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1 <sect1 id="appendix.porting.api" xreflabel="api">
2 <?dbhtml filename="api.html"?>
3
4 <sect1info>
5 <keywordset>
6 <keyword>ISO C++</keyword>
7 <keyword>api</keyword>
8 <keyword>evolution</keyword>
9 <keyword>deprecation</keyword>
10 <keyword>history</keyword>
11 </keywordset>
12 </sect1info>
13
14 <title>API Evolution and Deprecation History</title>
15
16 <para>
17 A list of user-visible changes, in chronological order
18 </para>
19
20 <sect2 id="api.rel_300">
21 <title><constant>3.0</constant></title>
22
23 <para>
24 Extensions moved to <filename class="directory">include/ext</filename>.
25 </para>
26
27 <para>
28 Include files from the SGI/HP sources that pre-date the ISO standard
29 are added. These files are placed into
30 the <filename class="directory">include/backward</filename> directory and a deprecated warning
31 is added that notifies on inclusion (<literal>-Wno-deprecated</literal>
32 deactivates the warning.)
33 </para>
34
35 <para>Deprecated include <filename class="headerfile">backward/strstream</filename> added.</para>
36
37 <para>Removal of include <filename class="headerfile">builtinbuf.h</filename>, <filename class="headerfile">indstream.h</filename>, <filename class="headerfile">parsestream.h</filename>, <filename class="headerfile">PlotFile.h</filename>, <filename class="headerfile">SFile.h</filename>, <filename class="headerfile">stdiostream.h</filename>, and <filename class="headerfile">stream.h</filename>.
38 </para>
39
40
41
42 </sect2>
43
44 <sect2 id="api.rel_310">
45 <title><constant>3.1</constant></title>
46 <para>
47 </para>
48
49 <para>
50 Extensions from SGI/HP moved from <code>namespace std</code>
51 to <code>namespace __gnu_cxx</code>. As part of this, the following
52 new includes are
53 added: <filename class="headerfile">ext/algorithm</filename>, <filename class="headerfile">ext/functional</filename>, <filename class="headerfile">ext/iterator</filename>, <filename class="headerfile">ext/memory</filename>, and <filename class="headerfile">ext/numeric</filename>.
54 </para>
55
56 <para>
57 Extensions to <code>basic_filebuf</code> introduced: <code>__gnu_cxx::enc_filebuf</code>, and <code>__gnu_cxx::stdio_filebuf</code>.
58 </para>
59
60 <para>
61 Extensions to tree data structures added in <filename class="headerfile">ext/rb_tree</filename>.
62 </para>
63
64 <para>
65 Removal of <filename class="headerfile">ext/tree</filename>, moved to <filename class="headerfile">backward/tree.h</filename>.
66 </para>
67
68 </sect2>
69
70 <sect2 id="api.rel_320">
71 <title><constant>3.2</constant></title>
72 <para>
73 </para>
74 <para>Symbol versioning introduced for shared library.</para>
75
76 <para>Removal of include <filename class="headerfile">backward/strstream.h</filename>.</para>
77
78 <para>Allocator changes. Change <code>__malloc_alloc</code> to <code>malloc_allocator</code> and <code>__new_alloc</code> to <code>new_allocator</code>. </para>
79
80 <para> For GCC releases from 2.95 through the 3.1 series, defining
81 <literal>__USE_MALLOC</literal> on the gcc command line would change the
82 default allocation strategy to instead use <code> malloc</code> and
83 <function>free</function>. (This same functionality is now spelled <literal>_GLIBCXX_FORCE_NEW</literal>, see
84 <link linkend="manual.intro.using.macros">this page</link>
85 for details.
86 </para>
87
88
89 <para>Error handling in iostreams cleaned up, made consistent. </para>
90
91
92 </sect2>
93
94 <sect2 id="api.rel_330">
95 <title><constant>3.3</constant></title>
96 <para>
97 </para>
98 </sect2>
99
100 <sect2 id="api.rel_340">
101 <title><constant>3.4</constant></title>
102 <para>
103 </para>
104 <para>
105 Large file support.
106 </para>
107
108 <para> Extensions for generic characters and <code>char_traits</code> added in <filename class="headerfile">ext/pod_char_traits.h</filename>.
