, _Vs...>
+    {
+      auto __r = __i;
+      __r += __n;
+      return __r;
+    }
+
+    friend constexpr _Iterator
+    operator-(const _Iterator& __i, difference_type __n)
+      requires __detail::__all_random_access<_Const, _Vs...>
+    {
+      auto __r = __i;
+      __r -= __n;
+      return __r;
+    }
+
+    friend constexpr difference_type
+    operator-(const _Iterator& __x, const _Iterator& __y)
+      requires (sized_sentinel_for<iterator_t<__detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, _Vs>>,
+                                  iterator_t<__detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, _Vs>>> && ...)
+    {
+      return [&]<size_t... _Is>(index_sequence<_Is...>) {
+       return ranges::min({difference_type(std::get<_Is>(__x._M_current)
+                                           - std::get<_Is>(__y._M_current))...},
+                          ranges::less{},
+                          [](difference_type __i) {
+                            return __detail::__to_unsigned_like(__i < 0 ? -__i : __i);
+                          });
+      }(make_index_sequence<sizeof...(_Vs)>{});
+    }
+
+    friend constexpr auto
+    iter_move(const _Iterator& __i)
+    { return __detail::__tuple_transform(ranges::iter_move, __i._M_current); }
+
+    friend constexpr void
+    iter_swap(const _Iterator& __l, const _Iterator& __r)
+      requires (indirectly_swappable<iterator_t<__detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, _Vs>>> && ...)
+    {
+      [&]<size_t... _Is>(index_sequence<_Is...>) {
+       (ranges::iter_swap(std::get<_Is>(__l._M_current), std::get<_Is>(__r._M_current)), ...);
+      }(make_index_sequence<sizeof...(_Vs)>{});
+    }
+
+    friend class zip_view;
+  };
+
+  template<input_range... _Vs>
+    requires (view<_Vs> && ...) && (sizeof...(_Vs) > 0)
+  template<bool _Const>
+  class zip_view<_Vs...>::_Sentinel
+  {
+    __detail::__tuple_or_pair_t<sentinel_t<__detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, _Vs>>...> _M_end;
+
+    constexpr explicit
+    _Sentinel(decltype(_M_end) __end)
+      : _M_end(__end)
+    { }
+
+    friend class zip_view;
+
+  public:
+    _Sentinel() = default;
+
+    constexpr
+    _Sentinel(_Sentinel<!_Const> __i)
+      requires _Const
+       && (convertible_to<sentinel_t<_Vs>,
+                          sentinel_t<__detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, _Vs>>> && ...)
+      : _M_end(std::move(__i._M_end))
+    { }
+
+    template<bool _OtherConst>
+      requires (sentinel_for<sentinel_t<__detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, _Vs>>,
+                            iterator_t<__detail::__maybe_const_t<_OtherConst, _Vs>>> && ...)
+    friend constexpr bool
+    operator==(const _Iterator<_OtherConst>& __x, const _Sentinel& __y)
+    {
+      return [&]<size_t... _Is>(index_sequence<_Is...>) {
+       return ((std::get<_Is>(__x._M_current) == std::get<_Is>(__y._M_end)) || ...);
+      }(make_index_sequence<sizeof...(_Vs)>{});
+    }
+
+    template<bool _OtherConst>
+      requires (sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<__detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, _Vs>>,
+                                  iterator_t<__detail::__maybe_const_t<_OtherConst, _Vs>>> && ...)
+    friend constexpr auto
+    operator-(const _Iterator<_OtherConst>& __x, const _Sentinel& __y)
+    {
+      using _Ret
+       = common_type_t<range_difference_t<__detail::__maybe_const_t<_OtherConst, _Vs>>...>;
+      return [&]<size_t... _Is>(index_sequence<_Is...>) {
+       return ranges::min({_Ret(std::get<_Is>(__x._M_current) - std::get<_Is>(__y._M_end))...},
+                          ranges::less{},
+                          [](_Ret __i) {
+                            return __detail::__to_unsigned_like(__i < 0 ? -__i : __i);
+                          });
+      }(make_index_sequence<sizeof...(_Vs)>{});
+    }
+
+    template<bool _OtherConst>
+      requires (sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<__detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, _Vs>>,
+                                  iterator_t<__detail::__maybe_const_t<_OtherConst, _Vs>>> && ...)
+    friend constexpr auto
+    operator-(const _Sentinel& __y, const _Iterator<_OtherConst>& __x)
+    { return -(__x - __y); }
+  };
+
+  namespace views
+  {
+    namespace __detail
+    {
+      template<typename... _Ts>
+       concept __can_zip_view
+         = requires { zip_view<all_t<_Ts>...>(std::declval<_Ts>()...); };
+    }
+
+    struct _Zip
+    {
+      template<typename... _Ts>
+       requires (sizeof...(_Ts) == 0 || __detail::__can_zip_view<_Ts...>)
+       constexpr auto
+       operator() [[nodiscard]] (_Ts&&... __ts) const
+       {
+         if constexpr (sizeof...(_Ts) == 0)
+           return views::empty<tuple<>>;
+         else
+           return zip_view<all_t<_Ts>...>(std::forward<_Ts>(__ts)...);
+       }
+    };
+
+    inline constexpr _Zip zip;
+  }
+
+  namespace __detail
+  {
+    template<typename _Range, bool _Const>
+      using __range_iter_cat
+       = typename iterator_traits<iterator_t<__maybe_const_t<_Const, _Range>>>::iterator_category;
+  }
+
+  template<copy_constructible _Fp, input_range... _Vs>
+    requires (view<_Vs> && ...) && (sizeof...(_Vs) > 0) && is_object_v<_Fp>
+      && regular_invocable<_Fp&, range_reference_t<_Vs>...>
+      && std::__detail::__can_reference<invoke_result_t<_Fp&, range_reference_t<_Vs>...>>
+  class zip_transform_view : public view_interface<zip_transform_view<_Fp, _Vs...>>
+  {
+    [[no_unique_address]] __detail::__box<_Fp> _M_fun;
+    zip_view<_Vs...> _M_zip;
+
+    using _InnerView = zip_view<_Vs...>;
+
+    template<bool _Const>
+      using __ziperator = iterator_t<__detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, _InnerView>>;
+
+    template<bool _Const>
+      using __zentinel = sentinel_t<__detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, _InnerView>>;
+
+    template<bool _Const>
+      using _Base = __detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, _InnerView>;
+
+    template<bool _Const>
+      struct __iter_cat
+      { };
+
+    template<bool _Const>
+      requires forward_range<_Base<_Const>>
+      struct __iter_cat<_Const>
+      {
+      private:
+       static auto
+       _S_iter_cat()
+       {
+         using __detail::__maybe_const_t;
+         using __detail::__range_iter_cat;
+         using _Res = invoke_result_t<__maybe_const_t<_Const, _Fp>&,
+                                      range_reference_t<__maybe_const_t<_Const, _Vs>>...>;
+         if constexpr (!is_lvalue_reference_v<_Res>)
+           return input_iterator_tag{};
+         else if constexpr ((derived_from<__range_iter_cat<_Vs, _Const>,
+                                          random_access_iterator_tag> && ...))
+           return random_access_iterator_tag{};
+         else if constexpr ((derived_from<__range_iter_cat<_Vs, _Const>,
+                                          bidirectional_iterator_tag> && ...))
+           return bidirectional_iterator_tag{};
+         else if constexpr ((derived_from<__range_iter_cat<_Vs, _Const>,
+                                          forward_iterator_tag> && ...))
+           return forward_iterator_tag{};
+         else
+           return input_iterator_tag{};
+       }
+      public:
+       using iterator_category = decltype(_S_iter_cat());
+      };
+
+    template<bool> class _Iterator;
+    template<bool> class _Sentinel;
+
+  public:
+    zip_transform_view() = default;
+
+    constexpr explicit
+    zip_transform_view(_Fp __fun, _Vs... __views)
+      : _M_fun(std::move(__fun)), _M_zip(std::move(__views)...)
+    { }
+
+    constexpr auto
+    begin()
+    { return _Iterator<false>(*this, _M_zip.begin()); }
+
+    constexpr auto
+    begin() const
+      requires range<const _InnerView>
+       && regular_invocable<const _Fp&, range_reference_t<const _Vs>...>
+    { return _Iterator<true>(*this, _M_zip.begin()); }
+
+    constexpr auto
+    end()
+    {
+      if constexpr (common_range<_InnerView>)
+       return _Iterator<false>(*this, _M_zip.end());
+      else
+       return _Sentinel<false>(_M_zip.end());
+    }
+
+    constexpr auto
+    end() const
+      requires range<const _InnerView>
+       && regular_invocable<const _Fp&, range_reference_t<const _Vs>...>
+    {
+      if constexpr (common_range<const _InnerView>)
+       return _Iterator<true>(*this, _M_zip.end());
+      else
+       return _Sentinel<true>(_M_zip.end());
+    }
+
+    constexpr auto
+    size() requires sized_range<_InnerView>
+    { return _M_zip.size(); }
+
+    constexpr auto
+    size() const requires sized_range<const _InnerView>
+    { return _M_zip.size(); }
+  };
+
+  template<class _Fp, class... Rs>
+    zip_transform_view(_Fp, Rs&&...) -> zip_transform_view<_Fp, views::all_t<Rs>...>;
+
+  template<copy_constructible _Fp, input_range... _Vs>
+    requires (view<_Vs> && ...) && (sizeof...(_Vs) > 0) && is_object_v<_Fp>
+      && regular_invocable<_Fp&, range_reference_t<_Vs>...>
+      && std::__detail::__can_reference<invoke_result_t<_Fp&, range_reference_t<_Vs>...>>
+  template<bool _Const>
+  class zip_transform_view<_Fp, _Vs...>::_Iterator : public __iter_cat<_Const>
+  {
+    using _Parent = __detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, zip_transform_view>;
+
+    _Parent* _M_parent = nullptr;
+    __ziperator<_Const> _M_inner;
+
+    constexpr
+    _Iterator(_Parent& __parent, __ziperator<_Const> __inner)
+      : _M_parent(std::__addressof(__parent)), _M_inner(std::move(__inner))
+    { }
+
+    friend class zip_transform_view;
+
+  public:
+    // iterator_category defined in zip_transform_view::__iter_cat
+    using iterator_concept = typename __ziperator<_Const>::iterator_concept;
+    using value_type
+      = remove_cvref_t<invoke_result_t<__detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, _Fp>&,
+                                      range_reference_t<__detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, _Vs>>...>>;
+    using difference_type = range_difference_t<_Base<_Const>>;
+
+    _Iterator() = default;
+
+    constexpr
+    _Iterator(_Iterator<!_Const> __i)
+      requires _Const && convertible_to<__ziperator<false>, __ziperator<_Const>>
+      : _M_parent(__i._M_parent), _M_inner(std::move(__i._M_inner))
+    { }
+
+    constexpr decltype(auto)
+    operator*() const
+    {
+      return std::apply([&](const auto&... __iters) -> decltype(auto) {
+        return std::__invoke(*_M_parent->_M_fun, *__iters...);
+      }, _M_inner._M_current);
+    }
+
+    constexpr _Iterator&
+    operator++()
+    {
+      ++_M_inner;
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    constexpr void
+    operator++(int)
+    { ++*this; }
+
+    constexpr _Iterator
+    operator++(int) requires forward_range<_Base<_Const>>
+    {
+      auto __tmp = *this;
+      ++*this;
+      return __tmp;
+    }
+
+    constexpr _Iterator&
+    operator--() requires bidirectional_range<_Base<_Const>>
