Node: Objective-C Dialect Options, Next: Language Independent Options, Previous: C++ Dialect Options, Up: Invoking GCC
(NOTE: This manual does not describe the Objective-C language itself. See http://gcc.gnu.org/readings.html for references.)
This section describes the command-line options that are only meaningful
for Objective-C programs, but you can also use most of the GNU compiler
options regardless of what language your program is in. For example,
you might compile a file some_class.m like this:
gcc -g -fgnu-runtime -O -c some_class.m
In this example, -fgnu-runtime is an option meant only for
Objective-C programs; you can use the other options with any language
supported by GCC.
Here is a list of options that are only for compiling Objective-C programs:
-fconstant-string-class=class-name@"...". The default
class name is NXConstantString if the GNU runtime is being used, and
NSConstantString if the NeXT runtime is being used (see below). The
-fconstant-cfstrings option, if also present, will override the
-fconstant-string-class setting and cause @"..." literals
to be laid out as constant CoreFoundation strings.
-fgnu-runtime
-fnext-runtime
__NEXT_RUNTIME__ is predefined if (and only if) this option is
used.
-fno-nil-receivers
[receiver message:arg]) in this translation unit ensure that the receiver
is not nil. This allows for more efficient entry points in the runtime to be
used. Currently, this option is only available in conjunction with
the NeXT runtime on Mac OS X 10.3 and later.
-fobjc-exceptions
@try {
...
@throw expr;
...
}
@catch (AnObjCClass *exc) {
...
@throw expr;
...
@throw;
...
}
@catch (AnotherClass *exc) {
...
}
@catch (id allOthers) {
...
}
@finally {
...
@throw expr;
...
}
The @throw statement may appear anywhere in an Objective-C or
Objective-C++ program; when used inside of a @catch block, the
@throw may appear without an argument (as shown above), in which case
the object caught by the @catch will be rethrown.
Note that only (pointers to) Objective-C objects may be thrown and
caught using this scheme. When an object is thrown, it will be caught
by the nearest @catch clause capable of handling objects of that type,
analogously to how catch blocks work in C++ and Java. A
@catch(id ...) clause (as shown above) may also be provided to catch
any and all Objective-C exceptions not caught by previous @catch
clauses (if any).
The @finally clause, if present, will be executed upon exit from the
immediately preceding @try ... @catch section. This will happen
regardless of whether any exceptions are thrown, caught or rethrown
inside the @try ... @catch section, analogously to the behavior
of the finally clause in Java.
There are several caveats to using the new exception mechanism:
NS_HANDLER-style
idioms provided by the NSException class, the new
exceptions can only be used on Mac OS X 10.3 (Panther) and later
systems, due to additional functionality needed in the (NeXT) Objective-C
runtime.
@throw an exception
from Objective-C and catch it in C++, or vice versa
(i.e., throw ... @catch).
The -fobjc-exceptions switch also enables the use of synchronization
blocks for thread-safe execution:
@synchronized (ObjCClass *guard) {
...
}
Upon entering the @synchronized block, a thread of execution shall
first check whether a lock has been placed on the corresponding guard
object by another thread. If it has, the current thread shall wait until
the other thread relinquishes its lock. Once guard becomes available,
the current thread will place its own lock on it, execute the code contained in
the @synchronized block, and finally relinquish the lock (thereby
making guard available to other threads).
Unlike Java, Objective-C does not allow for entire methods to be marked
@synchronized. Note that throwing exceptions out of
@synchronized blocks is allowed, and will cause the guarding object
to be unlocked properly.
-freplace-objc-classes
ld(1) not to statically link in
the resulting object file, and allow dyld(1) to load it in at
run time instead. This is used in conjunction with the Fix-and-Continue
debugging mode, where the object file in question may be recompiled and
dynamically reloaded in the course of program execution, without the need
to restart the program itself. Currently, Fix-and-Continue functionality
is only available in conjunction with the NeXT runtime on Mac OS X 10.3
and later.
-fzero-link
objc_getClass("...") (when the name of the class is known at
compile time) with static class references that get initialized at load time,
which improves run-time performance. Specifying the -fzero-link flag
suppresses this behavior and causes calls to objc_getClass("...")
to be retained. This is useful in Zero-Link debugging mode, since it allows
for individual class implementations to be modified during program execution.
-gen-decls
.decl.
-Wno-protocol
-Wno-protocol option, then
methods inherited from the superclass are considered to be implemented,
and no warning is issued for them.
-Wselector
@selector(...)
expression, and a corresponding method for that selector has been found
during compilation. Because these checks scan the method table only at
the end of compilation, these warnings are not produced if the final
stage of compilation is not reached, for example because an error is
found during compilation, or because the -fsyntax-only option is
being used.
-Wundeclared-selector
@selector(...) expression referring to an
undeclared selector is found. A selector is considered undeclared if no
method with that name has been declared before the
@selector(...) expression, either explicitly in an
@interface or @protocol declaration, or implicitly in
an @implementation section. This option always performs its
checks as soon as a @selector(...) expression is found,
while -Wselector only performs its checks in the final stage of
compilation. This also enforces the coding style convention
that methods and selectors must be declared before being used.
-print-objc-runtime-info