109 </para>
110
111 <para>
112 Support for <code>wchar_t</code> specializations of <code>basic_filebuf</code> enhanced to support <code>UTF-8</code> and <code>Unicode</code>, depending on host. More hosts support basic <code>wchar_t</code> functionality.
113 </para>
114
115 <para>
116 Support for <code>char_traits</code> beyond builtin types.
117 </para>
118
119 <para>
120 Conformant <code>allocator</code> class and usage in containers. As
121 part of this, the following extensions are
122 added: <filename class="headerfile">ext/bitmap_allocator.h</filename>, <filename class="headerfile">ext/debug_allocator.h</filename>, <filename class="headerfile">ext/mt_allocator.h</filename>, <filename class="headerfile">ext/malloc_allocator.h</filename>,<filename class="headerfile">ext/new_allocator.h</filename>, <filename class="headerfile">ext/pool_allocator.h</filename>.
123 </para>
124
125 <para>
126 This is a change from all previous versions, and may require
127 source-level changes due to allocator-related changes to structures
128 names and template parameters, filenames, and file locations. Some,
129 like <code>__simple_alloc, __allocator, __alloc, </code> and <code>
130 _Alloc_traits</code> have been removed.
131 </para>
132
133 <para>Default behavior of <code>std::allocator</code> has changed.</para>
134
135 <para>
136 Previous versions prior to 3.4 cache allocations in a memory
137 pool, instead of passing through to call the global allocation
138 operators (i.e., <classname>__gnu_cxx::pool_allocator</classname>). More
139 recent versions default to the
140 simpler <classname>__gnu_cxx::new_allocator</classname>.
141 </para>
142
143 <para> Previously, all allocators were written to the SGI
144 style, and all STL containers expected this interface. This
145 interface had a traits class called <code>_Alloc_traits</code> that
146 attempted to provide more information for compile-time allocation
147 selection and optimization. This traits class had another allocator
148 wrapper, <code>__simple_alloc&lt;T,A&gt;</code>, which was a
149 wrapper around another allocator, A, which itself is an allocator
150 for instances of T. But wait, there's more:
151 <code>__allocator&lt;T,A&gt;</code> is another adapter. Many of
152 the provided allocator classes were SGI style: such classes can be
153 changed to a conforming interface with this wrapper:
154 <code>__allocator&lt;T, __alloc&gt;</code> is thus the same as
155 <code>allocator&lt;T&gt;</code>.
156 </para>
157
158 <para> The class <classname>allocator</classname> used the typedef
159 <type>__alloc</type> to select an underlying allocator that
160 satisfied memory allocation requests. The selection of this
161 underlying allocator was not user-configurable.
162 </para>
163
164 <table frame='all'>
165 <title>Extension Allocators</title>
166 <tgroup cols='4' align='left' colsep='1' rowsep='1'>
167 <colspec colname='c1'></colspec>
168 <colspec colname='c2'></colspec>
169 <colspec colname='c3'></colspec>
170 <colspec colname='c4'></colspec>
171
172 <thead>
173 <row>
174 <entry>Allocator (3.4)</entry>
175 <entry>Header (3.4)</entry>
176 <entry>Allocator (3.[0-3])</entry>
177 <entry>Header (3.[0-3])</entry>
178 </row>
179 </thead>
180
181 <tbody>
182 <row>
183 <entry><classname>__gnu_cxx::new_allocator&lt;T&gt;</classname></entry>
184 <entry><filename class="headerfile">ext/new_allocator.h</filename></entry>
185 <entry><classname>std::__new_alloc</classname></entry>
186 <entry><filename class="headerfile">memory</filename></entry>
187 </row>
188 <row>
189 <entry><classname>__gnu_cxx::malloc_allocator&lt;T&gt;</classname></entry>
190 <entry><filename class="headerfile">ext/malloc_allocator.h</filename></entry>