+    {
+      --_M_inner;
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    constexpr _Iterator
+    operator--(int) requires bidirectional_range<_Base<_Const>>
+    {
+      auto __tmp = *this;
+      --*this;
+      return __tmp;
+    }
+
+    constexpr _Iterator&
+    operator+=(difference_type __x) requires random_access_range<_Base<_Const>>
+    {
+      _M_inner += __x;
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    constexpr _Iterator&
+    operator-=(difference_type __x) requires random_access_range<_Base<_Const>>
+    {
+      _M_inner -= __x;
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    constexpr decltype(auto)
+    operator[](difference_type __n) const requires random_access_range<_Base<_Const>>
+    {
+      return std::apply([&]<typename... _Is>(const _Is&... __iters) -> decltype(auto) {
+        return std::__invoke(*_M_parent->_M_fun, __iters[iter_difference_t<_Is>(__n)]...);
+      }, _M_inner._M_current);
+    }
+
+    friend constexpr bool
+    operator==(const _Iterator& __x, const _Iterator& __y)
+      requires equality_comparable<__ziperator<_Const>>
+    { return __x._M_inner == __y._M_inner; }
+
+    friend constexpr auto
+    operator<=>(const _Iterator& __x, const _Iterator& __y)
+      requires random_access_range<_Base<_Const>>
+    { return __x._M_inner <=> __y._M_inner; }
+
+    friend constexpr _Iterator
+    operator+(const _Iterator& __i, difference_type __n)
+      requires random_access_range<_Base<_Const>>
+    { return _Iterator(*__i._M_parent, __i._M_inner + __n); }
+
+    friend constexpr _Iterator
+    operator+(difference_type __n, const _Iterator& __i)
+      requires random_access_range<_Base<_Const>>
+    { return _Iterator(*__i._M_parent, __i._M_inner + __n); }
+
+    friend constexpr _Iterator
+    operator-(const _Iterator& __i, difference_type __n)
+      requires random_access_range<_Base<_Const>>
+    { return _Iterator(*__i._M_parent, __i._M_inner - __n); }
+
+    friend constexpr difference_type
+    operator-(const _Iterator& __x, const _Iterator& __y)
+      requires sized_sentinel_for<__ziperator<_Const>, __ziperator<_Const>>
+    { return __x._M_inner - __y._M_inner; }
+  };
+
+  template<copy_constructible _Fp, input_range... _Vs>
+    requires (view<_Vs> && ...) && (sizeof...(_Vs) > 0) && is_object_v<_Fp>
+      && regular_invocable<_Fp&, range_reference_t<_Vs>...>
+      && std::__detail::__can_reference<invoke_result_t<_Fp&, range_reference_t<_Vs>...>>
+  template<bool _Const>
+  class zip_transform_view<_Fp, _Vs...>::_Sentinel
+  {
+    __zentinel<_Const> _M_inner;
+
+    constexpr explicit
+    _Sentinel(__zentinel<_Const> __inner)
+      : _M_inner(__inner)
+    { }
+
+    friend class zip_transform_view;
+
+  public:
+    _Sentinel() = default;
+
+    constexpr
+    _Sentinel(_Sentinel<!_Const> __i)
+      requires _Const && convertible_to<__zentinel<false>, __zentinel<_Const>>
+      : _M_inner(std::move(__i._M_inner))
+    { }
+
+    template<bool _OtherConst>
+      requires sentinel_for<__zentinel<_Const>, __ziperator<_OtherConst>>
+    friend constexpr bool
+    operator==(const _Iterator<_OtherConst>& __x, const _Sentinel& __y)
+    { return __x._M_inner == __y._M_inner; }
+
+    template<bool _OtherConst>
+      requires sized_sentinel_for<__zentinel<_Const>, __ziperator<_OtherConst>>
+    friend constexpr range_difference_t<__detail::__maybe_const_t<_OtherConst, _InnerView>>
+    operator-(const _Iterator<_OtherConst>& __x, const _Sentinel& __y)
+    { return __x._M_inner - __y._M_inner; }
+
+    template<bool _OtherConst>
+      requires sized_sentinel_for<__zentinel<_Const>, __ziperator<_OtherConst>>
+    friend constexpr range_difference_t<__detail::__maybe_const_t<_OtherConst, _InnerView>>
+    operator-(const _Sentinel& __x, const _Iterator<_OtherConst>& __y)
+    { return __x._M_inner - __y._M_inner; }
+  };
+
+  namespace views
+  {
+    namespace __detail
+    {
+      template<typename _Fp, typename... _Ts>
+       concept __can_zip_transform_view
+         = requires { zip_transform_view(std::declval<_Fp>(), std::declval<_Ts>()...); };
+    }
+
+    struct _ZipTransform
+    {
+      template<typename _Fp, typename... _Ts>
+       requires (sizeof...(_Ts) == 0) || __detail::__can_zip_transform_view<_Fp, _Ts...>
+       constexpr auto
+       operator() [[nodiscard]] (_Fp&& __f, _Ts&&... __ts) const
+       {
+         if constexpr (sizeof...(_Ts) == 0)
+           return views::empty<decay_t<invoke_result_t<decay_t<_Fp>&>>>;
+         else
+           return zip_transform_view(std::forward<_Fp>(__f), std::forward<_Ts>(__ts)...);
+       }
+    };
+
+    inline constexpr _ZipTransform zip_transform;
+  }
+
+  template<forward_range _Vp, size_t _Nm>
+    requires view<_Vp> && (_Nm > 0)
+  class adjacent_view : public view_interface<adjacent_view<_Vp, _Nm>>
+  {
+    _Vp _M_base = _Vp();
+
+    template<bool> class _Iterator;
+    template<bool> class _Sentinel;
+
+    struct __as_sentinel
+    { };
+
+  public:
+    adjacent_view() requires default_initializable<_Vp> = default;
+
+    constexpr explicit
+    adjacent_view(_Vp __base)
+      : _M_base(std::move(__base))
+    { }
+
+    constexpr auto
+    begin() requires (!__detail::__simple_view<_Vp>)
+    { return _Iterator<false>(ranges::begin(_M_base), ranges::end(_M_base)); }
+
+    constexpr auto
+    begin() const requires range<const _Vp>
+    { return _Iterator<true>(ranges::begin(_M_base), ranges::end(_M_base)); }
+
+    constexpr auto
+    end() requires (!__detail::__simple_view<_Vp>)
+    {
+      if constexpr (common_range<_Vp>)
+       return _Iterator<false>(__as_sentinel{}, ranges::begin(_M_base), ranges::end(_M_base));
+      else
+       return _Sentinel<false>(ranges::end(_M_base));
+    }
+
+    constexpr auto
+    end() const requires range<const _Vp>
+    {
+      if constexpr (common_range<const _Vp>)
+       return _Iterator<true>(__as_sentinel{}, ranges::begin(_M_base), ranges::end(_M_base));
+      else
+       return _Sentinel<true>(ranges::end(_M_base));
+    }
+
+    constexpr auto
+    size() requires sized_range<_Vp>
+    {
+      using _ST = decltype(ranges::size(_M_base));
+      using _CT = common_type_t<_ST, size_t>;
+      auto __sz = static_cast<_CT>(ranges::size(_M_base));
+      __sz -= std::min<_CT>(__sz, _Nm - 1);
+      return static_cast<_ST>(__sz);
+    }
+
+    constexpr auto
+    size() const requires sized_range<const _Vp>
+    {
+      using _ST = decltype(ranges::size(_M_base));
+      using _CT = common_type_t<_ST, size_t>;
+      auto __sz = static_cast<_CT>(ranges::size(_M_base));
+      __sz -= std::min<_CT>(__sz, _Nm - 1);
+      return static_cast<_ST>(__sz);
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<typename _Vp, size_t _Nm>
+    inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<adjacent_view<_Vp, _Nm>>
+      = enable_borrowed_range<_Vp>;
+
+  namespace __detail
+  {
+    // Yields tuple<_Tp, ..., _Tp> with _Nm elements.
+    template<typename _Tp, size_t _Nm>
+      using __repeated_tuple = decltype(std::tuple_cat(std::declval<array<_Tp, _Nm>>()));
+
+    // For a functor F that is callable with N arguments, the expression
+    // declval<__unarize<F, N>>(x) is equivalent to declval<F>(x, ..., x).
+    template<typename _Fp, size_t _Nm>
+      struct __unarize
+      {
+       template<typename... _Ts>
+         static invoke_result_t<_Fp, _Ts...>
+         __tuple_apply(const tuple<_Ts...>&); // not defined
+
+       template<typename _Tp>
+         decltype(__tuple_apply(std::declval<__repeated_tuple<_Tp, _Nm>>()))
+         operator()(_Tp&&); // not defined
+      };
+  }
+
+  template<forward_range _Vp, size_t _Nm>
+    requires view<_Vp> && (_Nm > 0)
+  template<bool _Const>
+  class adjacent_view<_Vp, _Nm>::_Iterator
+  {
+    using _Base = __detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, _Vp>;
+    array<iterator_t<_Base>, _Nm> _M_current = array<iterator_t<_Base>, _Nm>();
+
+    constexpr
+    _Iterator(iterator_t<_Base> __first, sentinel_t<_Base> __last)
+    {
+      for (auto& __i : _M_current)
+       {
+         __i = __first;
+         ranges::advance(__first, 1, __last);
+       }
+    }
+
+    constexpr
+    _Iterator(__as_sentinel, iterator_t<_Base> __first, iterator_t<_Base> __last)
+    {
+      if constexpr (!bidirectional_range<_Base>)
+       for (auto& __it : _M_current)
+         __it = __last;
+      else
+       for (size_t __i = 0; __i < _Nm; ++__i)
+         {
+           _M_current[_Nm - 1 - __i] = __last;
+           ranges::advance(__last, -1, __first);
+         }
+    }
+
+    static auto
+    _S_iter_concept()
+    {
+      if constexpr (random_access_range<_Base>)
+       return random_access_iterator_tag{};
+      else if constexpr (bidirectional_range<_Base>)
+       return bidirectional_iterator_tag{};
+      else
+       return forward_iterator_tag{};
+    }
+
+    friend class adjacent_view;
+
+    template<forward_range _Wp, copy_constructible _Fp, size_t _Mm>
+      requires view<_Wp> && (_Mm > 0) && is_object_v<_Fp>
+        && regular_invocable<__detail::__unarize<_Fp&, _Mm>, range_reference_t<_Wp>>
+        && std::__detail::__can_reference<invoke_result_t<__detail::__unarize<_Fp&, _Mm>,
+                                                        range_reference_t<_Wp>>>
+      friend class adjacent_transform_view;
+
+  public:
+    using iterator_category = input_iterator_tag;
+    using iterator_concept = decltype(_S_iter_concept());
+    using value_type = conditional_t<_Nm == 2,
+                                    pair<range_value_t<_Base>, range_value_t<_Base>>,
+                                    __detail::__repeated_tuple<range_value_t<_Base>, _Nm>>;
+    using difference_type = range_difference_t<_Base>;
+
+    _Iterator() = default;
+
+    constexpr
+    _Iterator(_Iterator<!_Const> __i)
+      requires _Const && convertible_to<iterator_t<_Vp>, iterator_t<_Base>>
+    {
+      for (size_t __j = 0; __j < _Nm; ++__j)
+       _M_current[__j] = std::move(__i._M_current[__j]);
+    }
+
+    constexpr auto
+    operator*() const
+    {
+      auto __f = [](auto& __i) -> decltype(auto) { return *__i; };
+      return __detail::__tuple_transform(__f, _M_current);
+    }
+
+    constexpr _Iterator&
+    operator++()
+    {
+      for (auto& __i : _M_current)
+       ++__i;
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    constexpr _Iterator
+    operator++(int)
+    {
+      auto __tmp = *this;
+      ++*this;
+      return __tmp;
+    }
+
+    constexpr _Iterator&
+    operator--() requires bidirectional_range<_Base>
+    {
+      for (auto& __i : _M_current)
+       --__i;
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    constexpr _Iterator
+    operator--(int) requires bidirectional_range<_Base>
+    {
+      auto __tmp = *this;
+      --*this;
+      return __tmp;
+    }
+
+    constexpr _Iterator&
+    operator+=(difference_type __x)
+      requires random_access_range<_Base>
+    {
+      for (auto& __i : _M_current)
+       __i += __x;
