libstdc++: Fix UB in weekday::weekday(sys_days) and add test
The following has undefined behaviour (signed overflow) [1]:
weekday max{sys_days{days{numeric_limits<days::rep>::max()}}};
The issue is in this line when __n is very large and __n + 4 overflows:
return weekday(__n >= -4 ? (__n + 4) % 7 : (__n + 5) % 7 + 6);
In addition to fixing this bug, the new implementation makes the compiler emit
shorter and branchless code for x86-64 and ARM [2].
[1] https://godbolt.org/z/1s5bv7KfT
[2] https://godbolt.org/z/zKsabzrhs
libstdc++-v3/ChangeLog:
* include/std/chrono (weekday::_S_from_days): Fix UB.
* testsuite/std/time/weekday/1.cc: Add test for overflow.
(cherry picked from commit
f6ce081d0ffb5f25d71eb2f30fcfdff7f20dba22)