191 <entry><classname>std::__malloc_alloc_template&lt;int&gt;</classname></entry>
192 <entry><filename class="headerfile">memory</filename></entry>
193 </row>
194 <row>
195 <entry><classname>__gnu_cxx::debug_allocator&lt;T&gt;</classname></entry>
196 <entry><filename class="headerfile">ext/debug_allocator.h</filename></entry>
197 <entry><classname>std::debug_alloc&lt;T&gt;</classname></entry>
198 <entry><filename class="headerfile">memory</filename></entry>
199 </row>
200 <row>
201 <entry><classname>__gnu_cxx::__pool_alloc&lt;T&gt;</classname></entry>
202 <entry><filename class="headerfile">ext/pool_allocator.h</filename></entry>
203 <entry><classname>std::__default_alloc_template&lt;bool,int&gt;</classname></entry>
204 <entry><filename class="headerfile">memory</filename></entry>
205 </row>
206 <row>
207 <entry><classname>__gnu_cxx::__mt_alloc&lt;T&gt;</classname></entry>
208 <entry><filename class="headerfile">ext/mt_allocator.h</filename></entry>
209 <entry> </entry>
210 <entry> </entry>
211 </row>
212 <row>
213 <entry><classname>__gnu_cxx::bitmap_allocator&lt;T&gt;</classname></entry>
214 <entry><filename class="headerfile">ext/bitmap_allocator.h</filename></entry>
215 <entry> </entry>
216 <entry> </entry>
217 </row>
218 </tbody>
219 </tgroup>
220 </table>
221
222 <para> Releases after gcc-3.4 have continued to add to the collection
223 of available allocators. All of these new allocators are
224 standard-style. The following table includes details, along with
225 the first released version of GCC that included the extension allocator.
226 </para>
227
228 <table frame='all'>
229 <title>Extension Allocators Continued</title>
230 <tgroup cols='3' align='left' colsep='1' rowsep='1'>
231 <colspec colname='c1'></colspec>
232 <colspec colname='c2'></colspec>
233 <colspec colname='c3'></colspec>
234
235 <thead>
236 <row>
237 <entry>Allocator</entry>
238 <entry>Include</entry>
239 <entry>Version</entry>
240 </row>
241 </thead>
242
243 <tbody>
244 <row>
245 <entry><classname>__gnu_cxx::array_allocator&lt;T&gt;</classname></entry>
246 <entry><filename class="headerfile">ext/array_allocator.h</filename></entry>
247 <entry>4.0.0</entry>
248 </row>
249 <row>
250 <entry><classname>__gnu_cxx::throw_allocator&lt;T&gt;</classname></entry>
251 <entry><filename class="headerfile">ext/throw_allocator.h</filename></entry>
252 <entry>4.2.0</entry>
253 </row>
254 </tbody>
255 </tgroup>
256 </table>
257
258
259 <para>
260 Debug mode first appears.
261 </para>
262
263 <para>
264 Precompiled header support <acronym>PCH</acronym> support.
265 </para>
266
267 <para>
268 Macro guard for changed, from <literal>_GLIBCPP_</literal> to <literal>_GLIBCXX_</literal>.
269 </para>
270
271 <para>
272 Extension <filename class="headerfile">ext/stdio_sync_filebuf.h</filename> added.
273 </para>
274
275 <para>
276 Extension <filename class="headerfile">ext/demangle.h</filename> added.
277 </para>
278
279
280 </sect2>
281
282 <sect2 id="api.rel_400">
283 <title><constant>4.0</constant></title>
284 <para>
285 </para>
286 <para>
287 TR1 features first appear.
288 </para>
289
290 <para>
291 Extension allocator <filename class="headerfile">ext/array_allocator.h</filename> added.
292 </para>
293
294 <para>
295 Extension <code>codecvt</code> specializations moved to <filename class="headerfile">ext/codecvt_specializations.h</filename>.
296 </para>
297
298 <para>
299 Removal of <filename class="headerfile">ext/demangle.h</filename>.
300 </para>
301
302
303 </sect2>
304
305 <sect2 id="api.rel_410">
306 <title><constant>4.1</constant></title>
307 <para>
308 </para>
309
310
311 <para>
312 Removal of <filename class="headerfile">cassert</filename> from all standard headers: now has to be explicitly included for <code>std::assert</code> calls.