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    constexpr _Iterator&
+    operator-=(difference_type __x)
+      requires random_access_range<_Base>
+    {
+      for (auto& __i : _M_current)
+       __i -= __x;
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    constexpr auto
+    operator[](difference_type __n) const
+      requires random_access_range<_Base>
+    {
+      auto __f = [&](auto& __i) -> decltype(auto) { return __i[__n]; };
+      return __detail::__tuple_transform(__f, _M_current);
+    }
+
+    friend constexpr bool
+    operator==(const _Iterator& __x, const _Iterator& __y)
+    { return __x._M_current.back() == __y._M_current.back(); }
+
+    friend constexpr bool
+    operator<(const _Iterator& __x, const _Iterator& __y)
+      requires random_access_range<_Base>
+    { return __x._M_current.back() < __y._M_current.back(); }
+
+    friend constexpr bool
+    operator>(const _Iterator& __x, const _Iterator& __y)
+      requires random_access_range<_Base>
+    { return __y < __x; }
+
+    friend constexpr bool
+    operator<=(const _Iterator& __x, const _Iterator& __y)
+      requires random_access_range<_Base>
+    { return !(__y < __x); }
+
+    friend constexpr bool
+    operator>=(const _Iterator& __x, const _Iterator& __y)
+      requires random_access_range<_Base>
+    { return !(__x < __y); }
+
+    friend constexpr auto
+    operator<=>(const _Iterator& __x, const _Iterator& __y)
+      requires random_access_range<_Base>
+       && three_way_comparable<iterator_t<_Base>>
+    { return __x._M_current.back() <=> __y._M_current.back(); }
+
+    friend constexpr _Iterator
+    operator+(const _Iterator& __i, difference_type __n)
+      requires random_access_range<_Base>
+    {
+      auto __r = __i;
+      __r += __n;
+      return __r;
+    }
+
+    friend constexpr _Iterator
+    operator+(difference_type __n, const _Iterator& __i)
+      requires random_access_range<_Base>
+    {
+      auto __r = __i;
+      __r += __n;
+      return __r;
+    }
+
+    friend constexpr _Iterator
+    operator-(const _Iterator& __i, difference_type __n)
+      requires random_access_range<_Base>
+    {
+      auto __r = __i;
+      __r -= __n;
+      return __r;
+    }
+
+    friend constexpr difference_type
+    operator-(const _Iterator& __x, const _Iterator& __y)
+      requires sized_sentinel_for<iterator_t<_Base>, iterator_t<_Base>>
+    { return __x._M_current.back() - __y._M_current.back(); }
+
+    friend constexpr auto
+    iter_move(const _Iterator& __i)
+    { return __detail::__tuple_transform(ranges::iter_move, __i._M_current); }
+
+    friend constexpr void
+    iter_swap(const _Iterator& __l, const _Iterator& __r)
+      requires indirectly_swappable<iterator_t<_Base>>
+    {
+      for (size_t __i = 0; __i < _Nm; __i++)
+       ranges::iter_swap(__l._M_current[__i], __r._M_current[__i]);
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<forward_range _Vp, size_t _Nm>
+    requires view<_Vp> && (_Nm > 0)
+  template<bool _Const>
+  class adjacent_view<_Vp, _Nm>::_Sentinel
+  {
+    using _Base = __detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, _Vp>;
+
+    sentinel_t<_Base> _M_end = sentinel_t<_Base>();
+
+    constexpr explicit
+    _Sentinel(sentinel_t<_Base> __end)
+      : _M_end(__end)
+    { }
+
+    friend class adjacent_view;
+
+  public:
+    _Sentinel() = default;
+
+    constexpr
+    _Sentinel(_Sentinel<!_Const> __i)
+      requires _Const && convertible_to<sentinel_t<_Vp>, sentinel_t<_Base>>
+      : _M_end(std::move(__i._M_end))
+    { }
+
+    template<bool _OtherConst>
+      requires sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Base>,
+                           iterator_t<__detail::__maybe_const_t<_OtherConst, _Vp>>>
+    friend constexpr bool
+    operator==(const _Iterator<_OtherConst>& __x, const _Sentinel& __y)
+    { return __x._M_current.back() == __y._M_end; }
+
+    template<bool _OtherConst>
+      requires sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Base>,
+                                 iterator_t<__detail::__maybe_const_t<_OtherConst, _Vp>>>
+    friend constexpr range_difference_t<__detail::__maybe_const_t<_OtherConst, _Vp>>
+    operator-(const _Iterator<_OtherConst>& __x, const _Sentinel& __y)
+    { return __x._M_current.back() - __y._M_end; }
+
+    template<bool _OtherConst>
+      requires sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Base>,
+                                 iterator_t<__detail::__maybe_const_t<_OtherConst, _Vp>>>
+    friend constexpr range_difference_t<__detail::__maybe_const_t<_OtherConst, _Vp>>
+    operator-(const _Sentinel& __y, const _Iterator<_OtherConst>& __x)
+    { return __y._M_end - __x._M_current.back(); }
+  };
+
+  namespace views
+  {
+    namespace __detail
+    {
+      template<size_t _Nm, typename _Range>
+       concept __can_adjacent_view
+         = requires { adjacent_view<all_t<_Range>, _Nm>(std::declval<_Range>()); };
+    }
+
+    template<size_t _Nm>
+      struct _Adjacent : __adaptor::_RangeAdaptorClosure
+      {
+       template<viewable_range _Range>
+         requires (_Nm == 0) || __detail::__can_adjacent_view<_Nm, _Range>
+         constexpr auto
+         operator() [[nodiscard]] (_Range&& __r) const
+         {
+           if constexpr (_Nm == 0)
+             return views::empty<tuple<>>;
+           else
+             return adjacent_view<all_t<_Range>, _Nm>(std::forward<_Range>(__r));
+         }
+      };
+
+    template<size_t _Nm>
+      inline constexpr _Adjacent<_Nm> adjacent;
+
+    inline constexpr auto pairwise = adjacent<2>;
+  }
+
+  template<forward_range _Vp, copy_constructible _Fp, size_t _Nm>
+   requires view<_Vp> && (_Nm > 0) && is_object_v<_Fp>
+     && regular_invocable<__detail::__unarize<_Fp&, _Nm>, range_reference_t<_Vp>>
+     && std::__detail::__can_reference<invoke_result_t<__detail::__unarize<_Fp&, _Nm>,
+                                                      range_reference_t<_Vp>>>
+  class adjacent_transform_view : public view_interface<adjacent_transform_view<_Vp, _Fp, _Nm>>
+  {
+    [[no_unique_address]] __detail::__box<_Fp> _M_fun;
+    adjacent_view<_Vp, _Nm> _M_inner;
+
+    using _InnerView = adjacent_view<_Vp, _Nm>;
+
+    template<bool _Const>
+      using _InnerIter = iterator_t<__detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, _InnerView>>;
+
+    template<bool _Const>
+      using _InnerSent = sentinel_t<__detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, _InnerView>>;
+
+    template<bool> class _Iterator;
+    template<bool> class _Sentinel;
+
+  public:
+    adjacent_transform_view() = default;
+
+    constexpr explicit
+    adjacent_transform_view(_Vp __base, _Fp __fun)
+      : _M_fun(std::move(__fun)), _M_inner(std::move(__base))
+    { }
+
+    constexpr auto
+    begin()
+    { return _Iterator<false>(*this, _M_inner.begin()); }
+
+    constexpr auto
+    begin() const
+      requires range<const _InnerView>
+       && regular_invocable<__detail::__unarize<const _Fp&, _Nm>,
+                            range_reference_t<const _Vp>>
+    { return _Iterator<true>(*this, _M_inner.begin()); }
+
+    constexpr auto
+    end()
+    {
+      if constexpr (common_range<_InnerView>)
+        return _Iterator<false>(*this, _M_inner.end());
+      else
+        return _Sentinel<false>(_M_inner.end());
+    }
+
+    constexpr auto
+    end() const
+      requires range<const _InnerView>
+       && regular_invocable<__detail::__unarize<const _Fp&, _Nm>,
+                            range_reference_t<const _Vp>>
+    {
+      if constexpr (common_range<const _InnerView>)
+        return _Iterator<true>(*this, _M_inner.end());
+      else
+        return _Sentinel<true>(_M_inner.end());
+    }
+
+    constexpr auto
+    size() requires sized_range<_InnerView>
+    { return _M_inner.size(); }
+
+    constexpr auto
+    size() const requires sized_range<const _InnerView>
+    { return _M_inner.size(); }
+  };
+
+  template<forward_range _Vp, copy_constructible _Fp, size_t _Nm>
+   requires view<_Vp> && (_Nm > 0) && is_object_v<_Fp>
+     && regular_invocable<__detail::__unarize<_Fp&, _Nm>, range_reference_t<_Vp>>
+     && std::__detail::__can_reference<invoke_result_t<__detail::__unarize<_Fp&, _Nm>,
+                                                      range_reference_t<_Vp>>>
+  template<bool _Const>
+  class adjacent_transform_view<_Vp, _Fp, _Nm>::_Iterator
+  {
+    using _Parent = __detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, adjacent_transform_view>;
+    using _Base = __detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, _Vp>;
+
+    _Parent* _M_parent = nullptr;
+    _InnerIter<_Const> _M_inner;
+
+    constexpr
+    _Iterator(_Parent& __parent, _InnerIter<_Const> __inner)
+      : _M_parent(std::__addressof(__parent)), _M_inner(std::move(__inner))
+    { }
+
+    static auto
+    _S_iter_cat()
+    {
+      using __detail::__maybe_const_t;
+      using __detail::__unarize;
+      using _Res = invoke_result_t<__unarize<__maybe_const_t<_Const, _Fp>&, _Nm>,
+                                  range_reference_t<_Base>>;
+      using _Cat = typename iterator_traits<iterator_t<_Base>>::iterator_category;
+      if constexpr (!is_lvalue_reference_v<_Res>)
+       return input_iterator_tag{};
+      else if constexpr (derived_from<_Cat, random_access_iterator_tag>)
+       return random_access_iterator_tag{};
+      else if constexpr (derived_from<_Cat, bidirectional_iterator_tag>)
+       return bidirectional_iterator_tag{};
+      else if constexpr (derived_from<_Cat, forward_iterator_tag>)
+       return forward_iterator_tag{};
+      else
+       return input_iterator_tag{};
+    }
+
+    friend class adjacent_transform_view;
+
+  public:
+    using iterator_category = decltype(_S_iter_cat());
+    using iterator_concept = typename _InnerIter<_Const>::iterator_concept;
+    using value_type
+      = remove_cvref_t<invoke_result_t
+                      <__detail::__unarize<__detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, _Fp>&, _Nm>,
+                       range_reference_t<_Base>>>;
+    using difference_type = range_difference_t<_Base>;
+
+    _Iterator() = default;
+
+    constexpr
+    _Iterator(_Iterator<!_Const> __i)
+      requires _Const && convertible_to<_InnerIter<false>, _InnerIter<_Const>>
+      : _M_parent(__i._M_parent), _M_inner(std::move(__i._M_inner))
+    { }
+
+    constexpr decltype(auto)
+    operator*() const
+    {
+      return std::apply([&](const auto&... __iters) -> decltype(auto) {
+        return std::__invoke(*_M_parent->_M_fun, *__iters...);
+      }, _M_inner._M_current);
+    }
+
+    constexpr _Iterator&
+    operator++()
+    {
+      ++_M_inner;
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    constexpr _Iterator
+    operator++(int)
+    {
+      auto __tmp = *this;
+      ++*this;
+      return __tmp;
+    }
+
+    constexpr _Iterator&
+    operator--() requires bidirectional_range<_Base>
+    {
+      --_M_inner;
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    constexpr _Iterator
