libstdc++: Remove overzealous static_asserts from std::span

libstdc++: Remove overzealous static_asserts from std::span

For a span with statically empty extent, we currently model the
preconditions of front(), back(), and operator[] as if they are
mandates, by using a static_assert to verify that extent != 0.  This
causes us to reject valid programs that would instantiate these member
functions and at runtime never call them.

Since they are already followed by more general runtime asserts, this
patch just removes these static_asserts altogether,

libstdc++-v3/ChangeLog:

	* include/std/span (span::front): Remove static_assert.
	(span::back): Likewise.
	(span::operator[]): Likewise.
	* testsuite/23_containers/span/back_neg.cc: Rewrite to verify
	that we check the preconditions of back() only when it's called.
	* testsuite/23_containers/span/front_neg.cc: Likewise for
	front().
	* testsuite/23_containers/span/index_op_neg.cc: Likewise for
	operator[].

(cherry picked from commit 37edf28c24b7bd198c27d266af9aefad417635fd)