313 </para>
314
315 <para> Extensions for policy-based data structures first added. New includes,
316 types, namespace <code>pb_assoc</code>.
317 </para>
318
319
320
321 <para> Extensions for typelists added in <filename class="headerfile">ext/typelist.h</filename>.
322 </para>
323
324 <para> Extension for policy-based <code>basic_string</code> first added: <code>__gnu_cxx::__versa_string</code> in <filename class="headerfile">ext/vstring.h</filename>.
325 </para>
326
327 </sect2>
328
329 <sect2 id="api.rel_420">
330 <title><constant>4.2</constant></title>
331 <para>
332 </para>
333
334
335 <para> Default visibility attributes applied to <code>namespace std</code>. Support for <code>-fvisibility</code>.
336 </para>
337
338 <para>TR1 <filename class="headerfile">random</filename>, <filename class="headerfile">complex</filename>, and C compatibility headers added.</para>
339
340 <para> Extensions for concurrent programming consolidated
341 into <filename class="headerfile">ext/concurrence.h</filename> and <filename class="headerfile">ext/atomicity.h</filename>,
342 including change of namespace to <code>__gnu_cxx</code> in some
343 cases. Added types
344 include <code>_Lock_policy</code>, <code>__concurrence_lock_error</code>, <code>__concurrence_unlock_error</code>, <code>__mutex</code>, <code>__scoped_lock</code>.</para>
345
346 <para> Extensions for type traits consolidated
347 into <filename class="headerfile">ext/type_traits.h</filename>. Additional traits are added
348 (<code>__conditional_type</code>, <code>__enable_if</code>, others.)
349 </para>
350
351 <para> Extensions for policy-based data structures revised. New includes,
352 types, namespace moved to <code>__pb_ds</code>.
353 </para>
354
355 <para> Extensions for debug mode modified: now nested in <code>namespace
356 std::__debug</code> and extensions in <code>namespace
357 __gnu_cxx::__debug</code>.</para>
358
359 <para> Extensions added: <filename class="headerfile">ext/typelist.h</filename>
360 and <filename class="headerfile">ext/throw_allocator.h</filename>.
361 </para>
362
363 </sect2>
364
365 <sect2 id="api.rel_430">
366 <title><constant>4.3</constant></title>
367 <para>
368 </para>
369
370
371 <para>
372 C++0X features first appear.
373 </para>
374
375 <para>TR1 <filename class="headerfile">regex</filename> and <filename class="headerfile">cmath</filename>'s mathematical special function added.
376 </para>
377
378 <para>
379 Backward include edit.
380 </para>
381 <itemizedlist>
382 <listitem>
383 <para>Removed</para>
384 <para>
385 <filename class="headerfile">algobase.h</filename> <filename class="headerfile">algo.h</filename> <filename class="headerfile">alloc.h</filename> <filename class="headerfile">bvector.h</filename> <filename class="headerfile">complex.h</filename>
386 <filename class="headerfile">defalloc.h</filename> <filename class="headerfile">deque.h</filename> <filename class="headerfile">fstream.h</filename> <filename class="headerfile">function.h</filename> <filename class="headerfile">hash_map.h</filename> <filename class="headerfile">hash_set.h</filename>
387 <filename class="headerfile">hashtable.h</filename> <filename class="headerfile">heap.h</filename> <filename class="headerfile">iomanip.h</filename> <filename class="headerfile">iostream.h</filename> <filename class="headerfile">istream.h</filename> <filename class="headerfile">iterator.h</filename>
388 <filename class="headerfile">list.h</filename> <filename class="headerfile">map.h</filename> <filename class="headerfile">multimap.h</filename> <filename class="headerfile">multiset.h</filename> <filename class="headerfile">new.h</filename> <filename class="headerfile">ostream.h</filename> <filename class="headerfile">pair.h</filename> <filename class="headerfile">queue.h</filename> <filename class="headerfile">rope.h</filename> <filename class="headerfile">set.h</filename> <filename class="headerfile">slist.h</filename> <filename class="headerfile">stack.h</filename> <filename class="headerfile">streambuf.h</filename> <filename class="headerfile">stream.h</filename> <filename class="headerfile">tempbuf.h</filename>
389 <filename class="headerfile">tree.h</filename> <filename class="headerfile">vector.h</filename>
390 </para>
391 </listitem>
392 <listitem>
393 <para>Added</para>
394 <para>
395 <filename class="headerfile">hash_map</filename> and <filename class="headerfile">hash_set</filename>
396 </para>
397 </listitem>
398 <listitem>
399 <para>Added in C++0x</para>
400 <para>
401 <filename class="headerfile">auto_ptr.h</filename> and <filename class="headerfile">binders.h</filename>