+    operator--(int) requires bidirectional_range<_Base>
+    {
+      auto __tmp = *this;
+      --*this;
+      return __tmp;
+    }
+
+    constexpr _Iterator&
+    operator+=(difference_type __x) requires random_access_range<_Base>
+    {
+      _M_inner += __x;
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    constexpr _Iterator&
+    operator-=(difference_type __x) requires random_access_range<_Base>
+    {
+      _M_inner -= __x;
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    constexpr decltype(auto)
+    operator[](difference_type __n) const requires random_access_range<_Base>
+    {
+      return std::apply([&](const auto&... __iters) -> decltype(auto) {
+        return std::__invoke(*_M_parent->_M_fun, __iters[__n]...);
+      }, _M_inner._M_current);
+    }
+
+    friend constexpr bool
+    operator==(const _Iterator& __x, const _Iterator& __y)
+    { return __x._M_inner == __y._M_inner; }
+
+    friend constexpr bool
+    operator<(const _Iterator& __x, const _Iterator& __y)
+      requires random_access_range<_Base>
+    { return __x._M_inner < __y._M_inner; }
+
+    friend constexpr bool
+    operator>(const _Iterator& __x, const _Iterator& __y)
+      requires random_access_range<_Base>
+    { return __x._M_inner > __y._M_inner; }
+
+    friend constexpr bool
+    operator<=(const _Iterator& __x, const _Iterator& __y)
+      requires random_access_range<_Base>
+    { return __x._M_inner <= __y._M_inner; }
+
+    friend constexpr bool
+    operator>=(const _Iterator& __x, const _Iterator& __y)
+      requires random_access_range<_Base>
+    { return __x._M_inner >= __y._M_inner; }
+
+    friend constexpr auto
+    operator<=>(const _Iterator& __x, const _Iterator& __y)
+      requires random_access_range<_Base> &&
+      three_way_comparable<_InnerIter<_Const>>
+    { return __x._M_inner <=> __y._M_inner; }
+
+    friend constexpr _Iterator
+    operator+(const _Iterator& __i, difference_type __n)
+      requires random_access_range<_Base>
+    { return _Iterator(*__i._M_parent, __i._M_inner + __n); }
+
+    friend constexpr _Iterator
+    operator+(difference_type __n, const _Iterator& __i)
+      requires random_access_range<_Base>
+    { return _Iterator(*__i._M_parent, __i._M_inner + __n); }
+
+    friend constexpr _Iterator
+    operator-(const _Iterator& __i, difference_type __n)
+      requires random_access_range<_Base>
+    { return _Iterator(*__i._M_parent, __i._M_inner - __n); }
+
+    friend constexpr difference_type
+    operator-(const _Iterator& __x, const _Iterator& __y)
+      requires sized_sentinel_for<_InnerIter<_Const>, _InnerIter<_Const>>
+    { return __x._M_inner - __y._M_inner; }
+  };
+
+  template<forward_range _Vp, copy_constructible _Fp, size_t _Nm>
+   requires view<_Vp> && (_Nm > 0) && is_object_v<_Fp>
+     && regular_invocable<__detail::__unarize<_Fp&, _Nm>, range_reference_t<_Vp>>
+     && std::__detail::__can_reference<invoke_result_t<__detail::__unarize<_Fp&, _Nm>,
+                                                      range_reference_t<_Vp>>>
+  template<bool _Const>
+  class adjacent_transform_view<_Vp, _Fp, _Nm>::_Sentinel
+  {
+    _InnerSent<_Const> _M_inner;
+
+    constexpr explicit
+    _Sentinel(_InnerSent<_Const> __inner)
+      : _M_inner(__inner)
+    { }
+
+    friend class adjacent_transform_view;
+
+  public:
+    _Sentinel() = default;
+
+    constexpr
+    _Sentinel(_Sentinel<!_Const> __i)
+      requires _Const && convertible_to<_InnerSent<false>, _InnerSent<_Const>>
+      : _M_inner(std::move(__i._M_inner))
+    { }
+
+    template<bool _OtherConst>
+      requires sentinel_for<_InnerSent<_Const>, _InnerIter<_OtherConst>>
+    friend constexpr bool
+    operator==(const _Iterator<_OtherConst>& __x, const _Sentinel& __y)
+    { return __x._M_inner == __y._M_inner; }
+
+    template<bool _OtherConst>
+      requires sized_sentinel_for<_InnerSent<_Const>, _InnerIter<_OtherConst>>
+    friend constexpr range_difference_t<__detail::__maybe_const_t<_OtherConst, _InnerView>>
+    operator-(const _Iterator<_OtherConst>& __x, const _Sentinel& __y)
+    { return __x._M_inner - __y._M_inner; }
+
+    template<bool _OtherConst>
+      requires sized_sentinel_for<_InnerSent<_Const>, _InnerIter<_OtherConst>>
+    friend constexpr range_difference_t<__detail::__maybe_const_t<_OtherConst, _InnerView>>
+    operator-(const _Sentinel& __x, const _Iterator<_OtherConst>& __y)
+    { return __x._M_inner - __y._M_inner; }
+  };
+
+  namespace views
+  {
+    namespace __detail
+    {
+      template<size_t _Nm, typename _Range, typename _Fp>
+       concept __can_adjacent_transform_view
+         = requires { adjacent_transform_view<all_t<_Range>, decay_t<_Fp>, _Nm>
+                        (std::declval<_Range>(), std::declval<_Fp>()); };
+    }
+
+    template<size_t _Nm>
+      struct _AdjacentTransform : __adaptor::_RangeAdaptor<_AdjacentTransform<_Nm>>
+      {
+       template<viewable_range _Range, typename _Fp>
+         requires (_Nm == 0) || __detail::__can_adjacent_transform_view<_Nm, _Range, _Fp>
+         constexpr auto
+         operator() [[nodiscard]] (_Range&& __r, _Fp&& __f) const
+         {
+           if constexpr (_Nm == 0)
+             return zip_transform(std::forward<_Fp>(__f));
+           else
+             return adjacent_transform_view<all_t<_Range>, decay_t<_Fp>, _Nm>
+               (std::forward<_Range>(__r), std::forward<_Fp>(__f));
+         }
+
+       using __adaptor::_RangeAdaptor<_AdjacentTransform>::operator();
+       static constexpr int _S_arity = 2;
+       static constexpr bool _S_has_simple_extra_args = true;
+      };
+
+    template<size_t _Nm>
+      inline constexpr _AdjacentTransform<_Nm> adjacent_transform;
+
+    inline constexpr auto pairwise_transform = adjacent_transform<2>;
+  }
+
+  namespace __detail
+  {
+    template<typename _Tp>
+    constexpr _Tp __div_ceil(_Tp __num, _Tp __denom)
+    {
+      _Tp __r = __num / __denom;
+      if (__num % __denom)
+       ++__r;
+      return __r;
+    }
+  }
+
+  template<view _Vp>
+    requires input_range<_Vp>
+  class chunk_view : public view_interface<chunk_view<_Vp>>
+  {
+    _Vp _M_base;
+    range_difference_t<_Vp> _M_n;
+    range_difference_t<_Vp> _M_remainder = 0;
+    __detail::__non_propagating_cache<iterator_t<_Vp>> _M_current;
+
+    class _OuterIter;
+    class _InnerIter;
+
+  public:
+    constexpr explicit
+    chunk_view(_Vp __base, range_difference_t<_Vp> __n)
+      : _M_base(std::move(__base)), _M_n(__n)
+    { __glibcxx_assert(__n >= 0); }
+
+    constexpr _Vp
+    base() const & requires copy_constructible<_Vp>
+    { return _M_base; }
+
+    constexpr _Vp
+    base() &&
+    { return std::move(_M_base); }
+
+    constexpr _OuterIter
+    begin()
+    {
+      _M_current = ranges::begin(_M_base);
+      _M_remainder = _M_n;
+      return _OuterIter(*this);
+    }
+
+    constexpr default_sentinel_t
+    end() const noexcept
+    { return default_sentinel; }
+
+    constexpr auto
+    size() requires sized_range<_Vp>
+    {
+      return __detail::__to_unsigned_like(__detail::__div_ceil
+                                         (ranges::distance(_M_base), _M_n));
+    }
+
+    constexpr auto
+    size() const requires sized_range<const _Vp>
+    {
+      return __detail::__to_unsigned_like(__detail::__div_ceil
+                                         (ranges::distance(_M_base), _M_n));
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<typename _Range>
+    chunk_view(_Range&&, range_difference_t<_Range>) -> chunk_view<views::all_t<_Range>>;
+
+  template<view _Vp>
+    requires input_range<_Vp>
+  class chunk_view<_Vp>::_OuterIter
+  {
+    chunk_view* _M_parent;
+
+    constexpr explicit
+    _OuterIter(chunk_view& __parent) noexcept
+      : _M_parent(std::__addressof(__parent))
+    { }
+
+    friend chunk_view;
+
+  public:
+    using iterator_concept = input_iterator_tag;
+    using difference_type = range_difference_t<_Vp>;
+
+    struct value_type;
+
+    _OuterIter(_OuterIter&&) = default;
+    _OuterIter& operator=(_OuterIter&&) = default;
+
+    constexpr value_type
+    operator*() const
+    {
+      __glibcxx_assert(*this != default_sentinel);
+      return value_type(*_M_parent);
+    }
+
+    constexpr _OuterIter&
+    operator++()
+    {
+      __glibcxx_assert(*this != default_sentinel);
+      ranges::advance(*_M_parent->_M_current, _M_parent->_M_remainder,
+                     ranges::end(_M_parent->_M_base));
+      _M_parent->_M_remainder = _M_parent->_M_n;
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    constexpr void
+    operator++(int)
+    { ++*this; }
+
+    friend constexpr bool
+    operator==(const _OuterIter& __x, default_sentinel_t)
+    {
+      return *__x._M_parent->_M_current == ranges::end(__x._M_parent->_M_base)
+       && __x._M_parent->_M_remainder != 0;
+    }
+
+    friend constexpr difference_type
+    operator-(default_sentinel_t, const _OuterIter& __x)
+    requires sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Vp>, iterator_t<_Vp>>
+    {
+      const auto __dist = ranges::end(__x._M_parent->_M_base) - *__x._M_parent->_M_current;
+
+      if (__dist < __x._M_parent->_M_remainder)
+       return __dist == 0 ? 0 : 1;
+
+      return 1 + __detail::__div_ceil(__dist - __x._M_parent->_M_remainder,
+                                     __x._M_parent->_M_n);
+    }
+
+    friend constexpr difference_type
+    operator-(const _OuterIter& __x, default_sentinel_t __y)
+    requires sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Vp>, iterator_t<_Vp>>
+    { return -(__y - __x); }
+  };
+
+  template<view _Vp>
+    requires input_range<_Vp>
+  struct chunk_view<_Vp>::_OuterIter::value_type : view_interface<value_type>
+  {
+  private:
+    chunk_view* _M_parent;
+
+    constexpr explicit
+    value_type(chunk_view& __parent) noexcept
+    : _M_parent(std::__addressof(__parent))
+    { }
+
+    friend _OuterIter;
+
+  public:
+    constexpr _InnerIter
+    begin() const noexcept
+    { return _InnerIter(*_M_parent); }
+
+    constexpr default_sentinel_t
+    end() const noexcept
+    { return default_sentinel; }
+
+    constexpr auto
+    size() const
+    requires sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Vp>, iterator_t<_Vp>>
+    {
+      return __detail::__to_unsigned_like
+       (ranges::min(_M_parent->_M_remainder,
+                    ranges::end(_M_parent->_M_base) - *_M_parent->_M_current));
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<view _Vp>
+    requires input_range<_Vp>
+  class chunk_view<_Vp>::_InnerIter
+  {
+    chunk_view* _M_parent;
+
+    constexpr explicit
+    _InnerIter(chunk_view& __parent) noexcept
+    : _M_parent(std::__addressof(__parent))
+    { }
+
+    friend _OuterIter::value_type;
+
+  public:
+    using iterator_concept = input_iterator_tag;
+    using difference_type = range_difference_t<_Vp>;
+    using value_type = range_value_t<_Vp>;
+
+    _InnerIter(_InnerIter&&) = default;
+    _InnerIter& operator=(_InnerIter&&) = default;
+
+    constexpr const iterator_t<_Vp>&
+    base() const &
+    { return *_M_parent->_M_current; }
+
+    constexpr range_reference_t<_Vp>
+    operator*() const
+    {
+      __glibcxx_assert(*this != default_sentinel);
+      return **_M_parent->_M_current;
+    }
+
+    constexpr _InnerIter&
+    operator++()
+    {
+      __glibcxx_assert(*this != default_sentinel);
+      ++*_M_parent->_M_current;
+      if (*_M_parent->_M_current == ranges::end(_M_parent->_M_base))
+       _M_parent->_M_remainder = 0;
+      else
+       --_M_parent->_M_remainder;
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    constexpr void
+    operator++(int)
+    { ++*this; }
+
+    friend constexpr bool
+    operator==(const _InnerIter& __x, default_sentinel_t) noexcept
+    { return __x._M_parent->_M_remainder == 0; }
+
+    friend constexpr difference_type
+    operator-(default_sentinel_t, const _InnerIter& __x)
+      requires sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Vp>, iterator_t<_Vp>>
+    {
+      return ranges::min(__x._M_parent->_M_remainder,
+                        ranges::end(__x._M_parent->_M_base) - *__x._M_parent->_M_current);
+    }
+
+    friend constexpr difference_type
+    operator-(const _InnerIter& __x, default_sentinel_t __y)
+      requires sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Vp>, iterator_t<_Vp>>
+    { return -(__y - __x); }
+  };
+
+  template<view _Vp>
+    requires forward_range<_Vp>
+  class chunk_view<_Vp> : public view_interface<chunk_view<_Vp>>
+  {
+    _Vp _M_base;
+    range_difference_t<_Vp> _M_n;
+    template<bool> class _Iterator;
+
+  public:
+    constexpr explicit
+    chunk_view(_Vp __base, range_difference_t<_Vp> __n)
+    : _M_base(std::move(__base)), _M_n(__n)
+    { __glibcxx_assert(__n > 0); }
+
+    constexpr _Vp
+    base() const & requires copy_constructible<_Vp>
+    { return _M_base; }
+
+    constexpr _Vp
+    base() &&
+    { return std::move(_M_base); }
+
+    constexpr auto
+    begin() requires (!__detail::__simple_view<_Vp>)
+    { return _Iterator<false>(this, ranges::begin(_M_base)); }
+
+    constexpr auto
+    begin() const requires forward_range<const _Vp>
+    { return _Iterator<true>(this, ranges::begin(_M_base)); }
+
+    constexpr auto
+    end() requires (!__detail::__simple_view<_Vp>)
+    {
+      if constexpr (common_range<_Vp> && sized_range<_Vp>)
+       {
+         auto __missing = (_M_n - ranges::distance(_M_base) % _M_n) % _M_n;
+         return _Iterator<false>(this, ranges::end(_M_base), __missing);
+       }
+      else if constexpr (common_range<_Vp> && !bidirectional_range<_Vp>)
+       return _Iterator<false>(this, ranges::end(_M_base));
+      else
+       return default_sentinel;
+    }
+
+    constexpr auto
+    end() const requires forward_range<const _Vp>
+    {
+      if constexpr (common_range<const _Vp> && sized_range<const _Vp>)
+       {
+         auto __missing = (_M_n - ranges::distance(_M_base) % _M_n) % _M_n;
+         return _Iterator<true>(this, ranges::end(_M_base), __missing);
+       }
+      else if constexpr (common_range<const _Vp> && !bidirectional_range<const _Vp>)
+       return _Iterator<true>(this, ranges::end(_M_base));
+      else
+       return default_sentinel;
+    }
+
+    constexpr auto
+    size() requires sized_range<_Vp>
+    {
+      return __detail::__to_unsigned_like(__detail::__div_ceil
+                                         (ranges::distance(_M_base), _M_n));
+    }
+
+    constexpr auto
+    size() const requires sized_range<const _Vp>
+    {
+      return __detail::__to_unsigned_like(__detail::__div_ceil
+                                         (ranges::distance(_M_base), _M_n));
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<typename _Vp>
+    inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<chunk_view<_Vp>>
+      = forward_range<_Vp> && enable_borrowed_range<_Vp>;
+
+  template<view _Vp>
+    requires forward_range<_Vp>
+  template<bool _Const>
+  class chunk_view<_Vp>::_Iterator
+  {
+    using _Parent = __detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, chunk_view>;
+    using _Base = __detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, _Vp>;
+
+    iterator_t<_Base> _M_current = iterator_t<_Base>();
+    sentinel_t<_Base> _M_end = sentinel_t<_Base>();
+    range_difference_t<_Base> _M_n = 0;
+    range_difference_t<_Base> _M_missing = 0;
+
+    constexpr
+    _Iterator(_Parent* __parent, iterator_t<_Base> __current,
+             range_difference_t<_Base> __missing = 0)
+    : _M_current(__current), _M_end(ranges::end(__parent->_M_base)),
+      _M_n(__parent->_M_n), _M_missing(__missing)
+    { }
+
+    static auto
+    _S_iter_cat()
+    {
+      if constexpr (random_access_range<_Base>)
+       return random_access_iterator_tag{};
+      else if constexpr (bidirectional_range<_Base>)
+       return bidirectional_iterator_tag{};
+      else
+       return forward_iterator_tag{};
+    }
+
+    friend chunk_view;
+
+  public:
+    using iterator_category = input_iterator_tag;
+    using iterator_concept = decltype(_S_iter_cat());
+    using value_type = decltype(views::take(subrange(_M_current, _M_end), _M_n));
+    using difference_type = range_difference_t<_Base>;
+
+    _Iterator() = default;
+
+    constexpr _Iterator(_Iterator<!_Const> __i)
+      requires _Const
+       && convertible_to<iterator_t<_Vp>, iterator_t<_Base>>
+       && convertible_to<sentinel_t<_Vp>, sentinel_t<_Base>>
+    : _M_current(std::move(__i._M_current)), _M_end(std::move(__i._M_end)),
+      _M_n(__i._M_n), _M_missing(__i._M_missing)
+    { }
+
+    constexpr iterator_t<_Base>
+    base() const
+    { return _M_current; }
+
+    constexpr value_type
+    operator*() const
+    {
+      __glibcxx_assert(_M_current != _M_end);
+      return views::take(subrange(_M_current, _M_end), _M_n);
+    }
+
+    constexpr _Iterator&
+    operator++()
+    {
+      __glibcxx_assert(_M_current != _M_end);
+      _M_missing = ranges::advance(_M_current, _M_n, _M_end);
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    constexpr _Iterator
+    operator++(int)
+    {
+      auto __tmp = *this;
+      ++*this;
+      return __tmp;
+    }
+
+    constexpr _Iterator&
+    operator--() requires bidirectional_range<_Base>
+    {
+      ranges::advance(_M_current, _M_missing - _M_n);
+      _M_missing = 0;
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    constexpr _Iterator
+    operator--(int) requires bidirectional_range<_Base>
+    {
+      auto __tmp = *this;
+      --*this;
+      return __tmp;
+    }
+
+    constexpr _Iterator&
+    operator+=(difference_type __x)
+      requires random_access_range<_Base>
+    {
+      if (__x > 0)
+       {
+         __glibcxx_assert(ranges::distance(_M_current, _M_end) > _M_n * (__x - 1));
+         _M_missing = ranges::advance(_M_current, _M_n * __x, _M_end);
+       }
+      else if (__x < 0)
+       {
+         ranges::advance(_M_current, _M_n * __x + _M_missing);
+         _M_missing = 0;
+       }
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    constexpr _Iterator&
+    operator-=(difference_type __x)
+      requires random_access_range<_Base>
+    { return *this += -__x; }
+
+    constexpr value_type
+    operator[](difference_type __n) const
+      requires random_access_range<_Base>
+    { return *(*this + __n); }
+
+    friend constexpr bool
+    operator==(const _Iterator& __x, const _Iterator& __y)
+    { return __x._M_current == __y._M_current; }
+
+    friend constexpr bool
+    operator==(const _Iterator& __x, default_sentinel_t)
+    { return __x._M_current == __x._M_end; }
+
+    friend constexpr bool
+    operator<(const _Iterator& __x, const _Iterator& __y)
+      requires random_access_range<_Base>
+    { return __x._M_current > __y._M_current; }
+
+    friend constexpr bool
+    operator>(const _Iterator& __x, const _Iterator& __y)
+      requires random_access_range<_Base>
+    { return __y < __x; }
+
+    friend constexpr bool
+    operator<=(const _Iterator& __x, const _Iterator& __y)
+      requires random_access_range<_Base>
+    { return !(__y < __x); }
+
+    friend constexpr bool
+    operator>=(const _Iterator& __x, const _Iterator& __y)
+      requires random_access_range<_Base>
+    { return !(__x < __y); }
+
+    friend constexpr auto
+    operator<=>(const _Iterator& __x, const _Iterator& __y)
+      requires random_access_range<_Base>
+       && three_way_comparable<iterator_t<_Base>>
+    { return __x._M_current <=> __y._M_current; }
+
+    friend constexpr _Iterator
+    operator+(const _Iterator& __i, difference_type __n)
+      requires random_access_range<_Base>
+    {
+      auto __r  = __i;
+      __r += __n;
+      return __r;
+    }
+
+    friend constexpr _Iterator
+    operator+(difference_type __n, const _Iterator& __i)
+      requires random_access_range<_Base>
+    {
+      auto __r  = __i;
+      __r += __n;
+      return __r;
+    }
+
+    friend constexpr _Iterator
+    operator-(const _Iterator& __i, difference_type __n)
+      requires random_access_range<_Base>
+    {
+      auto __r  = __i;
+      __r -= __n;
+      return __r;
+    }
+
+    friend constexpr difference_type
+    operator-(const _Iterator& __x, const _Iterator& __y)
+      requires sized_sentinel_for<iterator_t<_Base>, iterator_t<_Base>>
+    {
+      return (__x._M_current - __y._M_current
+             + __x._M_missing - __y._M_missing) / __x._M_n;
+    }
+
+    friend constexpr difference_type
+    operator-(default_sentinel_t __y, const _Iterator& __x)
+      requires sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Base>, iterator_t<_Base>>
+    { return __detail::__div_ceil(__x._M_end - __x._M_current, __x._M_n); }
+
+    friend constexpr difference_type
+    operator-(const _Iterator& __x, default_sentinel_t __y)
+      requires sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Base>, iterator_t<_Base>>
+    { return -(__y - __x); }
+  };
+
+  namespace views
+  {
+    namespace __detail
+    {
+      template<typename _Range, typename _Dp>
+       concept __can_chunk_view
+         = requires { chunk_view(std::declval<_Range>(), std::declval<_Dp>()); };
+    }
+
+    struct _Chunk : __adaptor::_RangeAdaptor<_Chunk>
+    {
+      template<viewable_range _Range, typename _Dp = range_difference_t<_Range>>
+       requires __detail::__can_chunk_view<_Range, _Dp>
+       constexpr auto
+       operator() [[nodiscard]] (_Range&& __r, type_identity_t<_Dp> __n) const
+       { return chunk_view(std::forward<_Range>(__r), __n); }
+
+      using __adaptor::_RangeAdaptor<_Chunk>::operator();
+      static constexpr int _S_arity = 2;
+      static constexpr bool _S_has_simple_extra_args = true;
+    };
+
+    inline constexpr _Chunk chunk;
+  }
+
+  namespace __detail
+  {
+    template<typename _Vp>
+      concept __slide_caches_nothing = random_access_range<_Vp> && sized_range<_Vp>;
+
+    template<typename _Vp>
+      concept __slide_caches_last
+      = !__slide_caches_nothing<_Vp> && bidirectional_range<_Vp> && common_range<_Vp>;
+
+    template<typename _Vp>
+      concept __slide_caches_first