402 </para>
403 </listitem>
404
405 </itemizedlist>
406
407 <para>
408 Header dependency streamlining.
409 </para>
410
411 <itemizedlist>
412 <listitem><para><filename class="headerfile">algorithm</filename> no longer includes <filename class="headerfile">climits</filename>, <filename class="headerfile">cstring</filename>, or <filename class="headerfile">iosfwd</filename> </para></listitem>
413 <listitem><para><filename class="headerfile">bitset</filename> no longer includes <filename class="headerfile">istream</filename> or <filename class="headerfile">ostream</filename>, adds <filename class="headerfile">iosfwd</filename> </para></listitem>
414 <listitem><para><filename class="headerfile">functional</filename> no longer includes <filename class="headerfile">cstddef</filename></para></listitem>
415 <listitem><para><filename class="headerfile">iomanip</filename> no longer includes <filename class="headerfile">istream</filename>, <filename class="headerfile">istream</filename>, or <filename class="headerfile">functional</filename>, adds <filename class="headerfile">ioswd</filename> </para></listitem>
416 <listitem><para><filename class="headerfile">numeric</filename> no longer includes <filename class="headerfile">iterator</filename></para></listitem>
417 <listitem><para><filename class="headerfile">string</filename> no longer includes <filename class="headerfile">algorithm</filename> or <filename class="headerfile">memory</filename></para></listitem>
418
419 <listitem><para><filename class="headerfile">valarray</filename> no longer includes <filename class="headerfile">numeric</filename> or <filename class="headerfile">cstdlib</filename></para></listitem>
420 <listitem><para><filename class="headerfile">tr1/hashtable</filename> no longer includes <filename class="headerfile">memory</filename> or <filename class="headerfile">functional</filename></para></listitem>
421 <listitem><para><filename class="headerfile">tr1/memory</filename> no longer includes <filename class="headerfile">algorithm</filename></para></listitem>
422 <listitem><para><filename class="headerfile">tr1/random</filename> no longer includes <filename class="headerfile">algorithm</filename> or <filename class="headerfile">fstream</filename></para></listitem>
423 </itemizedlist>
424
425 <para>
426 Debug mode for <filename class="headerfile">unordered_map</filename> and <filename class="headerfile">unordered_set</filename>.
427 </para>
428
429 <para>
430 Parallel mode first appears.
431 </para>
432
433 <para>Variadic template implementations of items in <filename class="headerfile">tuple</filename> and
434 <filename class="headerfile">functional</filename>.
435 </para>
436
437 <para>Default <code>what</code> implementations give more elaborate
438 exception strings for <code>bad_cast</code>,
439 <code>bad_typeid</code>, <code>bad_exception</code>, and
440 <code>bad_alloc</code>.
441 </para>
442
443 <para>
444 PCH binary files no longer installed. Instead, the source files are installed.
445 </para>
446
447 <para>
448 Namespace pb_ds moved to __gnu_pb_ds.
449 </para>
450
451 </sect2>
452
453
454 <sect2 id="api.rel_440">
455 <title><constant>4.4</constant></title>
456 <para>
457 </para>
458
459 <para>
460 C++0X features.
461 </para>
462
463 <itemizedlist>
464 <listitem>
465 <para>
466 Added.
467 </para>
468 <para>
469 <filename class="headerfile">atomic</filename>,
470 <filename class="headerfile">chrono</filename>,
471 <filename class="headerfile">condition_variable</filename>,
472 <filename class="headerfile">forward_list</filename>,
473 <filename class="headerfile">initializer_list</filename>,
474 <filename class="headerfile">mutex</filename>,
475 <filename class="headerfile">ratio</filename>,
476 <filename class="headerfile">thread</filename>
477 </para>
478 </listitem>
479
480 <listitem>
481 <para>
482 Updated and improved.
483 </para>
484 <para>
485 <filename class="headerfile">algorithm</filename>,
486 <filename class="headerfile">system_error</filename>,
487 <filename class="headerfile">type_traits</filename>
488 </para>
489 </listitem>
490
491 <listitem>
492 <para>
493 Use of the GNU extension namespace association converted to inline namespaces.
494 </para>
495 </listitem>
496
497 <listitem>
498 <para>
499 Preliminary support for <classname>initializer_list</classname>
500 and defaulted and deleted constructors in container classes.
501 </para>
502 </listitem>
503
504 <listitem>
505 <para>
506 <classname>unique_ptr</classname>.
507 </para>
508 </listitem>
509
510 <listitem>
511 <para>
512 Support for new character types <type>char16_t</type>
513 and <type>char32_t</type> added
514 to <classname>char_traits</classname>, <classname>basic_string</classname>, <classname>numeric_limits</classname>,
515 and assorted compile-time type traits.
516 </para>
517 </listitem>
518
519 <listitem>
520 <para>
521 Support for string conversions <function>to_string</function>
522 and <function>to_wstring</function>.
523 </para>
524 </listitem>
525
526 <listitem>
527 <para>
528 Member functions taking string arguments were added to iostreams
529 including <classname>basic_filebuf</classname>, <classname>basic_ofstream</classname>,
530 and <classname>basic_ifstream</classname>.
531 </para>
532 </listitem>
533
534 <listitem>
535 <para>
536 Exception propagation support,
537 including <classname>exception_ptr</classname>, <function>current_exception</function>, <function>copy_exception</function>,
538 and <function>rethrow_exception</function>.
539 </para>
540 </listitem>
541 </itemizedlist>
542
543
544 <para>
545 Uglification of <literal>try</literal> to <literal>__try</literal>
546 and <literal>catch</literal> to <literal>__catch</literal>.
547 </para>
548
549 <para>
550 Audit of internal mutex usage, conversion to funtions returning static
551 local mutex.
552 </para>
553
554 <para> Extensions
555 added: <filename class="headerfile">ext/pointer.h</filename>
556 and <filename class="headerfile">ext/extptr_allocator.h</filename>. Support
557 for non-standard pointer types has been added
558 to <classname>vector</classname>
559 and <classname>forward_list</classname>.
560 </para>
561 </sect2>
562
563 <sect2 id="api.rel_450">
564 <title><constant>4.5</constant></title>
565 <para>
566 </para>
567
568 <para>
569 C++0X features.
570 </para>
571
572 <itemizedlist>
573 <listitem>
574 <para>
575 Added.
576 </para>
577 <para>
578 <filename class="headerfile">future</filename>,
579 <filename class="headerfile">random</filename>
580 </para>
581 </listitem>
582
583 <listitem>
584 <para>
585 Updated and improved.
586 </para>
587 <para>
588 <filename class="headerfile">atomic</filename>,
589 <filename class="headerfile">system_error</filename>,
590 <filename class="headerfile">type_traits</filename>
591 </para>
592 </listitem>
593
594 <listitem>
595 <para>
596 Add support for explicit operators and standard layout types.
597 </para>
598 </listitem>
599 </itemizedlist>
600
601 <para>
602 Profile mode first appears.
603 </para>
604
605 <para>
606 Support for decimal floating-point arithmetic, including <classname>decimal32</classname>, <classname>decimal64</classname>, and <classname>decimal128</classname>.
607 </para>
608
609 <para>
610 Python pretty-printers are added for use with appropriately-advanced versions of <command>gdb</command>.
611 </para>
612
613 <para>
614 Audit for application of function attributes notrow, const, pure, and noreturn.
615 </para>
616
617 <para> Extensions modified: <filename class="headerfile">ext/throw_allocator.h</filename>. In addition, experimental support was added for <filename class="headerfile">random</filename> serialization operators.
618 </para>
619 </sect2>
620
621 </sect1>
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