+      = !__slide_caches_nothing<_Vp> && !__slide_caches_last<_Vp>;
+  }
+
+  template<forward_range _Vp>
+    requires view<_Vp>
+  class slide_view : public view_interface<slide_view<_Vp>>
+  {
+    _Vp _M_base;
+    range_difference_t<_Vp> _M_n;
+    [[no_unique_address]]
+      __detail::__maybe_present_t<__detail::__slide_caches_first<_Vp>,
+                                 __detail::_CachedPosition<_Vp>> _M_cached_begin;
+    [[no_unique_address]]
+      __detail::__maybe_present_t<__detail::__slide_caches_last<_Vp>,
+                                 __detail::_CachedPosition<_Vp>> _M_cached_end;
+
+    template<bool> class _Iterator;
+    class _Sentinel;
+
+  public:
+    constexpr explicit
+    slide_view(_Vp __base, range_difference_t<_Vp> __n)
+    : _M_base(std::move(__base)), _M_n(__n)
+    { __glibcxx_assert(__n > 0); }
+
+    constexpr auto
+    begin() requires (!(__detail::__simple_view<_Vp>
+                       && __detail::__slide_caches_nothing<const _Vp>))
+    {
+      if constexpr (__detail::__slide_caches_first<_Vp>)
+       {
+         iterator_t<_Vp> __it;
+         if (_M_cached_begin._M_has_value())
+           __it = _M_cached_begin._M_get(_M_base);
+         else
+           {
+             __it = ranges::next(ranges::begin(_M_base), _M_n - 1, ranges::end(_M_base));
+             _M_cached_begin._M_set(_M_base, __it);
+           }
+         return _Iterator<false>(ranges::begin(_M_base), std::move(__it), _M_n);
+       }
+      else
+       return _Iterator<false>(ranges::begin(_M_base), _M_n);
+    }
+
+    constexpr auto
+    begin() const requires __detail::__slide_caches_nothing<const _Vp>
+    { return _Iterator<true>(ranges::begin(_M_base), _M_n); }
+
+    constexpr auto
+    end() requires (!(__detail::__simple_view<_Vp>
+                     && __detail::__slide_caches_nothing<const _Vp>))
+    {
+      if constexpr (__detail::__slide_caches_nothing<_Vp>)
+       return _Iterator<false>(ranges::begin(_M_base) + range_difference_t<_Vp>(size()),
+                               _M_n);
+      else if constexpr (__detail::__slide_caches_last<_Vp>)
+       {
+         iterator_t<_Vp> __it;
+         if (_M_cached_end._M_has_value())
+           __it = _M_cached_end._M_get(_M_base);
+         else
+           {
+             __it = ranges::prev(ranges::end(_M_base), _M_n - 1, ranges::begin(_M_base));
+             _M_cached_end._M_set(_M_base, __it);
+           }
+         return _Iterator<false>(std::move(__it), _M_n);
+       }
+      else if constexpr (common_range<_Vp>)
+       return _Iterator<false>(ranges::end(_M_base), ranges::end(_M_base), _M_n);
+      else
+       return _Sentinel(ranges::end(_M_base));
+    }
+
+    constexpr auto
+    end() const requires __detail::__slide_caches_nothing<const _Vp>
+    { return begin() + range_difference_t<const _Vp>(size()); }
+
+    constexpr auto
+    size() requires sized_range<_Vp>
+    {
+      auto __sz = ranges::distance(_M_base) - _M_n + 1;
+      if (__sz < 0)
+       __sz = 0;
+      return __detail::__to_unsigned_like(__sz);
+    }
+
+    constexpr auto
+    size() const requires sized_range<const _Vp>
+    {
+      auto __sz = ranges::distance(_M_base) - _M_n + 1;
+      if (__sz < 0)
+       __sz = 0;
+      return __detail::__to_unsigned_like(__sz);
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<typename _Range>
+    slide_view(_Range&&, range_difference_t<_Range>) -> slide_view<views::all_t<_Range>>;
+
+  template<typename _Vp>
+    inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<slide_view<_Vp>>
+      = enable_borrowed_range<_Vp>;
+
+  template<forward_range _Vp>
+    requires view<_Vp>
+  template<bool _Const>
+  class slide_view<_Vp>::_Iterator
+  {
+    using _Base = __detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, _Vp>;
+    static constexpr bool _S_last_elt_present
+      = __detail::__slide_caches_first<_Base>;
+
+    iterator_t<_Base> _M_current = iterator_t<_Base>();
+    [[no_unique_address]]
+      __detail::__maybe_present_t<_S_last_elt_present, iterator_t<_Base>>
+       _M_last_elt = decltype(_M_last_elt)();
+    range_difference_t<_Base> _M_n = 0;
+
+    constexpr
+    _Iterator(iterator_t<_Base> __current, range_difference_t<_Base> __n)
+      requires (!_S_last_elt_present)
+    : _M_current(__current), _M_n(__n)
+    { }
+
+    constexpr
+    _Iterator(iterator_t<_Base> __current, iterator_t<_Base> __last_elt,
+             range_difference_t<_Base> __n)
+      requires _S_last_elt_present
+    : _M_current(__current), _M_last_elt(__last_elt), _M_n(__n)
+    { }
+
+    static auto
+    _S_iter_concept()
+    {
+      if constexpr (random_access_range<_Base>)
+       return random_access_iterator_tag{};
+      else if constexpr (bidirectional_range<_Base>)
+       return bidirectional_iterator_tag{};
+      else
+       return forward_iterator_tag{};
+    }
+
+    friend slide_view;
+    friend slide_view::_Sentinel;
+
+  public:
+    using iterator_category = input_iterator_tag;
+    using iterator_concept = decltype(_S_iter_concept());
+    using value_type = decltype(views::counted(_M_current, _M_n));
+    using difference_type = range_difference_t<_Base>;
+
+    _Iterator() = default;
+
+    constexpr
+    _Iterator(_Iterator<!_Const> __i)
+      requires _Const && convertible_to<iterator_t<_Vp>, iterator_t<_Base>>
+    : _M_current(std::move(__i._M_current)), _M_n(__i._M_n)
+    { }
+
+    constexpr auto
+    operator*() const
+    { return views::counted(_M_current, _M_n); }
+
+    constexpr _Iterator&
+    operator++()
+    {
+      ++_M_current;
+      if constexpr (_S_last_elt_present)
+       ++_M_last_elt;
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    constexpr _Iterator
+    operator++(int)
+    {
+      auto __tmp = *this;
+      ++*this;
+      return __tmp;
+    }
+
+    constexpr _Iterator&
+    operator--() requires bidirectional_range<_Base>
+    {
+      --_M_current;
+      if constexpr (_S_last_elt_present)
+       --_M_last_elt;
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    constexpr _Iterator
+    operator--(int) requires bidirectional_range<_Base>
+    {
+      auto __tmp = *this;
+      --*this;
+      return __tmp;
+    }
+
+    constexpr _Iterator&
+    operator+=(difference_type __x)
+      requires random_access_range<_Base>
+    {
+      _M_current += __x;
+      if constexpr (_S_last_elt_present)
+       _M_last_elt += __x;
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    constexpr _Iterator&
+    operator-=(difference_type __x)
+      requires random_access_range<_Base>
+    {
+      _M_current -= __x;
+      if constexpr (_S_last_elt_present)
+       _M_last_elt -= __x;
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    constexpr auto
+    operator[](difference_type __n) const
+      requires random_access_range<_Base>
+    { return views::counted(_M_current + __n, _M_n); }
+
+    friend constexpr bool
+    operator==(const _Iterator& __x, const _Iterator& __y)
+    {
+      if constexpr (_S_last_elt_present)
+       return __x._M_last_elt == __y._M_last_elt;
+      else
+       return __x._M_current == __y._M_current;
+    }
+
+    friend constexpr bool
+    operator<(const _Iterator& __x, const _Iterator& __y)
+      requires random_access_range<_Base>
+    { return __x._M_current < __y._M_current; }
+
+    friend constexpr bool
+    operator>(const _Iterator& __x, const _Iterator& __y)
+      requires random_access_range<_Base>
+    { return __y < __x; }
+
+    friend constexpr bool
+    operator<=(const _Iterator& __x, const _Iterator& __y)
+      requires random_access_range<_Base>
+    { return !(__y < __x); }
+
+    friend constexpr bool
+    operator>=(const _Iterator& __x, const _Iterator& __y)
+      requires random_access_range<_Base>
+    { return !(__x < __y); }
+
+    friend constexpr auto
+    operator<=>(const _Iterator& __x, const _Iterator& __y)
+      requires random_access_range<_Base>
+       && three_way_comparable<iterator_t<_Base>>
+     { return __x._M_current <=> __y._M_current; }
+
+    friend constexpr _Iterator
+    operator+(const _Iterator& __i, difference_type __n)
+      requires random_access_range<_Base>
+    {
+      auto __r = __i;
+      __r += __n;
+      return __r;
+    }
+
+    friend constexpr _Iterator
+    operator+(difference_type __n, const _Iterator& __i)
+      requires random_access_range<_Base>
+    {
+      auto __r = __i;
+      __r += __n;
+      return __r;
+    }
+
+    friend constexpr _Iterator
+    operator-(const _Iterator& __i, difference_type __n)
+      requires random_access_range<_Base>
+    {
+      auto __r = __i;
+      __r -= __n;
+      return __r;
+    }
+
+    friend constexpr difference_type
+    operator-(const _Iterator& __x, const _Iterator& __y)
+      requires sized_sentinel_for<iterator_t<_Base>, iterator_t<_Base>>
+    {
+      if constexpr (_S_last_elt_present)
+       return __x._M_last_elt - __y._M_last_elt;
+      else
+       return __x._M_current - __y._M_current;
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<forward_range _Vp>
+    requires view<_Vp>
+  class slide_view<_Vp>::_Sentinel
+  {
+    sentinel_t<_Vp> _M_end = sentinel_t<_Vp>();
+
+    constexpr explicit
+    _Sentinel(sentinel_t<_Vp> __end)
+    : _M_end(__end)
+    { }
+
+    friend slide_view;
+
+  public:
+    _Sentinel() = default;
+
+    friend constexpr bool
+    operator==(const _Iterator<false>& __x, const _Sentinel& __y)
+    { return __x._M_last_elt == __y._M_end; }
+
+    friend constexpr range_difference_t<_Vp>
+    operator-(const _Iterator<false>& __x, const _Sentinel& __y)
+      requires sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Vp>, iterator_t<_Vp>>
+    { return __x._M_last_elt - __y._M_end; }
+
+    friend constexpr range_difference_t<_Vp>
+    operator-(const _Sentinel& __y, const _Iterator<false>& __x)
+      requires sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Vp>, iterator_t<_Vp>>
+    { return __y._M_end -__x._M_last_elt; }
+  };
+
+  namespace views
+  {
+    namespace __detail
+    {
+      template<typename _Range, typename _Dp>
+       concept __can_slide_view
+         = requires { slide_view(std::declval<_Range>(), std::declval<_Dp>()); };
+    }
+
+    struct _Slide : __adaptor::_RangeAdaptor<_Slide>
+    {
+      template<viewable_range _Range, typename _Dp = range_difference_t<_Range>>
+       requires __detail::__can_slide_view<_Range, _Dp>
+       constexpr auto
+       operator() [[nodiscard]] (_Range&& __r, type_identity_t<_Dp> __n) const
+       { return slide_view(std::forward<_Range>(__r), __n); }
+
+      using __adaptor::_RangeAdaptor<_Slide>::operator();
+      static constexpr int _S_arity = 2;
+      static constexpr bool _S_has_simple_extra_args = true;
+    };
+
+    inline constexpr _Slide slide;
+  }
+
+  template<forward_range _Vp,
+          indirect_binary_predicate<iterator_t<_Vp>, iterator_t<_Vp>> _Pred>
+    requires view<_Vp> && is_object_v<_Pred>
+  class chunk_by_view : public view_interface<chunk_by_view<_Vp, _Pred>>
+  {
+    _Vp _M_base = _Vp();
+    __detail::__box<_Pred> _M_pred = _Pred();
+    __detail::_CachedPosition<_Vp> _M_cached_begin;
+
+    constexpr iterator_t<_Vp>
+    _M_find_next(iterator_t<_Vp> __current)
+    {
+      __glibcxx_assert(_M_pred.has_value());
+      auto __pred = [this]<typename _Tp>(_Tp&& __x, _Tp&& __y) {
+       return !bool((*_M_pred)(std::forward<_Tp>(__x), std::forward<_Tp>(__y)));
+      };
+      auto __it = ranges::adjacent_find(__current, ranges::end(_M_base), __pred);
+      return ranges::next(__it, 1, ranges::end(_M_base));
+    }
+
+    constexpr iterator_t<_Vp>
+    _M_find_prev(iterator_t<_Vp> __current) requires bidirectional_range<_Vp>
+    {
+      __glibcxx_assert(_M_pred.has_value());
+      auto __pred = [this]<typename _Tp>(_Tp&& __x, _Tp&& __y) {
+       return !bool((*_M_pred)(std::forward<_Tp>(__y), std::forward<_Tp>(__x)));
+      };
+      auto __rbegin = std::make_reverse_iterator(__current);
+      auto __rend = std::make_reverse_iterator(ranges::begin(_M_base));
+      __glibcxx_assert(__rbegin != __rend);
+      auto __it = ranges::adjacent_find(__rbegin, __rend, __pred).base();
+      return ranges::prev(__it, 1, ranges::begin(_M_base));
+    }
+
+    class _Iterator;
+
+  public:
+    chunk_by_view() requires (default_initializable<_Vp>
+                             && default_initializable<_Pred>)
+      = default;
+
+    constexpr explicit
+    chunk_by_view(_Vp __base, _Pred __pred)
+    : _M_base(std::move(__base)), _M_pred(std::move(__pred))
+    { }
+
+    constexpr _Vp
+    base() const & requires copy_constructible<_Vp>
+    { return _M_base; }
+
+    constexpr _Vp
+    base() &&
+    { return std::move(_M_base); }
+
+    constexpr const _Pred&
+    pred() const
+    { return *_M_pred; }
+
+    constexpr _Iterator
+    begin()
+    {
+      __glibcxx_assert(_M_pred.has_value());
+      iterator_t<_Vp> __it;
+      if (_M_cached_begin._M_has_value())
+       __it = _M_cached_begin._M_get(_M_base);
+      else
+       {
+         __it = _M_find_next(ranges::begin(_M_base));
+         _M_cached_begin._M_set(_M_base, __it);
+       }
+      return _Iterator(*this, ranges::begin(_M_base), __it);
+    }
+
+    constexpr auto
+    end()
+    {
+      if constexpr (common_range<_Vp>)
+       return _Iterator(*this, ranges::end(_M_base), ranges::end(_M_base));
+      else
+       return default_sentinel;
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<typename _Range, typename _Pred>
+    chunk_by_view(_Range&&, _Pred) -> chunk_by_view<views::all_t<_Range>, _Pred>;
+
+  template<forward_range _Vp,
+          indirect_binary_predicate<iterator_t<_Vp>, iterator_t<_Vp>> _Pred>
+    requires view<_Vp> && is_object_v<_Pred>
+  class chunk_by_view<_Vp, _Pred>::_Iterator
+  {
+    chunk_by_view* _M_parent = nullptr;
+    iterator_t<_Vp> _M_current = iterator_t<_Vp>();
+    iterator_t<_Vp> _M_next = iterator_t<_Vp>();
+
+    constexpr
+    _Iterator(chunk_by_view& __parent, iterator_t<_Vp> __current, iterator_t<_Vp> __next)
+    : _M_parent(std::__addressof(__parent)), _M_current(__current), _M_next(__next)
+    { }
+
+    static auto
+    _S_iter_concept()
+    {
+      if constexpr (bidirectional_range<_Vp>)
+       return bidirectional_iterator_tag{};
+      else
+       return forward_iterator_tag{};
+    }
+
+    friend chunk_by_view;
+
+  public:
+    using value_type = subrange<iterator_t<_Vp>>;
+    using difference_type = range_difference_t<_Vp>;
+    using iterator_category = input_iterator_tag;
+    using iterator_concept = decltype(_S_iter_concept());
+
+    _Iterator() = default;
+
+    constexpr value_type
+    operator*() const
+    {
+      __glibcxx_assert(_M_current != _M_next);
+      return ranges::subrange(_M_current, _M_next);
+    }
+
+    constexpr _Iterator&
+    operator++()
+    {
+      __glibcxx_assert(_M_current != _M_next);
+      _M_current = _M_next;
+      _M_next = _M_parent->_M_find_next(_M_current);
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    constexpr _Iterator
+    operator++(int)
+    {
+      auto __tmp = *this;
+      ++*this;
+      return __tmp;
+    }
+
+    constexpr _Iterator&
+    operator--() requires bidirectional_range<_Vp>
+    {
+      _M_next = _M_current;
+      _M_current = _M_parent->_M_find_prev(_M_next);
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    constexpr _Iterator
+    operator--(int) requires bidirectional_range<_Vp>
+    {
+      auto __tmp = *this;
+      --*this;
+      return __tmp;
+    }
+
+    friend constexpr bool
+    operator==(const _Iterator& __x, const _Iterator& __y)
+    { return __x._M_current == __y._M_current; }
+
+    friend constexpr bool
+    operator==(const _Iterator& __x, default_sentinel_t)
+    { return __x._M_current == __x._M_next; }
+  };
+
+  namespace views
+  {
+    namespace __detail
+    {
+      template<typename _Range, typename _Pred>
+       concept __can_chunk_by_view
+         = requires { chunk_by_view(std::declval<_Range>(), std::declval<_Pred>()); };
+    }
+
+    struct _ChunkBy : __adaptor::_RangeAdaptor<_ChunkBy>
+    {
+      template<viewable_range _Range, typename _Pred>
+       requires __detail::__can_chunk_by_view<_Range, _Pred>
+       constexpr auto
+       operator() [[nodiscard]] (_Range&& __r, _Pred&& __pred) const
+       { return chunk_by_view(std::forward<_Range>(__r), std::forward<_Pred>(__pred)); }
+
+      using __adaptor::_RangeAdaptor<_ChunkBy>::operator();
+      static constexpr int _S_arity = 2;
+      static constexpr bool _S_has_simple_extra_args = true;
+    };
+
+    inline constexpr _ChunkBy chunk_by;
+  }
+
+  namespace __detail
+  {
+    template<typename _Range, typename _Pattern>
+      concept __compatible_joinable_ranges
+       = common_with<range_value_t<_Range>, range_value_t<_Pattern>>
+         && common_reference_with<range_reference_t<_Range>,
+                                  range_reference_t<_Pattern>>
+         && common_reference_with<range_rvalue_reference_t<_Range>,
+                                  range_rvalue_reference_t<_Pattern>>;
+
+    template<typename _Range>
+      concept __bidirectional_common = bidirectional_range<_Range> && common_range<_Range>;
+  }
+
+  template<input_range _Vp, forward_range _Pattern>
+    requires view<_Vp> && view<_Pattern>
+      && input_range<range_reference_t<_Vp>>
+      && __detail::__compatible_joinable_ranges<range_reference_t<_Vp>, _Pattern>
+  class join_with_view : public view_interface<join_with_view<_Vp, _Pattern>>
+  {
+    using _InnerRange = range_reference_t<_Vp>;
+
+    _Vp _M_base = _Vp();
+    __detail::__non_propagating_cache<remove_cv_t<_InnerRange>> _M_inner;
+    _Pattern _M_pattern = _Pattern();
+
+    template<bool _Const> using _Base = __detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, _Vp>;
+    template<bool _Const> using _InnerBase = range_reference_t<_Base<_Const>>;
+    template<bool _Const> using _PatternBase = __detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, _Pattern>;
+
+    template<bool _Const> using _OuterIter = iterator_t<_Base<_Const>>;
+    template<bool _Const> using _InnerIter = iterator_t<_InnerBase<_Const>>;
+    template<bool _Const> using _PatternIter = iterator_t<_PatternBase<_Const>>;
+
+    template<bool _Const>
+      static constexpr bool _S_ref_is_glvalue = is_reference_v<_InnerBase<_Const>>;
+
+    template<bool _Const>
+    struct __iter_cat
+    { };
+
+    template<bool _Const>
+      requires _S_ref_is_glvalue<_Const>
+       && forward_range<_Base<_Const>>
+       && forward_range<_InnerBase<_Const>>
+    struct __iter_cat<_Const>
+    {
+      private:
+       static auto
+       _S_iter_cat()
+       {
+         using _OuterIter = join_with_view::_OuterIter<_Const>;
+         using _InnerIter = join_with_view::_InnerIter<_Const>;
+         using _PatternIter = join_with_view::_PatternIter<_Const>;
+         using _OuterCat = typename iterator_traits<_OuterIter>::iterator_category;
+         using _InnerCat = typename iterator_traits<_InnerIter>::iterator_category;
+         using _PatternCat = typename iterator_traits<_PatternIter>::iterator_category;
+         if constexpr (!is_lvalue_reference_v<common_reference_t<iter_reference_t<_InnerIter>,
+                                                                 iter_reference_t<_PatternIter>>>)
+           return input_iterator_tag{};
+         else if constexpr (derived_from<_OuterCat, bidirectional_iterator_tag>
+                            && derived_from<_InnerCat, bidirectional_iterator_tag>
+                            && derived_from<_PatternCat, bidirectional_iterator_tag>
+                            && common_range<_InnerBase<_Const>>
+                            && common_range<_PatternBase<_Const>>)
+           return bidirectional_iterator_tag{};
+         else if constexpr (derived_from<_OuterCat, forward_iterator_tag>
+                            && derived_from<_InnerCat, forward_iterator_tag>
+                            && derived_from<_PatternCat, forward_iterator_tag>)
+           return forward_iterator_tag{};
+         else
+           return input_iterator_tag{};
+       }
+      public:
+       using iterator_category = decltype(_S_iter_cat());
+    };
+
+    template<bool> struct _Iterator;
+    template<bool> struct _Sentinel;
+
+  public:
+    join_with_view() requires (default_initializable<_Vp>
+                              && default_initializable<_Pattern>)
+      = default;
+
+    constexpr
+    join_with_view(_Vp __base, _Pattern __pattern)
+    : _M_base(std::move(__base)), _M_pattern(std::move(__pattern))
+    { }
+
+    template<input_range _Range>
+      requires constructible_from<_Vp, views::all_t<_Range>>
+       && constructible_from<_Pattern, single_view<range_value_t<_InnerRange>>>
+    constexpr
+    join_with_view(_Range&& __r, range_value_t<_InnerRange> __e)
+    : _M_base(views::all(std::forward<_Range>(__r))),
+      _M_pattern(views::single(std::move(__e)))
+    { }
+
+    constexpr _Vp
+    base() const& requires copy_constructible<_Vp>
+    { return _M_base; }
+
+    constexpr _Vp
+    base() &&
+    { return std::move(_M_base); }
+
+    constexpr auto
+    begin()
+    {
+      constexpr bool __use_const = is_reference_v<_InnerRange>
+       && __detail::__simple_view<_Vp> && __detail::__simple_view<_Pattern>;
+      return _Iterator<__use_const>{*this, ranges::begin(_M_base)};
+    }
+
+    constexpr auto
+    begin() const
+      requires input_range<const _Vp>
+       && forward_range<const _Pattern>
+       && is_reference_v<range_reference_t<const _Vp>>
+    { return _Iterator<true>{*this, ranges::begin(_M_base)}; }
+
+    constexpr auto
+    end()
+    {
+      constexpr bool __use_const
+       = __detail::__simple_view<_Vp> && __detail::__simple_view<_Pattern>;
+      if constexpr (is_reference_v<_InnerRange>
+                   && forward_range<_Vp> && common_range<_Vp>
+                   && forward_range<_InnerRange> && common_range<_InnerRange>)
+        return _Iterator<__use_const>{*this, ranges::end(_M_base)};
+      else
+        return _Sentinel<__use_const>{*this};
+    }
+
+    constexpr auto
+    end() const
+      requires input_range<const _Vp>
+       && forward_range<const _Pattern>
+       && is_reference_v<range_reference_t<const _Vp>>
+    {
+      using _InnerConstRange = range_reference_t<const _Vp>;
+      if constexpr (forward_range<const _Vp>
+                   && forward_range<_InnerConstRange>
+                   && common_range<const _Vp>
+                   && common_range<_InnerConstRange>)
+        return _Iterator<true>{*this, ranges::end(_M_base)};
+      else
+        return _Sentinel<true>{*this};
+    }
+  };
+
+  template<typename _Range, typename _Pattern>
+    join_with_view(_Range&&, _Pattern&&)
+      -> join_with_view<views::all_t<_Range>, views::all_t<_Pattern>>;
+
+  template<input_range _Range>
+    join_with_view(_Range&&, range_value_t<range_reference_t<_Range>>)
+      -> join_with_view<views::all_t<_Range>,
+                       single_view<range_value_t<range_reference_t<_Range>>>>;
+
+  template<input_range _Vp, forward_range _Pattern>
+    requires view<_Vp> && view<_Pattern>
+      && input_range<range_reference_t<_Vp>>
+      && __detail::__compatible_joinable_ranges<range_reference_t<_Vp>, _Pattern>
+  template<bool _Const>
+  class join_with_view<_Vp, _Pattern>::_Iterator : public __iter_cat<_Const>
+  {
+    using _Parent = __detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, join_with_view>;
+    using _Base = join_with_view::_Base<_Const>;
+    using _InnerBase = join_with_view::_InnerBase<_Const>;
+    using _PatternBase = join_with_view::_PatternBase<_Const>;
+
+    using _OuterIter = join_with_view::_OuterIter<_Const>;
+    using _InnerIter = join_with_view::_InnerIter<_Const>;
+    using _PatternIter = join_with_view::_PatternIter<_Const>;
+
+    static constexpr bool _S_ref_is_glvalue = join_with_view::_S_ref_is_glvalue<_Const>;
+
+    _Parent* _M_parent = nullptr;
+    _OuterIter _M_outer_it = _OuterIter();
+    variant<_PatternIter, _InnerIter> _M_inner_it;
+
+    constexpr
+    _Iterator(_Parent& __parent, iterator_t<_Base> __outer)
+    : _M_parent(std::__addressof(__parent)), _M_outer_it(std::move(__outer))
+    {
+      if (_M_outer_it != ranges::end(_M_parent->_M_base))
+       {
+         auto&& __inner = _M_update_inner(_M_outer_it);
+         _M_inner_it.template emplace<1>(ranges::begin(__inner));
+         _M_satisfy();
+       }
+    }
+
+    constexpr auto&&
+    _M_update_inner(const _OuterIter& __x)
+    {
+      if constexpr (_S_ref_is_glvalue)
+       return *__x;
+      else
+       return _M_parent->_M_inner._M_emplace_deref(__x);
+    }
+
+    constexpr auto&&
+    _M_get_inner(const _OuterIter& __x)
+    {
+      if constexpr (_S_ref_is_glvalue)
+       return *__x;
+      else
+       return *_M_parent->_M_inner;
+    }
+
+    constexpr void
+    _M_satisfy()
+    {
+      while (true)
+       {
+         if (_M_inner_it.index() == 0)
+           {
+             if (std::get<0>(_M_inner_it) != ranges::end(_M_parent->_M_pattern))
+               break;
+
+             auto&& __inner = _M_update_inner(_M_outer_it);
+             _M_inner_it.template emplace<1>(ranges::begin(__inner));
+           }
+         else
+           {
+             auto&& __inner = _M_get_inner(_M_outer_it);
+             if (std::get<1>(_M_inner_it) != ranges::end(__inner))
+               break;
+
+             if (++_M_outer_it == ranges::end(_M_parent->_M_base))
+               {
+                 if constexpr (_S_ref_is_glvalue)
+                   _M_inner_it.template emplace<0>();
+                 break;
+               }
+
+             _M_inner_it.template emplace<0>(ranges::begin(_M_parent->_M_pattern));
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+    static auto
+    _S_iter_concept()
+    {
+      if constexpr (_S_ref_is_glvalue
+                   && bidirectional_range<_Base>
+                   && __detail::__bidirectional_common<_InnerBase>
+                   && __detail::__bidirectional_common<_PatternBase>)
+       return bidirectional_iterator_tag{};
+      else if constexpr (_S_ref_is_glvalue
+                        && forward_range<_Base>
+                        && forward_range<_InnerBase>)
+       return forward_iterator_tag{};
+      else
+       return input_iterator_tag{};
+    }
+
+    friend join_with_view;
+
+  public:
+    using iterator_concept = decltype(_S_iter_concept());
+    // iterator_category defined in join_with_view::__iter_cat
+    using value_type = common_type_t<iter_value_t<_InnerIter>,
+                                    iter_value_t<_PatternIter>>;
+    using difference_type = common_type_t<iter_difference_t<_OuterIter>,
+                                         iter_difference_t<_InnerIter>,
+                                         iter_difference_t<_PatternIter>>;
+
+    _Iterator() requires default_initializable<_OuterIter> = default;
+
+    constexpr
+    _Iterator(_Iterator<!_Const> __i)
+      requires _Const
+       && convertible_to<iterator_t<_Vp>, _OuterIter>
+       && convertible_to<iterator_t<_InnerRange>, _InnerIter>
+       && convertible_to<iterator_t<_Pattern>, _PatternIter>
+    : _M_parent(__i._M_parent),
+      _M_outer_it(std::move(__i._M_outer_it))
+    {
+      if (__i._M_inner_it.index() == 0)
+       _M_inner_it.template emplace<0>(std::get<0>(std::move(__i._M_inner_it)));
+      else
+       _M_inner_it.template emplace<1>(std::get<1>(std::move(__i._M_inner_it)));
+    }
+
+    constexpr decltype(auto)
+    operator*() const
+    {
+      using reference = common_reference_t<iter_reference_t<_InnerIter>,
+                                          iter_reference_t<_PatternIter>>;
+      return std::visit([](auto& __it) -> reference { return *__it; }, _M_inner_it);
+    }
+
+    constexpr _Iterator&
+    operator++()
+    {
+      std::visit([](auto& __it){ ++__it; }, _M_inner_it);
+      _M_satisfy();
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    constexpr void
+    operator++(int)
+    { ++*this; }
+
+    constexpr _Iterator
+    operator++(int)
+      requires _S_ref_is_glvalue
+       && forward_iterator<_OuterIter> && forward_iterator<_InnerIter>
+    {
+      _Iterator __tmp = *this;
+      ++*this;
+      return __tmp;
+    }
+
+    constexpr _Iterator&
+    operator--()
+      requires _S_ref_is_glvalue
+       && bidirectional_range<_Base>
+       && __detail::__bidirectional_common<_InnerBase>
+       && __detail::__bidirectional_common<_PatternBase>
+    {
+      if (_M_outer_it == ranges::end(_M_parent->_M_base))
+       {
+         auto&& __inner = *--_M_outer_it;
+         _M_inner_it.template emplace<1>(ranges::end(__inner));
+       }
+
+      while (true)
+       {
+         if (_M_inner_it.index() == 0)
+           {
+             auto& __it = std::get<0>(_M_inner_it);
+             if (__it == ranges::begin(_M_parent->_M_pattern))
+               {
+                 auto&& __inner = *--_M_outer_it;
+                 _M_inner_it.template emplace<1>(ranges::end(__inner));
+               }
+             else
+               break;
+           }
+         else
+           {
+             auto& __it = std::get<1>(_M_inner_it);
+             auto&& __inner = *_M_outer_it;
+             if (__it == ranges::begin(__inner))
+               _M_inner_it.template emplace<0>(ranges::end(_M_parent->_M_pattern));
+             else
+               break;
+           }
+       }
+
+      std::visit([](auto& __it){ --__it; }, _M_inner_it);
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    constexpr _Iterator
+    operator--(int)
+      requires _S_ref_is_glvalue && bidirectional_range<_Base>
+       && __detail::__bidirectional_common<_InnerBase>
+       && __detail::__bidirectional_common<_PatternBase>
+    {
+      _Iterator __tmp = *this;
+      --*this;
+      return __tmp;
+    }
+
+    friend constexpr bool
+    operator==(const _Iterator& __x, const _Iterator& __y)
+      requires _S_ref_is_glvalue
+       && equality_comparable<_OuterIter> && equality_comparable<_InnerIter>
+    { return __x._M_outer_it == __y._M_outer_it && __x._M_inner_it ==__y._M_inner_it; }
+
+    friend constexpr decltype(auto)
+    iter_move(const _Iterator& __x)
+    {
+      using __rval_ref = common_reference_t<iter_rvalue_reference_t<_InnerIter>,
+                                           iter_rvalue_reference_t<_PatternIter>>;
+      return std::visit<__rval_ref>(ranges::iter_move, __x._M_inner_it);
+    }
+
+    friend constexpr void
+    iter_swap(const _Iterator& __x, const _Iterator& __y)
+      requires indirectly_swappable<_InnerIter, _PatternIter>
+    { std::visit(ranges::iter_swap, __x._M_inner_it, __y._M_inner_it); }
+  };
+
+  template<input_range _Vp, forward_range _Pattern>
+    requires view<_Vp> && view<_Pattern>
+      && input_range<range_reference_t<_Vp>>
+      && __detail::__compatible_joinable_ranges<range_reference_t<_Vp>, _Pattern>
+  template<bool _Const>
+  class join_with_view<_Vp, _Pattern>::_Sentinel
+  {
+    using _Parent = __detail::__maybe_const_t<_Const, join_with_view>;
+    using _Base = join_with_view::_Base<_Const>;
+
+    sentinel_t<_Base> _M_end = sentinel_t<_Base>();
+
+    constexpr explicit
+    _Sentinel(_Parent& __parent)
+    : _M_end(ranges::end(__parent._M_base))
+    { }
+
+    friend join_with_view;
+
+  public:
+    _Sentinel() = default;
+
+    constexpr
+    _Sentinel(_Sentinel<!_Const> __s)
+      requires _Const && convertible_to<sentinel_t<_Vp>, sentinel_t<_Base>>
+    : _M_end(std::move(__s._M_end))
+    { }
+
+    template<bool _OtherConst>
+      requires sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Base>,
+                           iterator_t<__detail::__maybe_const_t<_OtherConst, _Vp>>>
+    friend constexpr bool
+    operator==(const _Iterator<_OtherConst>& __x, const _Sentinel& __y)
+    { return __x._M_outer_it == __y._M_end; }
+  };
+
+  namespace views
+  {
+    namespace __detail
+    {
+      template<typename _Range, typename _Pattern>
+       concept __can_join_with_view
+         = requires { join_with_view(std::declval<_Range>(), std::declval<_Pattern>()); };
+    } // namespace __detail
+
+    struct _JoinWith : __adaptor::_RangeAdaptor<_JoinWith>
+    {
+      template<viewable_range _Range, typename _Pattern>
+       requires __detail::__can_join_with_view<_Range, _Pattern>
+       constexpr auto
+       operator() [[nodiscard]] (_Range&& __r, _Pattern&& __f) const
+       {
+         return join_with_view(std::forward<_Range>(__r), std::forward<_Pattern>(__f));
+       }
+
+      using _RangeAdaptor<_JoinWith>::operator();
+      static constexpr int _S_arity = 2;
+      template<typename _Pattern>
+       static constexpr bool _S_has_simple_extra_args
+         = _LazySplit::_S_has_simple_extra_args<_Pattern>;
+    };
+
+    inline constexpr _JoinWith join_with;
+  } // namespace views
+#endif // C++23
+} // namespace ranges
+
+  namespace views = ranges::views;
 
 _GLIBCXX_END_NAMESPACE_VERSION
 } // namespace
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